Design Of Steel Structures

Felix V. Garde, Jr.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

ASTM Specifications for Various Structural Shapes

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

Modes of Failure of Tension Members

1. Gross Section Yielding:

Yielding occurs when the uni- 2. Net Section Rupture
formly distributed stress through-
out the cross section yield stress For tension members having
over the length of the member. holes, the reduced cross-section is
Yielding is commonly assumed to referred to as net area
be reached when any one compo- Holes in a member cause stress
nent of stress reaches the uniaxial concentration at service loads
value Fy
A tension member without bolt
holes can resist loads up to the ul-
timate load without failure but a
member will undergo large defor-
mation (nearly 10% – 15%) caus-
ing a member unserviceable.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

Modes of Failure of Tension Members

3. Block Shear Failure:

Originally observed in bolted
shear connections at coped
beam ends, now recognized as a
potential failure mode at the ends
of axially loaded tension members
The failure of the member occurs
along a path involving tension on
one plane and shear on a perpen-
dicular plane along the fasteners.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

Design of Tension Members

Design Tensile Strength, φt Pn

The design tensile strength , φt Pn , of tension members, shall be

the lower value obtained according to the limit states.
1. Tensile yielding in the gross section

Pn = Fy Ag
φt = 0.90

2. Tensile rupture in the net section

Pn = Fu Ae
φt = 0.75

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

Design of Tension Members

where,

φt = resistance factor for tension

Ae = effective net area, in2
Ag = gross area of member, in2
Fy = specified minimum yield stress, ksi
Fu = specified minimum tensile stress, ksi

Area Determination:
a. Gross area
The gross area, Ag , of a member is the total cross-sectional area.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

b. Net Area
The net area, An , of a member is the sum of the products of the
thickness and the net width of each element computed as follows:
• In computing net area for tension and shear, the width of a
1
bolt hole shall be taken as 16 in. greater than the nominal
dimension of the hole.
• For a chain of holes extending across a part in any diagonal
or zigzag line, the net width of the part shall be obtained by
deducting from the gross width the sum of the diameters or
slot dimensions as provided in Section J3.2, of all holes in
the chain, and adding, for each gage space in the chain, the
s2
quantity
4g

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

Paths of failure on net section (a) failure line along path A-B (b) two
lines of staggered holes

where

s = longitudinal center-to-center spacing (pitch) of any two

consecutive holes
g = transverse center-to-center spacing (gage) between
fastener gage lines

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

c. Effective Net Area
When all cross sectional elements of a tension member are at-
tached to connecting elements, the entire member participates
fully in transferring the load to the connection. However, when
not all elements are attached to connecting elements, they cannot
all participate fully.

Angle connected to gusset plate using bolt.

To account for the inability of unattached leg (members) to trans-

fer load, the net area used in calculating the rupture strength is
reduced to the effective net area, Ae .

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

 Conceptual Basis for Shear Lag Reduction Factor.

For all tension members, except plates and HSS, when the tension load
is transmitted to some but not all of the cross-sectional elements, the
effective length of the connection is reduced to L0 = L − x̄, where x̄ is
the distance from the attached face to the member centroid and L is
the length of the connection. The reduction in net area is then taken
in proportion to the to the reduction in effective length,
L0 L − x̄ x̄
U= = =1−
L L L
The effective net area of tension members shall be determined as fol-
lows:
Ae = U A n
where
Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures
 Shear lag in tension member.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

Determination of x̄ for computing, U .

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

Determination of x̄ for computing U .

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

Description of l in the direction of the load. (a) bolted (b) welded
connections.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

Note: For short tension members (connecting elements), such as splice
and gusset plates,

Ae = An ≤ 0.85Ag , (AISC J4.1)

Slenderness Limit:
There is no maximum slenderness limit for design of members in
tension.
Note:
For members designed on the basis of tension, the slenderness ratio
L/r preferably should not exceed 300. This suggestion does not apply
to rods or hangers in tension.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

Example
1. Compute the net area of the
given section.
Solution:

An = Ag − Ahole
Ag = w × t p

where

w = 8 in
3
tp = in
4
 
1
Ahole = db + tp
8
3
db = in, bolt diameter
4
Vertical line of failure.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

Example

3
Ag = 8 × = 6 in2
 4 
3 1 3
Ahole = + ×
4 8 4
Ahole = 0.65625 in2

then,

Anet = Ag − Ahole
Anet = 6 − 0.65625 in2
Anet = 5.34375 in2 , answer
Vertical line of failure.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

