FABRICATION OF MANUALLY OPERATED

LEAF COLLECTOR

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of

ENGINEERING
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BY

Under the guidance of

2023-2024
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 CERTIFICATE

Register number: _________________________

This is to certify that the project report titled “FABRICATION OF

MANUALLY OPERATED LEAF COLLECTOR” submitted by the
following students for the award of the degree of bachelor of engineering is
record of bonafide work carried out by them.

Done by

Mr. / Ms_______________________________

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree in

Diploma in Mechanical Engineering

During the Year-(2004-2005)

_________________ _______________
Head of Department Guide

Coimbatore –641651.
Date:

Submitted for the university examination held on ___________

_________________ ________________
Internal Examiner External Examiner
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 At this pleasing moment of having successfully completed our
project, we wish to convey our sincere thanks and gratitude to the
management of our college and our beloved chairman
…………………………………………………, who provided all the
facilities to us.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to our principal
………………………………………, for forwarding us to do our
project and offering adequate duration in completing our project.
We are also grateful to the Head of Department Prof.
…………………………………….., for her constructive suggestions
& encouragement during our project.
With deep sense of gratitude, we extend our earnest & sincere
thanks to our guide
…………………………………………………….., Department of
Mechanical for her kind guidance & encouragement during this
project.
We also express our indebt thanks to our TEACHING and
NON TEACHING staffs of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT,……………………….(COLLEGE NAME).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

FABRICATION OF MANUALLY
OPERATED LEAF COLLECTOR
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CONTENTS
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CONTENTS
SL. NO
PARTICULAR PAGE No.
1
Synopsis
2
Introduction
3 Literature survey
4 Dust collection System
5 Selection of D.C Motor
6 Types of D.C Motor
7 Components and Description
8 Working Principle
9 Applications and Limitation
10 Advantages
11 List of materials
12 Cost estimation
13 Conclusion
14 Bibliography
15 Photography
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SYNOPSIS
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SYNOPSIS

Created by a panel of leaf collection system industry experts, this manually

operated leaf collector guide provides information on present state of the art technology

used in industrial/home cleaning equipment commonly known as manually operated leaf

collectors.  In addition to providing general manually operated leaf collector information,

these professionals are knowledgeable people who work in the industrial pollution

control industry everyday and clean and green. 

The machine, dust collector, we introduce through our project is mainly useful for

collecting leaf from home and play ground such as cricket ground, football ground and

wherever leaf and dust contents. In our project, the manually operated leaf collector

consists of two main parts such as blower unit and storage tank. The blower is used to

suction the leaf and small particles of dust to the ground, so that the leaf contents in the

ground were removed. The size of our project is also portable. So we can move the

manually operated leaf collector to any place very easily.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION

Pure, clean air is nature’s gift to mankind and every living being has a right to it.

But in today’s world, a deep breath of pure, clean air appears to be a luxury thanks to

an alarming increase in pollution levels. If technical and industrial advancement have

brought us many commercial successes and comforts, they have also brought the

gigantic concerns of pollution and its effect on environment.

These concerns pose a serious hazard to the health of mankind not only today,

but forever. It is high time that we complement our technological advancement with

great responsibility and give back to our world simple pleasures like a deep breath of

pure air.

As individuals we could make a big difference at our workplaces if we

understand the processes and various equipments used for pollution control. Many

industries such as woodcutting, furniture building, plastic cutting, and metal working
among others operate under conditions that create a lot of dust and leaf. Efficient

dust controlling systems control dust pollution and aid us in our objective and these

dust and leaf also collected in a storage tank.

Dust collectors are devices that filter dust from polluted air generated by

industrial processes and discharge clean air into the environment. Efficient dust

collectors protect employees and society from exposure to pollution, recover product

from the dust filled air and facilitate compliance with health and air emission

standards. There are various types of dust collectors that efficiently treat different

types of air pollution. The most commonly used ones are inertial separators,

baghouse collectors, air washers and air scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators and

cartridge dust collectors. By understanding these dust collection technologies we can

ensure a cleaner, purer environment at our work place, homes and society.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LITERATURE SURVEY
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LITERATURE SURVEY

Vacuum cleaners are often the most effective cleaning tools in the house, so

buying the right one is very much an investment. With all the different types of vacuum

cleaners on the market, sifting through the various models can soon get very confusing.

This guide should help point you in the right direction.

UPRIGHT VS CYLINDER

Whether to go for a traditional upright vacuum or a cylinder is the first question

you should ask yourself when buying a cleaner. It is also important to consider the size of

the area you will be vacuuming – a small house with small rooms will require a different

vacuum to a large house.

