version: 1.

CHAPTER

5 Factorization

Animation 5.1: Factorization

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Students Learning Outcomes Introduction

After studying this unit, the students will be able to: Factorization plays an important role in mathematics as it helps
[ Recall factorization of expressions of the following types. to reduce the study of a complicated expression to the study of
• ka + kb + kc simpler expressions. In this unit, we will deal with different types of
• ac + ad + bc + bd factorization of polynomials.
• a2 + 2ab + b2
• a2 – b2 5.1 Factorization
• a2 + 2ab + b2 – c2
If a polynomial p(x) can be expressed as p(x) = g(x)h(x), then
[ Factorize the expressions of the following types. each of the polynomials g(x) and h(x) is called a factor of p(x). For
Type I: instance, in the distributive property
a4 + a2b2 + b4 or a4 + 4b4 ab + ac = a(b + c),
Type II: a and (b + c) are factors of (ab + ac).
x2 + px + q When a polynomial has been written as a product consisting
Type III: only of prime factors, then it is said to be factored completely.
ax2 + bx + c
Type IV: (a) Factorization of the Expression of the type ka + kb + kc

{
(ax2 + bx + c) (ax2 + bx + d) + k
(x + a) (x + b) (x + c) (x + d) + k Example 1
(x + a) (x + b) (x + c) (x + d) + kx2 Factorize 5a − 5b + 5c
Type V:
a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 Solution
a3 − 3a2b + 3ab2 − b3 5a − 5b + 5c = 5(a − b + c)
Type VI:
a3 + b3 Example 2
Factorize 5a − 5b − 15c
[ State and prove remainder theorem and explain through examples.
[ Find Remainder (without dividing) when a polynomial is divided by Solution
a linear polynomial. 5a − 5b − 15c = 5(a − b − 3c)
[ Define zeros of a polynomial.
[ State and prove Factor theorem. (b) Factorization of the Expression of the type ac + ad + bc + bd
[ Use Factor theorem to factorize a cubic polynomial. We can write ac + ad + bc + bd as
(ac + ad) + (bc + db)

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= a(c + d) + b(c + d) Example 2

= (a + b)(c + d) Factorize 12x2 − 36x + 27
For explanation consider the following examples.
Solution
Example 1 12x2 − 36x + 27 = 3(4x2 − 12x + 9)
Factorize 3x − 3a + xy − ay = 3(2x − 3)2
= 3(2x − 3) (2x − 3)
Solution
Regrouping the terms of given polynomial (d) Factorization of the Expression of the type a2 – b2
3x + xy − 3a − ay = x(3 + y) − a(3 + y) (monomial factors) For explanation consider the following examples.
= (3 + y) (x − a) (3 + y) is common factor
Example 1
Example 2 Factorize (i) 4x2 − (2y − z)2 (ii) 6x4 − 96
Factorize pqr + qr2 − pr2 − r3
Solution
Solution (i) 4x2 − (2y − z)2 = (2x)2 − (2y − z)2
The given expression = r(pq + qr − pr − r2) (r is monomial common = [2x − (2y − z)] [2x + (2y − z)]
factor) = (2x − 2y + z) (2x + 2y − z)
= r[(pq + qr) − pr – r2] (grouping of terms) (ii) 6x4 − 96 = 6(x4 −16)
= r[q(p + r) − r(p + r)] (monomial factors) = 6[(x2)2 − (4)2]
= r(p + r) (q − r) (p + r) is common factor = 6(x2 − 4) (x2 + 4)
= 6[(x)2 − (2)2] (x2 + 4)
(c) Factorization of the Expression of the type a2 ± 2ab + b2 = 6(x − 2) (x + 2) (x2 + 4)
We know that
(i) a2 + 2 ab + b2 = ( a + b)2 = ( a + b)( a + b) (e) Factorization of the Expression of the type a2 + 2ab + b2 – c2
(ii) a2 − 2 ab + b2 = ( a − b)2 = ( a − b)( a − b) We know that
Now consider the following examples. a2 + 2ab + b2 − c2 = (a + b)2 − (c)2 = (a + b − c)(a + b + c)

Example 1 Example 1
Factorize 25x2 + 16 + 40x. Factorize (i) x2 + 6x + 9 − 4y2 (ii) 1 + 2ab − a2 − b2