Example

2. Compute the net area of the

given section. Solution:

An = Ag − Aholes

where

Aholes = (Aholes )web + (Aholes )flanges

 
W12X40 1
(Aholes )web = 2 × db + × tw
Ag = 11.7 in
2 8
 
tw = 0.295 in 1
tf = 0.515 in
(Aholes )flanges = 4 × db + × tf
8

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

Example

 
2. Compute the net area of the 3 1
given section. (Aholes )web = 2 × + × 0.295
4 8
= 0.51625 in2
 
3 1
(Aholes )flanges =4× + × 0.515
4 8
= 1.8025 in2
Aholes = 0.51625 in2 + 1.8025 in2
W12X40 Aholes = 2.31875 in2
2
Ag = 11.7 in
tw = 0.295 in then,
tf = 0.515 in

Anet = 11.7 in2 − 2.31875 in2

Anet = 9.38125 in2 , answer

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

Example

3. Compute the net area of the member. The plate is 7/8 × 14 and the
holes are for 7/8 in φ bolts.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

Failure Lines

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

Failure Lines

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

 Solution:
The general expression to obtain, net
area, Anet of the section is
n n
!
X X s2j
An = Ag − Aholes + tp
i=1 j=1
4gj

For case (a),

n n *0
!
X s2j 
X
An1 = Ag − Aholes +  tp
Given
i=1 4gj
j=1

h = 14 in, height of the plate 7
Ag = h × tp = 14 × = 12.25 in2
tp =
7
in, thickness of the plate 8
8
 
1
db =
7
in, diameter of the bolt Ahole = db + × tp
8 8
 
7 1 7
= + × = 0.875 in2
8 8 8
An1 = 12.25 in2 − 0.875 in2
An1 = 11.375 in2
Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures
 For case (b),
n n
!
X X s2j
An = Ag − Aholes + tp
i=1 j=1
4gj
n n
!
X X s2j
An2 = Ag − Aholes + tp
i=1 j=1
4gj
n  
X 1
Aholes = 2 × db + × tp
i=1
8
 
7 1 7
=2× + × = 1.75 in2
8 8 8
n
!
2
X sj 1.52
 
7
tp = = 0.140625 in2
1 j=1
4g j 4 × 3.5 8
s=1 , in
2
1
g=3
2
, in thus,

An2 = 12.25 − 1.75 + 0.140625

An2 = 10.6410 in2
Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures
 For case (c),
n n
!
X X s2j
An3 = Ag − Aholes + tp
i=1 j=1
4gj
n  
X 1
Aholes = 2 × db + × tp
i=1
8
 
7 1 7
=2× + × = 1.75 in2
8 8 8
n
!
2 2
sj
 
X 2.5 7
tp = = 0.1709 in2
j=1
4g j 4 × 8 8

1 thus,
s=2 in
2
g = 8, in
An3 = 12.25 − 1.75 + 0.1709
An3 = 10.6709 in2

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

 For case (d),
n n
!
X X s2j
An4 = Ag − Aholes + tp
i=1 j=1
4gj
n  
X 1
Aholes = 3 × db + × tp
i=1
8
 
7 1 7
=3× + × = 2.625 in2
8 8 8
n
!
s2j
 2   2 
X s1 s2
tp = tp + tp
j=1
4g j 4g 1 4g 2

42 1.52
   
7 7
= × + ×
4 × 4.5 8 4 × 3.5 8
s1 = 4 in

g1 = 4
1
in
= 0.9184 in2
2
1
s2 = 1
2
in thus,
1
g2 = 3 in
2
An4 = 12.25 − 2.625 + 0.9184
An4 = 10.5434 in2 , answer
Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures
 For case (e),
n n
!
X X s2j
An5 = Ag − Aholes + tp
i=1 j=1
4gj
n  
X 1
Aholes = 2 × db + × tp
i=1
8
 
7 1 7
=2× + × = 1.75 in2
8 8 8
n
!
X s2j 
s2

tp = tp
j=1
4gj 4g
42
 
7
= ×
4 × 4.5 8
= 0.7778 in2
s = 4 in
1
g=4 in thus,
2

An5 = 12.25 − 1.75 + 0.7778

An5 = 11.2778 in2
Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures
Summary of computed net areas:

An1 = 11.375 in2

An2 = 10.641 in2
An3 = 10.671 in2
An4 = 10.543 in2 , answer
An5 = 11.278 in2

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

4. Compute the net area of the angle with staggered holes in (a).

(a) Hole pattern for L6 × 4 × 1/2

(b) AISC recommended workable gages in angles, in.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

 Solution:
The procedure for angles and other
shapes made up of various rectangu-
lar cross sectional elements requires a
slight modification. The angle may be
treated as an equivalent flat plate as
shown in (b).

