Equation Sheet for MME 9658b Term Test (March 7, 2023)
BCC crystals: FCC crystals: HCP crystals:
4
𝑎= 𝑅 𝑎 = 2 2𝑅 𝑎 = 2𝑅
3 𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 = 1.63𝑎
ℎ1 𝑘1 𝑙1 ∙ ℎ2 𝑘2 𝑙2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
ℎ1 𝑘1 𝑙1 ℎ2 𝑘2 𝑙2
𝑢𝑣𝑤 is ⊥ to ℎ1 𝑘1 𝑙1 & ℎ2 𝑘2 𝑙2 if 𝑢𝑣𝑤 = ℎ1 𝑘1 𝑙1 𝑋 ℎ2 𝑘2 𝑙2
𝜏ҧ = 𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜆
ത 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
for isotropic cubic crystals for hexagonal crystals:
𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶12 0 0 0 𝜀𝑥𝑥 𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13 0 0 0
𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜀𝑥𝑥
𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝐶11 𝐶12 0 0 0 𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝐶11 𝐶13 0 0 0
𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜀𝑦𝑦
𝜎𝑧𝑧 𝐶11 0 0 0 𝜀𝑧𝑧 𝜎𝑧𝑧 𝐶33 0 0 0 𝜀𝑧𝑧
𝜎𝑦𝑧 = 𝜀𝑦𝑧 = 𝐶44 0 0
𝐶44 0 0 𝜎𝑦𝑧 𝜀𝑦𝑧
𝜎𝑧𝑥 𝐶44 0 𝜀𝑧𝑥 𝜎𝑧𝑥 𝐶44 0 𝜀𝑧𝑥
𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝑆𝑦𝑚. 𝐶44 𝜀𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝐶11 − 𝐶12 𝜀𝑥𝑦
𝑆𝑦𝑚.
2
1−𝜈 𝐸 𝜈𝐸
𝑐11 = 𝑐12 = 𝑐11 = 𝑐22
1 + 𝜈 1 − 2𝜈 1 + 𝜈 1 − 2𝜈
𝑐13 = 𝑐23
𝑐44 = 𝐺 𝑐44 = 𝑐55
𝑐66 = 𝑐11 − 𝑐12 Τ2
The generalized Hooke’s law:
𝐸
𝐸 𝜐 𝐺=
𝜎𝑖𝑗 = 𝜀 + 𝛿 𝜀 2 1+𝑣
1 + 𝜐 𝑖𝑗 1 − 2𝜐 𝑖𝑗 𝑘𝑘
or 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
1+𝜐 𝜐 𝛿𝑖𝑗 = 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 = 𝑗
𝜀𝑖𝑗 = 𝜎𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖𝑗 𝜎𝑘𝑘
𝐸 𝐸 𝛿𝑖𝑗 = 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗
𝜀𝑘𝑘 = 𝜀𝑥𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦𝑦 + 𝜀𝑧𝑧
𝜀𝑟𝑎3 𝜀𝑟𝑎3 𝜀𝑟𝑎3
𝑢1 = 3 𝑥1 𝑢2 = 3 𝑥2 𝑢3 = 3 𝑥3
𝑢1 0 0 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
𝑟𝑏 − 𝑟𝑎
𝜀= 𝑢𝑖𝑗 = 0 𝑢2 0
𝑟𝑎 0 0 𝑢3 𝑟= 𝑥12 + 𝑥22 + 𝑥32
𝟏 𝟑𝒙𝟐 3𝑥𝑦 3𝑥𝑧 1 3𝑥 2 3𝑥𝑦 3𝑥𝑧
− 𝟓 − 5 − 5 − 5 − −
𝒓𝟑 𝒓 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟3 𝑟 𝑟5 𝑟5
𝟏 𝟑𝒚𝟐 3𝑦𝑧 1 3𝑦 2 3𝑦𝑧
𝜺𝒊𝒋 = 𝜺𝒓𝟑𝒂 − 𝟓 − 5 𝜎𝑖𝑗 = 2𝐺𝜀𝑟𝑎3 − 5 − 5
𝒓𝟑 𝒓 𝑟 𝑟3 𝑟 𝑟
𝟏 𝟑𝒛𝟐 1 3𝑧 2
𝑺𝒚𝒎. − 𝟓 𝑆𝑦𝑚. − 5
𝒓𝟑 𝒓 𝑟3 𝑟
𝜏𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 𝜏0 + ∆𝜏0
4 1/3
∆𝜏0 = 𝐺𝜀 4/3 𝑐 2𝑐 2/3 ln 𝑐
2𝐺 −2𝜋𝑤Τ𝑏 2𝐺 −2𝜋𝑎Τ(1−𝜐)𝑏