Solution Solution
25x2 + 40x + 16 = (5x)2 + 2(5x) (4) + (4)2 (i) x2 + 6x + 9 − 4y2 = (x + 3)2 − (2y)2
= (5x + 4)2 = (x + 3 + 2y)(x + 3 − 2y)
= (5x + 4) (5x + 4)
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(ii) 1 + 2ab − a2 − b2 = 1 − (a2 − 2ab + b2) = (9x2 + 6xy + 4y2) (9x2 − 6xy + 4y2)
= (1)2 − (a − b)2
= [1 − (a − b)] [1 + (a − b)] Example 2
= (1 − a + b)(1+ a − b) Factorize 9x4 + 36y4

EXERCISE 5.1 Solution

9x4 + 36y4 = 9x4 + 36y4 + 36x2y2 − 36x2y2
Factorize = (3x2)2 + 2(3x2) (6y2) + (6y2)2 − (6xy)2
1. (i) 2abc - 4abx + 2abd (ii) 9xy -12x2y + 18y2 = (3x2 + 6y2)2 − (6xy)2
(iii) -3x2y − 3x + 9xy2 (iv) 5ab2c3 - 10a2b3c - 20a3bc2 = (3x2 + 6y2 + 6xy)(3x2 + 6y2 − 6xy)
(v) 3x3y(x - 3y) - 7x2y2(x - 3y) (vi) 2xy3(x2 + 5) + 8xy2(x2 + 5) = (3x2 + 6xy + 6y2) (3x2 −6xy + 6y2)
2. (i) 5ax - 3ay - 5bx + 3by (ii) 3xy + 2y - 12x - 8
(iii) x3 + 3xy2 - 2x2y - 6y3 (iv) (x2 - y2)z + (y2 - z2)x (b) Factorization of the Expression of the type x2 + px + q
a2 b2 For explanation consider the following examples.
3. (i) 144a2 + 24a + 1 (ii) − 2 +
b2 a2
(iii) (x + y)2 -14z(x + y) + 49z2 (iv) 12x2 - 36x + 27 Example 1
4. (i) 3x2 - 75y2 (ii) x(x - 1) - y(y - 1) Factorize (i) x2 − 7x + 12 (ii) x2 + 5x − 36
(iii) 128am - 242an
2 2
(iv) 3x - 243x3
Solution
5. (i) x2 − y2 − 6y − 9 (ii) x2 − a2 + 2a − 1 (i) x2 − 7x + 12
(iii) 4x2 − y2 − 2y − 1 (iv) x2 − y2 − 4x − 2y + 3 From the factors of 12 the suitable pair of numbers is −3 and −4
(v) 25x2 − 10x + 1 − 36z2 (vi) x2 − y2 − 4xz + 4z2 since
(−3) + (− 4) = –7 and (−3) (− 4) = 12
(a) Factorization of the Expression of types a4 + a2b2 + b4 or a4 + 4b4 Hence x2 − 7x + 12 = x2 − 3x − 4x + 12
Factorization of such types of expression is explained in the = x(x − 3) − 4(x − 3)
following examples. = (x − 3) (x − 4)
(ii) x2 + 5x − 36
Example 1 From the possible factors of 36, the suitable pair is 9 and −4
Factorize 81x4 + 36x2y2 + 16y4 because
9 + (−4) = 5 and 9 × (−4) = −36
Solution Hence x2 + 5x − 36 = x2 + 9x − 4x − 36
81x4 + 36x2y2 + 16y4 = x(x + 9) − 4(x + 9)
= (9x2)2 + 72x2y2 + (4y2)2 − 36x2y2 = (x + 9) (x − 4)
= (9x2 + 4y2)2 − (6xy)2
= (9x2 + 4y2 + 6xy)(9x2 + 4y2 − 6xy)
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(c) Factorization of the Expression of the type ax2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0 Their sum = −35 − 6 = −41
Let us explain the procedure of factorization by the following and product = (−35) (−6) = 210
examples. Hence 10x2 − 41xy + 21y2
= 10x2 − 35xy − 6xy + 21y2
Example 1 = 5x(2x − 7y) − 3y(2x − 7y)
Factorize (i) 9x2 + 21x − 8 (ii) 2x2 − 8x − 42 (iii) 10x2 − 41xy + 21y2 = (2x − 7y) (5x − 3y)