The general expression in obtaining net

area of the section is,
n n
!
X X s2j
An = Ag − Aholes + tp
i=1 j=1
4gj

where,
 
1
Aholes = n × db + × tp
8

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

 From AISC Table 1-7, the cross
section area of L6 × 4 × 1/2 is,

Ag = 4.75 in2

and the bolt diamenter is

db = 7/8 in

Determine the net area.

The governing net section will be
Section 2-2 or Section 2-1-2.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

 For section 2 - 2

n n *0
!
X Xs2j 
An1 = Ag − Aholes +  tp
i=1 4gj
j=1

n  
X 1
Aholes = n × db + × tp
i=1
8
= 2 × (7/8 + 1/8) × 1/2
= 1.0 in2

then,
n
X
An1 = Ag − Aholes
i=1
An1 = 4.75 − 1.0
An1 = 3.75 in2

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

 For section 2 - 1 - 2
n n
!
X X s2j
An2 = Ag − Aholes + tp
i=1 j=1
4gj
n  
X 1
Aholes = n × db + × tp
i=1
8
= 3 × (7/8 + 1/8) × 1/2
= 1.50 in2
n
!
s2j 2.52 2.52
X    
tp = + × 1/2
j=1
4gj 4 × 4.25 4 × 2.5
= 0.4963 in2
s1 = s2 = 2 1/2 in
g1 = 4 1/4 in
g2 = 2 1/2 in

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

 For section 2 - 1 - 2
n n
!
X X s2j
An2 = Ag − Aholes + tp
i=1 j=1
4gj
= 4.75 − 1.50 + 0.4963
An2 = 3.7463 in2
An2 = 3.746 in2 , answer

s1 = s2 = 2 1/2 in
g1 = 4 1/4 in
g2 = 2 1/2 in

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

Example

5. A single L6 × 6 × 1 is used as a tension brace in a multistory

building. One leg of the angle is attached to a gusset plate with
a single line of 7/800 ∅ bolts. Determine the shear lag factor, U ad
the effective net area for the three bolts with a spacing of 3 in.

Angle connected to gusset plate.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

 Solution: The shear lag factor
taken from AISC Table D3.1
Case 2
x̄
U =1−
L

where

db = 7/800 ∅ x̄ = 1.86 in
L = 6 in
1.86
U =1− = 0.69
6

Case 8

U = 0.60

Thus use,
Determination of x̄ for computing, U .
U = 0.69
Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures
Example

6. A W 12 × 35 of A992 steel is connected through its flanges with

7/800 ∅ bolts, as shown below. Determine the design tensile strength,

φt Pn of the section.

W-shape connected to gusset plate through its flanges.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

 From AISC Table 1-1, for W 12×35:

A = 10.3 in2
tf = 0.520 in
tw = 0.300 in
d = 12.5 in
W-shape connected to gusset plate through its
flanges.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

 Solution: The shear lag factor
taken from AISC Table D3.1
Case 2
x̄
U =1−
(a) (b) L
Determination of x̄ and L for computing U .
where

x̄ = 1.30 in
L = 9 in
1.30
U =1− = 0.856
9
W T 6 × 17.5 .
Case 7
From AISC Table 1-8,
bf = 6.56 in < 2/3 d = 8.33 in
ȳ = 1.30 in
bf = 6.56 in
then,

U = 0.85
Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures
 Net area:

n n *0
!
X Xs2j 
An = Ag − Aholes + 4gj tp

i=1 
j=1

n  
W-shape connected to gusset plate
X 1
through its flanges. Aholes = n × db + × tf
i=1
8
 
7 1
2
=4× + × 0.520
A = 10.3 in 8 8
tf = 0.520 in
= 2.08 in2
tw = 0.300 in
db = 7/8 in An = 10.3 − 2.08
An = 8.22 in2