 Generally, cylinder cleaners are smaller and lighter units and thus considered to be

easier to move around. They have all their accessory tools inside them for quick retrieval

and put-away, and the suction head is separate from the main unit giving a wide cleaning

radius. Most models feature a cord rewind feature and foot operated start/stop pedals. All

this makes the cylinder cleaner ideal for cleaning those hard to reach places, and

especially good for stairs.

 The upright is usually heavier and harder to maneuver and is less suited to

cleaning small gaps and spaces, although many models now include a set of tools for

most purposes. The upright’s main strength is its carpet cleaning, which is especially

effective over large floor areas due to its multiple cleaning heads. Also, a carpet height

selector available on most models allows the user to adjust the height of the vacuum

above the floor according to the length of the carpet pile. If pet hair is a problem, the

rotating brushes on an upright should do the job

OTHER CLEANER TYPES

 Handhelds

Handheld cleaners are small, light and have the benefit of being very portable.

Although not as powerful as uprights or cylinders, and despite having a much smaller dust

capacity, the handhelds are perfectly suitable for stair, sofa and car cleaning. Filtration is

available on most models, though is not recommended for asthma and allergy sufferers.
 Wet & Dry Cleaners

These vacuums are versatile units that can do anything from picking up small

debris to unblocking sinks. They have relatively large capacities and can be either bagged or

bagless. Wet & Dry cleaners come with a range of tools for many purposes, although they

can be especially noisy.

 Steam Cleaners

Steam cleaners are multi-purpose appliances that use steam to powerfully remove

dirt from carpets, ovens, windows, clothes and upholstery. They do not require detergents,

but they do require ‘steaming’ time – this limits the amount of cleaning time available in one

session. Steam cleaners come with a wide range of tools and some offer variable steam

control.
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DUST COLLECTION SYSTEM

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DUST COLLECTION SYSTEM

Pure, clean air is nature’s gift to mankind and every living being has a right to it. But in

today’s world, a deep breath of pure, clean air appears to be a luxury thanks to an

alarming increase in pollution levels. If technical and industrial advancement have

brought us many commercial successes and comforts, they have also brought the

gigantic concerns of pollution and its effect on environment. These concerns pose a

serious hazard to the health of mankind not only today, but forever. It is high time that

we complement our technological advancement with great responsibility and give back

to our world simple pleasures like a deep breath of pure air.

As individuals we could make a big difference at our workplaces if we

understand the processes and various equipment used for pollution control. Many

industries such as woodcutting, furniture building, plastic cutting, and metal working

among others operate under conditions that create a lot of dust. Efficient dust

controlling systems control dust pollution and aid us in our objective.

 Dust collectors are devices that filter dust from polluted air generated by

industrial processes and discharge clean air into the environment. Efficient dust

collectors protect employees and society from exposure to pollution, recover product

from the dust filled air and facilitate compliance with health and air emission standards.

There are various types of dust collectors that efficiently treat different types of

air pollution. The most commonly used ones are

inertial separators,

baghouse collectors,

air washers and air scrubbers,

electrostatic precipitators and

Cartridge dust collectors.

By understanding these dust collection technologies we can ensure a cleaner,

purer environment at our work place, homes and society. This tutorial covers

various types of dust collection equipment, how they work, advantages and

disadvantages of each equipment type and their uses.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TYPES OF DUST COLLECTOR

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TYPES OF DUST COLLECTOR

1. Reverse Air Cleaning Baghouse Dust Collectors:-

This type of a dust collector uses high-pressure

‘cleaning’ air, blown in the ‘reverse’ or opposite

direction of the dust laden stream, to clean the dust

cake.  Also called high pressure reverse fan

cleaning, these models are continuous or ‘online’

cleaning dust collectors and mitigate the drawbacks

of the ‘offline’ collectors. In these collectors,

cleaning could be done continuously without interrupting the process and the numerous

compartments that featured in the offline dust collectors were done away with.
 In a reverse fan cleaning dust collector, polluted air enters the filter bags from

the inlet at the bottom and passes through the inside of the bag. Dust particles collect on

the walls of the bag. A chain driven motor powered traveling manifold moves across the

mouth of the envelope filter bags to provide the cleaning air. The flexing of the collecting

bags causes the dust cake to crack and fall into the hopper. The reverse air stream can be

used to clean one bag or one row of bags at a time.

Improvements in Reverse Fan Cleaning Collector Design

 bags need not be kept stretched by use of tension devices since filter bags are

pressurized from cleaning manifold

 Cleaning flow is directly related to filtering capacity of the bag.

 they have higher air-to-cloth ratio (volume of air passed through the filtering bag

per unit area of the bag) than shaker collectors and thereby occupy lesser space

 they are versatile models that can be used effectively for a range of applications

2. Reverse Air Cleaning Baghouse Dust Collectors:-

This type of a dust collector uses high-pressure

‘cleaning’ air, blown in the ‘reverse’ or opposite direction

of the dust laden stream, to clean the dust cake.  Also called high pressure reverse fan

cleaning, these models are continuous or ‘online’ cleaning dust collectors and mitigate

the drawbacks of the ‘offline’ collectors. In these collectors, cleaning could be done

continuously without interrupting the process and the numerous compartments that

featured in the offline dust collectors were done away with.