Solution (d) Factorization of the following types of Expressions

(i) 9x2 + 21x − 8 (ax2 + bx + c) (ax2 + bx + d) + k
In this case, on comparing with ax2 + bx + c, ac = (9)(− 8) = −72 (x + a)(x + b)(x + c)(x + d) + k
From the possible factors of 72, the suitable pair of numbers (x + a) (x + b) (x + c) (x + d) + kx2
(with proper sign) is 24 and −3 whose We shall explain the method of factorizing these types of
sum = 24 + (−3) = 21, (the coefficient of x) expressions with the help of following examples.
and their product = (24) (−3) = −72 = ac
Hence 9x2 + 21x − 8 Example 1
= 9x2 + 24x − 3x − 8 Factorize (x2 − 4x − 5) (x2 − 4x − 12) − 144
= 3x(3x + 8) − (3x + 8)
= (3x + 8)(3x − 1) Solution
(x2 − 4x − 5)(x2 − 4x − 12) − 144
(ii) 2x2 − 8x − 42 = 2(x2 − 4x − 21) Let y = x2 − 4x. Then
Comparing x2 − 4x − 21 with ax2 + bx + c (y − 5)(y − 12) −144 = y2 − 17y − 84
we have ac = (+1) (− 21) = − 21 = y2 − 21y + 4y − 84
From the possible factors of 21, the suitable pair of numbers is −7 = y(y − 21) + 4(y − 21)
and +3 whose sum = −7 + 3 = − 4 and product = (−7) (3) = −21 = (y − 21) (y + 4)
Hence x2 − 4x − 21 = (x2 − 4x − 21) (x2− 4x + 4) (since y = x2 − 4x)
= x2 + 3x − 7x − 21 = (x2 − 7x + 3x − 21) (x − 2)2
= [x(x − 7) + 3(x − 7)] (x − 2)2
= x(x + 3) − 7(x + 3)
= (x − 7)(x + 3)(x − 2) (x − 2)
= (x + 3)(x − 7)
Example 2
Hence 2x2 − 8x − 42 = 2(x2 − 4x − 21) = 2(x + 3)(x − 7)
Factorize (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) (x + 4) − 120
(iii) 10x2 − 41xy + 21y2
Solution
This type of question on factorization can also be done by the
We observe that 1 + 4 = 2 + 3.
above procedures of splitting the middle term.
It suggests that we rewrite the given expression as
Here ac = (10) (21) = 210
[(x + 1) (x + 4)] [(x + 2) (x + 3)] − 120
Two suitable factors of 210 are −35 and −6
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(x2 + 5x + 4) (x2+ 5x + 6) − 120 Example 1

Let x2 + 5x = y, then Factorize x3 − 8y3 − 6x2y + 12xy2
we get (y + 4) (y + 6) − 120
= y2 + 10y + 24 − 120 Solution
= y2 + 10y − 96 x3 − 8y3 − 6x2y + 12xy2.
= y2 + 16y − 6y – 96 = (x)3 − (2y)3 − 3(x)2 (2y) + 3(x) (2y)2
= y(y + 16) − 6(y + 16) = (x)3 − 3(x)2 (2y) + 3(x) (2y)2 − (2y)3
= (y + 16)(y − 6) = (x − 2y)3
= (x2 + 5x + 16) (x2 + 5x − 6) since y = x2+ 5x = (x − 2y) (x − 2y) (x − 2y)
= (x2 + 5x + 16) (x + 6) (x − 1)
(f) Factorization of Expressions of the following types a3 ± b3
Example 3 We recall the formulas,
Factorize (x2 − 5x + 6) (x2+ 5x + 6) − 2x2 a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)
a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)
Solution For explanation consider the following examples.
(x2 − 5x + 6) (x2 + 5x + 6) − 2x2
= [x2 − 3x − 2x + 6][x2 + 3x + 2x + 6] − 2x2 Example 1
= [x(x − 3) − 2(x − 3)][x(x + 3) + 2(x + 3)] − 2x2 Factorize 27x3 + 64y3
= [(x − 3) (x − 2)][(x + 3) (x + 2)] − 2x2
= [(x − 2) (x + 2)][(x − 3) (x + 3)] − 2x2 Solution
= (x2 − 4) (x2 – 9) – 2x2 27x3 + 64y3 = (3x)3 + (4y)3
= x4 − 13x2 + 36 – 2x2 = (3x + 4y) [(3x)2 − (3x) (4y) + (4y)2]
= x4 − 15x2 + 36 = (3x + 4y) (9x2 − 12xy + 16y2)
= x4 – 12x2 − 3x2 + 36
= x2(x2 − 12) − 3(x2 − 12) Example 2
= (x2 − 12) (x2 − 3) Factorize 1 − 125x3

[( x) 2 − (2 3) 2 ][( x) 2 − ( 3) 2 ]
=
Solution
= ( x − 2 3)( x + 2 3)( x − 3)( x + 3) 1 − 125x3 = (1)3 − (5x)3
(e) Factorization of Expressions of the following Types = (1 − 5x) [(1)2 + (1) (5x) + (5x)2]
a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 = (1 − 5x) (1 + 5x + 25x2)
a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3
For explanation consider the following examples.