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

Compute the design tensile
strength, φt Pn Rupture in the net section:
Yielding in the gross area: Pn = F u A e
Pn = A g F y
where
for A992 steel
Ae = U A n
Fy = 50 ksi Ae = 0.86 × 8.22 in2
Fu = 65 ksi Ae = 7.069 in2

hence substituting values

Pn = 10.3 in2 × 50 ksi Pn = 65 ksi × 7.069 in2

Pn = 515 kips Pn = 459.498 kips
φt Pn = 0.90 × 515 kips φt Pn = 0.75 × 459.498 kips
φt Pn1 = 463.5 kips φt Pn2 = 344.62 kips, answer

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

Design of Tension Members
3. Tearing limit state also known as Block Shear

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

Design of Tension Members

3. Tearing limit state also known as Block Shear

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

Design of Tension Members

3. Block Shear Strength

The available strength for the limit state of block shear rupture along a
shear failure path or path(s) and a perpendicular tension failure path
shall be taken as

Rn = 0.6Fu Anv + Ubs Fu Ant ≤ 0.6Fy Agv + Ubs Fu Ant

φ = 0.75

where,

Agv = gross area subject to shear

Ant = net area subject to tension
Anv = net area subject to shear

Where the tension stress is uniform, Ubs = 1; where the tension stress
is nonuniform, Ubs = 0.5.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

Design of Tension Members

Block shear tensile stress distributions.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

Example

7. Determine the block shear strength φt Pn , of the gusset plate

shown below. The steel is A36 and the holes are punched for
7/800 ∅ bolts.

Gusset plate subject to tension force.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

 The strength for block shear rupture is,

Rn = 0.6Fu Anv + Ubs Fu Ant ≤ 0.6Fy Agv + Ubs Fu Ant

φ = 0.75

where,

Block shear failure of a plate. Agv = 2 × 11 × 1/2 = 11.0 in2

 
* radius
( /8 + 
7 1/8)  1

Ant = 6 − 2 ×   ( /2)

 2

Ant = 2.50 in2

Anv = 2 × [11 − 3.5 (7/8 + 1/8)] (1/2)
Anv = 7.50 in2
Gusset plate subject to tension
force. and,
Ubs = 1.0

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

 Let,

Rnr = 0.6Fu Anv + Ubs Fu Ant

Rny = 0.6Fy Agv + Ubs Fu Ant

such that, (Rnr ≤ Rny ), then

Block shear failure of a plate.
Rnr = 0.6 × 58 × 7.50 + 1.0 × 58 × 2.50
Rnr = 406 kips
Rny = 0.6 × 36 × 11.0 + 1.0 × 58 × 2.50
Rny = 382.6 kips

therefore the design strength against block

shear is
Gusset plate subject to tension
force. φRn = 0.75 × 382.6 kips
φRn = 286.95 kips, answer

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

Example

8. Determine the design strength φt Pn , including block shear, of the

two W 14 × 43, where flanges are spliced by flange plates with six
7/800 ∅ bolts, as shown below. The plates will be selected so that

they do not govern the member strength. A992 steel is used.

Spliced tension member.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

 Gross section yielding

Pny = Fy Ag
Pny = 50(12.6) = 630 kips
φt Pny = 0.90(630) = 567 kips
Spliced tension member.
Net section rupture
A992 steel:
Pnr = Fu Ae
Fy = 50 ksi
Fu = 65 ksi Determine the net area:
W 14 × 43: X
2
An = Ag − Aholes
Ag = 12.6 in
d = 13.7 in An = 12.6 − 4 (7/8 + 1/8) (0.530)
tf = 0.530 in
bf = 8.0 in
An = 10.5 in2

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

 Determine the shear lag factor.
Case 2
x̄ 1.31
U =1− =1−
L 6
U = 0.782

Case 7
Spliced tension member.
bf = 8 < 2/3 d = 9.13
U = 0.85

The effective net area is,

W T 7 × 21.5 . Ae = 0.85(10.5) = 8.925 in2

The net section rupture strength is

ȳ = 1.31 in
L = 6.0 in Pnr = 65(8.925) = 580.125 kips
φt Pnr = 0.75(580.125) = 435.10 kips

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

 Block shear strength

For one block:

Agv = 8 × 0.530
Spliced tension member.
Agv = 4.24 in2
 
radius
(7/8 + 1/8) 
*


Ant = 2 −   (0.530)

 2

Ant = 0.795 in2

Anv = [8 − 2.5 (7/8 + 1/8)] (0.530)
Anv = 2.915 in2
Block shear check .