𝜏𝑃𝑒𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑠 ≈ 𝑒 ≈ 𝑒
1−𝜐 1−𝜐
𝐷 𝑏
𝛾≈ = ℎ𝑑 σ𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖
ℎ
𝑑𝛾
𝛾ሶ = = b𝜌𝑚 𝑣ҧ
𝑑𝑡
𝛾 = b𝜌𝑚 𝑥ҧ
𝑛ℓ
𝜌𝑚 =
𝑣𝑜𝑙
0 0 − sin 𝜃 −𝑦 3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 0
𝐺𝑏 𝐷
𝜎𝑖𝑗 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 = 0 cos 𝜃 𝜎𝑖𝑗 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 = 4 −𝑦 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 0
2𝜋𝑟 𝑠𝑦𝑚. 0 𝑟
𝑆𝑦𝑚. −𝜐𝑦 4𝑥 2
𝐸 𝐺𝑏
𝐺= 𝑟= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝐷=
2(1 + 𝜐) 2𝜋 1 − 𝜐
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝐺𝑏2 𝑅 𝐺𝑏2 𝑅 𝐺𝑏2 1 − 𝜐 cos 2 𝜃 𝑅
𝐸𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 = ln 𝐸𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 = ln 𝐸𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 = ln
4𝜋 𝑟0 4𝜋 1 − 𝜐 𝑟0 4𝜋 1 − 𝜐 𝑟0
∞ ∞
𝐸int = න 𝑏𝑥 𝜎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 𝜎𝑦𝑦 + 𝑏𝑧 𝜎𝑧𝑦 𝑑𝑥 or 𝐸int = න 𝑏𝑥 𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 𝜎𝑦𝑥 + 𝑏𝑧 𝜎𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑦
𝜕𝐸int 𝜕𝐸int
𝐹𝑥 = − 𝐹𝑦 = −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝛼𝐺𝑏
2 𝜏0 =
𝑇 = 𝛼𝐺𝑏
𝑅
1 𝑅′
𝛼𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 = ln 𝛼𝐺𝑏
4𝜋 𝑟0 𝜏0 =
Λൗ
2
1 𝑅′
𝛼𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 = ln
4𝜋 1 − 𝜐 𝑟0
Δ𝐺0 = Δ𝐺𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 + Δ𝐺𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 ≥ Δ𝐺𝑜 − 𝜏𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝐿(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )
𝑘
𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 𝜎0 + Δ𝐺𝑜 −𝜏𝑎𝑝𝑝 𝑉∗
𝑑 𝛾ሶ = 𝑏𝜌𝑉 = 𝑏𝜌𝐿𝜈𝑒 −
𝑘𝑇
𝜏1 = 𝑛𝜏
𝐿 𝜈 = frequency of atomic vibration (material constant)
𝑛= 𝜏
𝐴 k = Boltzmann constant = 1.381x10−23 𝐽/𝐾𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛
𝐺𝑏 T = absolute temperature (Kelvin)
𝐴𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 =
2𝜋 1 − 𝜈
𝐺𝑏 𝜕 ln 𝛾ሶ 𝑉∗ 𝜕 ln 𝛾ሶ Δ𝐺𝑜 − 𝜏𝑎𝑝𝑝 𝑉 ∗
𝐴𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 = อ = ቤ =
2𝜋 𝜕𝜏𝑎𝑝𝑝 𝑘𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜏 2𝑘𝑇 2
T,ρ 𝑎𝑝𝑝 ,ρ