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EXERCISE 5.2 p(x) = (x − a) q(x) + R

This is an identity in x and so is true for all real numbers x. In
Factorize particular, it is true for x = a. Therefore,
p(a)= (a − a) q(a) +R = 0 + R = R
i.e., p(a)= the remainder. Hence the theorem.
1. (i) (ii) 3x4 + 12y4 (iii) a4 + 3a2b2 + 4b4

(iv) 4x4 + 81 (v) x4 + x2 + 25 (vi) x4 + 4x2 + 16 Note: Similarly, if the divisor is (ax − b), we have
2. (i) x2 + 14x + 48 (ii) x2 − 21x + 108 p(x) = (ax − b) q(x) + R
(iii) x2 − 11x − 42 (iv) x2 + x − 132 a
=
Substituting x so that
= ax − b 0, we obtain
3. (i) 4x2 + 12x + 5 (ii) 30x2 + 7x − 15 b
(iii) 24x2 − 65x + 21 (iv) 5x2 − 16x − 21
b b
(v) 4x2 − 17xy + 4y2 (vi) 3x2 − 38xy − 13y2 p   =0 . q   + R =0 − R = R
a a
(vii) 5x2 + 33xy − 14y2 (viii) Thus if the divisor is linear, the above theorem provides an
efficient way of finding the remainder without being involved in the
4. (i) (x2 + 5x + 4) (x2 + 5x + 6) − 3
process of long division.
(ii) (x2 − 4x) (x2 − 4x − 1) − 20
(iii) (x + 2) (x + 3) (x + 4) (x + 5) −15
5.2.2 To find Remainder (without dividing) when a polynomial
(iv) (x + 4) (x − 5) (x + 6) (x − 7) − 504
is divided by a Linear Polynomial
(v) (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) (x + 6) − 3x2
5. (i) x3 + 48x − 12x2 − 64 (ii) 8x3 + 60x2 + 150x + 125
Example 1
(iii) x3 −18x2 + 108x − 216 (iv) 8x3 − 125y3 − 60x2y + 150xy2
Find the remainder when 9x2 – 6x + 2 is divided by
6. (i) 27 + 8x3 (ii) 125x3 − 216y3
(i) x − 3 (ii) x + 3 (iii) 3x + 1 (iv) x
(iii) 64x3 + 27y3 (iv) 8x3 + 125y3

Solution
5.2 Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem Let p(x) = 9x2 − 6x + 2
5.2.1 Remainder Theorem (i) When p(x) is divided by x − 3, by Remainder Theorem, the remainder

is
If a polynomial p(x) is divided by a linear divisor (x − a), then R = p(3) = 9(3)2 − 6(3) + 2 = 65
the remainder is p(a). (ii) When p(x) is divided by x + 3 = x − (−3), the remainder is
R = p(−3) = 9(−3)2 – 6 (−3) + 2 = 101
Proof (iii) When p(x) is divided by 3x + 1, the remainder is
Let q(x) be the quotient obtained after dividing p(x) by (x − a). But
the divisor (x − a) is linear. So the remainder must be of degree zero
i.e., a non-zero constant, say R. Consequently, by division Algorithm (v) When p(x) is divided by x, the remainder is
we may write R = p(0) = 9(0)2 − 6(0) + 2 = 2
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Example 2 (i) Now if p(a) = 0, then p(x) = (x − a) q(x)