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

The shear strength for one block is, The total block shear strength (four
blocks) of W 14 × 43 is
Rnr = 0.6Fu Anv + Ubs Fu Ant
φRn = 0.75 × (4 × 165.36 kips)
Rny = 0.6Fy Agv + Ubs Fu Ant
φRn = 496.08 kips
such that Rnr ≤ Rny and Summary of design tension
strengths:
Ubs = 1.0
φt Pny = 165.36 kips
then φt Pnr = 435.10 kips
φt Rn = 496.08 kips
Rnr = 0.6 × 65 × 2.915 + 1.0 × 65 × 0.795
Rnr = 165.36 kips Therefore, the design tensile
Rny = 0.6 × 50 × 4.24 + 1.0 × 65 × 0.795 strength of W 14 × 43 is,
Rny = 178.875 kips
φPn = 435.10 kips

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

Example

9. Select the lightest W 14 section available to support working tensile

loads of PD = 220 kips and PL = 250 kips. The member is to be
30 ft long and is assumed to have two lines of holes for 1-in. bolts
in each flange. There will be at least three bolts in each line 4 in.
on center. Use A36 steel.

Given:

PD = 220 kips PL = 250 kips

db = 100 ∅ s = 4 in. (bolt spacing)
L = 30 ft

A36 steel:

Fy = 36 ksi Fu = 58 ksi

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

 Solution:
The general requirement of LRFD
method is,

∅Pn ≥ Pu

where,

Pu1 = 1.4PD
W shape .
Pu1 = 1.4 (220 k)
Pu1 = 308 k
L Pu2 = 1.2PD + 1.6PL
rmin =
300 Pu2 = 1.2 (220 k) + 1.6 (250 k)
12 in
30 ft × Pu2 = 664 k
1 ft
rmin =
300
thus
rmin = 1.2 in
Pu = 664 k

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

Determine the required minimum
area according to limit states,
From AISC Table 1-1:
Gross section yielding
Pu W 14 × 82 Ag = 24.0 in2 tf = 0.855 in
min Ag = W 14 × 74 Ag = 21.8 in 2
tf = 0.785 in
φ t Fy
664 k
min Ag = Try: W 14 × 82:
0.9(36 ksi) tf = 0.855 in, bf = 10.1 in
min Ag = 20.494 in2 X
Aholes = 4 (1 + 1/8) (0.855)
Net section rupture X
Aholes = 3.8475 in2
Pu
min Ae =
φt Fu assume: U = 0.85

where, 664 k
min Ag = + 3.8475 in2
(0.75)(0.85)(58 ksi)
Ae = U A n Reqmin Ag = 21.806 in2
Pu X
min Ag = + Aholes
φt U Fu
Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures
 Determine the shear lag factor.
Select: W 14 × 74: Case 2
Ag = 21.8 in2 , tf = 0.855 in
x̄ 1.32
bf = 10.1 in, d = 14.2 in U =1− =1−
L 8
Check the design strength: U = 0.835
Gross section yielding
Case 7
φ t P n = φ t Ag Fy
bf = 10.1 ≥ 2/3 d = 9.47
φt Pn = 0.90(21.8)(36)
U = 0.90
φt Pny = 706.32 kips
The effective net area is,
Net section rupture

φ t Pn = φ t F u A e Ae = 0.90(17.953) = 16.441 in2

X
An = Ag − Aholes The net section rupture
An = 21.8 − 4 (1 + 1/8) (0.785) strength is

An = 18.2675 in2 Pnr = 58(16.441) = 953.578 kips

φt Pnr = 0.75(953.578) = 715.184 kips
Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures
The design tensile strength of W 14 × 74 is

φt Pny = 715.184 kips

which is greater than

Pu = 664 kips

therefore, use
W 14 × 74, A36 steel

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

Strength of a Tension Member with Welded-end
Connections

10. A fillet weld group arranged as shown below is used on each long
leg of a pair of L3 × 2 × 5/16 of A36 steel to fasten this tension
member to a 5/8 in. thick gusset plate. Find the governing design
strength of the tension member with welded end connections. A36
steel.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

 The governing design strength of
the tension member is the least
φPn , value obtained from:
Yielding on Ag

φPn = 0.90Fy Ag
φPn = 0.90(36)(2.96)
Given:
φPn = 95.90 kips
Gusset plate: 5 × 5/8
Member: L3 × 2 × 5/16 Fracture on Ae
L1 = 4.50 in
L2 = 1.50 in φPn = 0.75Fu Ae
L3 = 3.00 in U = 1 − x̄/Lc = 1 − 0.511/4.50
2
Ag = 2.96 in
U = 0.886

where,

Ae = U A g
φPn = 0.75(58)(0.886)(2.96)
φPn = 114.08 kips
Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures
 Block shear rupture of the
member end
Let,

Rnr = 0.6Fu Anv + Ubs Fu Ant

Rny = 0.6Fy Agv + Ubs Fu Ant

such that, (Rnr ≤ Rny )

Agv = Lv t = 4.5(2)(5/16)
Agv = 2.8125 in2
Anv = Agv = 2.8125 in2
Ant = Agt = 3(2)(5/16)
Ant = 1.875 in2

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

 Rnr = 0.6(58)(2.8125) + 1.0(58)(1.875)
Rnr = 206.625 kips
Rny = 0.6(36)(2.8125) + 1.0(58)(1.875)
Rny = 169.50 kips

such that, (Rnr ≤ Rny ), then

Rn = 169.50 kips
φRn = 0.75(169.50) kips
φRn = 127.125 kips

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

Design of a Tension Member with Welded-end
Connections
For a tension member with welded-end connections, the design require-
ment for strength is
φPn ≥ Pu
Design procedures:
Assume that yielding on Ag , governs; pick a trial section that
satisfies:
Pu
Ag ≥
0.9Fy

Compute φPn due to fracture on net section and block shear

failure.
If φPn ≥ Pu , the section is satisfactory
If φPn < Pu , try another section

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

Example

11. Select a pair of angles having a length of 30 ft. to support a tensile

live load of 22 kips and tensile dead load of 65 kips. Assume the
angles are separated back-to-back 38 in. by a connected gusset
plate, and that the connection is welded. Assume the slenderness
ratio is desired to not exceed 300. Use A36 steel.
Given:

PD = 65 kips PL = 22 kips
L = 30 ft s = 3/8 in. (back-to-back spacing)

A36 steel:

Fy = 36 ksi Fu = 58 ksi

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

 Solution:
a) Compute the required
strength

Pu = 1.2PD + 1.6PL
member welded to gusset plate.
= 1.2(65) + 1.6(22)
Pu = 113.2 kips

b) Calculate Ag based on

Pu
Ag ≥
0.9Fy
113.2 k
Ag ≥
0.9(36 ksi)
Ag ≥ 3.494 in2

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

Compute the minimum radius of
gyration From Table 1-15,

L Try 2L4 × 3 × 5/16 (LLBB)

rmin =
300
12 in Ag = 4.19 in2
30 ft ×
1 ft ry = 1.29 in
rmin =
300 rx = 1.27 in
rmin = 1.2 in

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

 c) Compute the φPn due to:
Net section rupture
member welded to gusset plate.

φPn = 0.75Fu Ae
0.75
U =1− = 0.91
8
An = Ag
Ae = U An = 0.91(4.19)
Ae = 3.797 in2
U =1−
x̄ φPn = 0.75(58)(3.797)
L
φPn = 165.18 kips > Pu (OK!)
where,

x̄ = 0.75 in
L = 8.0 in

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

 Block shear failure. Let,

Rnr = 0.6Fu Anv + Ubs Fu Ant

Rny = 0.6Fy Agv + Ubs Fu Ant

such that, (Rnr ≤ Rny )

Agv = Lv t = 8(5/16)(2)
Agv = 5.0 in2
Anv = Agv = 5.0 in2
Ant = Agt = 4(5/16)(2)
Ant = 2.50 in2

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures

 Rnr = 0.6Fu Anv + Ubs Fu Ant
Rnr = 0.6(58)(5.0) + 1.0(58)(2.50)
Rnr = 319.0 kips
Rny = 0.6Fy Agv + Ubs Fu Ant
Rny = 0.6(36)(5.0) + 1.0(58)(2.50)
Rny = 253.0 kips

therefore,

Rn = 253.0 kips
φRny = 0.75(253.0 kips)
φRny = 189.75 kips > Pu = 113.2 kips (OK!)

Use:

A36 steel – 2L4 × 3 × 5/16 (LLBB)

Felix V. Garde, Jr. Design Of Steel Structures