Find the value of k if the expression x3 + kx2 + 3x − 4 leaves a i.e., (x − a) is a factor of p(x)
remainder of −2 when divided by x + 2. (ii) Conversely, if (x − a) is a factor of p(x), then the remainder upon
dividing p(x) by (x − a) must be zero i.e., p(a) = 0
Solution This completes the proof.
Let p(x) = x3 + kx2 + 3x – 4 Note: The Factor Theorem can also be stated as, “(x − a) is a factor of
By the Remainder Theorem, when p(x) is divided by x + 2 = x − (−2), p(x) if and only if x = a is a solution of the equation p(x) = 0”.
the remainder is The Factor Theorem helps us to find factors of polynomials
p(−2) = (−2)3 + k(− 2)2 + 3(− 2) − 4. because it determines whether a given linear polynomial (x − a) is a
= − 8 + 4k − 6 − 4 factor of p(x). All we need is to check whether p(a) = 0.
= 4k – 18
By the given condition, we have Example 1
p(−2) = − 2 ⇒ 4k − 18 = −2 ⇒ k = 4 Determine if (x − 2) is a factor of x3 − 4x2 + 3x + 2.

5.2.3 Zero of a Polynomial Solution

For convenience, let
Definition p(x) = x3 − 4x2 + 3x + 2
If a specific number x = a is substituted for the variable x in a Then the remainder for (x – 2) is
polynomial p(x) so that the value p(a) is zero, then x = a is called a zero p(2) = (2)3 − 4(2)2 + 3(2) + 2
of the polynomial p(x). = 8 − 16 + 6 + 2 = 0
A very useful consequence of the remainder theorem is what is Hence by Factor Theorem, (x − 2) is a factor of the polynomial p(x).
known as the factor theorem.
Example 2
5.2.4 Factor Theorem Find a polynomial p(x) of degree 3 that has 2, −1, and 3 as zeros
(i.e., roots).
The polynomial (x − a) is a factor of the polynomial p(x) if and
only if p(a) = 0. Solution
Since x = 2, −1, 3 are roots of p(x) = 0
Proof So by Factor Theorem (x − 2), (x + 1) and (x − 3) are the factors of
Let q(x) be the quotient and R the remainder when a polynomial p(x).
p(x) is divided by (x − a). Then by division Algorithm, Thus p(x) = a(x − 2) (x + 1) (x − 3)
p(x) = (x − a) q(x) + R where any non-zero value can be assigned to a.
By the Remainder Theorem, R = p(a). Taking a = 1, we get
Hence p(x) = (x − a) q(x) + p(a) p(x) = (x − 2) (x + 1) (x − 3)
= x3 − 4x2 + x + 6 as the required polynomial.
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as explained below. This is a convenient method particularly for

factorization of a cubic polynomial. We state (without proof) a very
EXERCISE 5.3
useful Theorem.

1. Use the remainder theorem to find the remainder when

Rational Root Theorem
(i) 3x3 − 10x2 + 13x − 6 is divided by (x − 2)
Let a0xn + a1xn−1 + … + an−1x + an = 0, a0 ≠ 0
(ii) 4x − 4x + 3
3
is divided by (2x − 1)
be a polynomial equation of degree n with integral coefficients. If p/q
(iii) 6x + 2x − x + 2
4 3
is divided by (x + 2)
is a rational root (expressed in lowest terms) of the equation, then
(iv) (2x − 1) + 6(3 + 4x) −10
3 2
is divided by (2x + 1)
p is a factor of the constant term an and q is a factor of the leading
(v) x − 3x + 4x − 14
3 2
is divided by (x + 2)
coefficient a0.
2. (i) If (x + 2) is a factor of 3x − 4kx − 4k2, then find the value(s)
2

of k.
Example 1
(ii) If (x − 1) is a factor of x3 − kx2 + 11x − 6, then find the value
Factorize the polynomial x3 − 4x2 + x + 6, by using Factor Theorem.
of k.
3. Without actual long division determine whether
Solution
(i) (x − 2) and (x − 3) are factors of p(x) = x3 − 12x2 + 44x − 48.
We have P(x) = x3− 4x2 + x + 6.
(ii) (x − 2), (x + 3) and (x − 4) are factors of q(x) = x3 + 2x2 − 5x − 6.
Possible factors of the constant term p = 6 are ±1, ±2, ±3 and ±6
4. For what value of m is the polynomial p(x) = 4x3 − 7x2 + 6x − 3m
and of leading coefficient q = 1 are ±1. Thus the expected zeros (or
exactly divisible by x + 2? p
roots) of P(x) = 0 are q = ±1, ±2, ±3 and ±6. If x = a is a zero of P(x),
5. Determine the value of k if p(x) = kx3 + 4x2 + 3x – 4 and
then (x − a) will be a factor.
q(x) = x3 − 4x + k leaves the same remainder when divided by (x − 3).
We use the hit and trial method to find zeros of P(x). Let us try x = 1.
6. The remainder after dividing the polynomial p(x) = x3+ax2+7 by (x + 1)
Now P(1) = (1)3 − 4(1)2 + 1 + 6
is 2b. Calculate the value of a and b if this expression leaves a
=1−4+1+6=4≠0
remainder of (b + 5) on being divided by (x − 2).
Hence x = 1 is not a zero of P(x).
7. The polynomial x3 + lx2 + mx + 24 has a factor (x + 4) and it leaves a
Again P(−1) = (−1)3 – 4(−1)2 − 1 + 6
remainder of 36 when divided by (x – 2). Find the values of l and m.
= −1 − 4 − 1 + 6 = 0
8. The expression lx3 + mx2 – 4 leaves remainder of –3 and 12 when
Hence x = −1 is a zero of P(x) and therefore,
divided by (x − 1) and (x + 2) respectively. Calculate the values of l
x − (−1) = (x + 1) is a factor of P(x).
and m.
Now P(2) = (2)3 − 4(2)2 + 2 + 6
9. The expression ax3 – 9x2 + bx + 3a is exactly divisible by x2 – 5x + 6.
= 8 − 16 + 2 + 6 = 0 ⇒ x = 2 is a root.
Find the values of a and b.
Hence (x - 2) is also a factor of P(x).
Similarly P(3) = (3)3 − 4(3)2 + 3 + 6
5.3 Factorization of a Cubic Polynomial = 27 − 36 + 3 + 6 = 0 ⇒ x = 3 is a zero of P(x).
Hence (x − 3) is the third factor of P(x).
We can use Factor Theorem to factorize a cubic polynomial
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Thus the factorized form of (ix) 1 − 12pq + 36p2q2

P(x) = x3 – 4x2 + x + 6
is P(x) = (x + 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) SUMMARY

EXERCISE 5.4 t If a polynomial is expressed as a product of other polynomials,

then each polynomial in the product is called a factor of the
Factorize each of the following cubic polynomials by factor theorem. original polynomial.
1. x3 − 2x2 − x + 2 2. x3 − x2 − 22x + 40 3. x3 − 6x2 + 3x + 10 t The process of expressing an algebraic expression in terms of its
4. x3 + x2 − 10x + 8 5. x3 − 2x2 − 5x + 6 6. x3 + 5x2 − 2x − 24 factors is called factorization. We learned to factorize expressions
7. 3x3 − x2 − 12x +4 8. 2x3 + x2 − 2x − 1 of the following types:
• ka + kb + kc
REVIEW EXERCISE 5 • ac + ad + bc + bd
• a2 ± 2ab + b2
1. Multiple Choice Questions. Choose the correct answer. • a2 − b2
• (a2 ± 2ab + b2) − c2
• a4 + a2b2 + b4 or a4 + 4b4
• x2 + px + q • ax2 + bx + c
• (ax2 + bx + c) (ax2 + bx + d) + k
2. Completion Items. Fill in the blanks. • (x + a) (x + b) (x + c) (x + d) + k
(i) x2 + 5x + 6 = ……… • (x + a)(x + b)(x + c)(x + d) + kx2
(ii) 4a2 −16 = ……… • a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
(iii) 4a2 + 4ab + (………) is a complete square • a3 − 3a2b + 3ab2 − b3
• a3 ± b3
x2 y2
(iv) − 2 + ......
=
y2 x2 t If a polynomial p(x) is divided by a linear divisor (x − a), then the
(v) (x + y)(x2 − xy + y2) = ……… remainder is p(a).
(vi) Factored form of x4 − 16 is ……… t If a specific number x = a is substituted for the variable x in a
(vii) If x − 2 is factor of p(x) = x2 + 2kx + 8, then k = ……… polynomial p(x) so that the value p(a) is zero, then x = a is called
3. Factorize the following. a zero of the polynomial p(x).
(i) x2 + 8x + 16 − 4y2 (ii) 4x2 − 16y2 t The polynomial (x − a) is a factors of the polynomial p(x) if and
(iii) 9x2 + 27x + 8 (iv) 1 − 64z3 only if p(a) = 0. Factor theorem has been used to factorize cubic
polynomials.
1 ––––––––––
(v) 8x 3 − (vi) 2y2 + 5y − 3
27 y 3

(vii) x3 + x2 − 4x − 4 (viii) 25m2n2 + 10mn + 1

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