In a reverse fan cleaning dust collector, polluted air enters the filter bags from

the inlet at the bottom and passes through the inside of the bag. Dust particles collect on

the walls of the bag. A chain driven motor powered traveling manifold moves across the

mouth of the envelope filter bags to provide the cleaning air. The flexing of the collecting

bags causes the dust cake to crack and fall into the hopper. The reverse air stream can be

used to clean one bag or one row of bags at a time.

Improvements in Reverse Fan Cleaning Collector Design

 bags need not be kept stretched by use of tension devices since filter bags are

pressurized from cleaning manifold

 Cleaning flow is directly related to filtering capacity of the bag.

 they have higher air-to-cloth ratio (volume of air passed through the filtering bag

per unit area of the bag) than shaker collectors and thereby occupy lesser space

 they are versatile models that can be used effectively for a range of applications
 3. Cyclone Dust Collectors:-

What do they do for you?  Cyclone dust collectors, named after

the cyclone weather phenomenon, are large funnel shaped sheet metal

tubes connected to ducts often used in woodshops, machine shops,

manufacturing plants, and powder processing plants. 

Dust and debris are sucked in at the top.  Air with fine dust blows out the other side

of the top, while chips and large dust particles fall out the bottom into a drum or bin. 

Dusty exhaust air is either blown outside or filtered again using media filtration.  You

may find a cyclone dust collector in a variety of sizes for applications ranging from small,

home wood shops to CNC machines and even large industrial plants.  Our main focus is

on the larger, CNC and industrial cyclone air cleaners.  Cyclones are the most commonly

known form of inertial separators.  Though simple construction, the concept is genius.

By the way, several members of our panel represent different manufacturers that sell

cyclone dust collectors.  If you need a cyclone or complete system, call our toll free

number.

Inertial Separators

Inertial separators use inertia and gravity to separate dust particles from the dust

filled air stream i.e. by slowing the flow of dusty air stream. When the speed of the dust
filled air stream is slowed down, heavier dirt particles settle out from the air stream by

gravity and fall into a hopper where they are collected.

There are two types of inertial separators. They are (i) settling collectors (ii) baffle

collectors.

Settling Dust Collectors:

Settling collectors separate dust from the dusty air stream by using a settling

chamber (a large box) in ductwork carrying dusty air. When the dust filled air stream

enters the large settling chamber its speed come down considerably owing to the sudden

increase in size of its passage. Heavier dust particles settle out due to gravity from the

slow air stream and are collected.

Baffle Dust Collectors:

Baffle collectors have a baffle plate (a flat plate) in the path of the dust filled air

stream to slow it down. The air stream strikes the baffle plate and undergoes a sudden

change in direction. The air stream flow and the baffle are designed in a way that the

stream is first forced in a downward direction, followed by an upward 180 degree turn.

With such abrupt changes in direction, the air flow slows down sharply.
 The heavier dust particles either strike the baffle plates due to their inertia or settle

out by gravity when the flow slows down and slide into the hopper where they are

collected. As they collect, the larger dust particles mop up the finer particles that escape

the action of gravity and inertia, and improve the overall efficiency.

Uses of Inertial Dust Collectors:

Inertial separators are the simplest type of dust collector. They are normally used

as a pre cleaner or a pre filter for collectors with greater efficiencies. As pre cleaners their

main function is to separate large particles that could damage some dust collectors. In

metal working operations they are also used as a spark trap and protect filters in

collectors in a limited way.

4. Cyclones or Centrifugal Collectors:-

Cyclones (or centrifugal collectors) create a ‘cyclonic’ or

centrifugal force, similar to water going down a drain, to separate

dust from the polluted air stream. The centrifugal force is created

when dust filled air enters the top of the cylindrical collector at an

angle and is spun rapidly downward in a vortex (similar to a

whirlpool action). As the air flow moves in a circular fashion

 downward, heavier dust particles are thrown against the walls of the collector, collect,

and slide down into the hopper.

Cyclone Collector Design Considerations:

Cyclone dust collector efficiencies depend on,

i. particle size (particles with larger mass being subjected to greater force),

ii. force exerted on the dust particles and,

iii. time that the force is exerted on the particles

Cyclone dust collectors can be designed with either large or narrow diameters

depending on the application. Small diameter cyclones have high dust collection

efficiencies at low dust loads (0.1 to 6 grains per cubic foot) and high pressure drop of 6

to 10 inches w.c. (water column). Owing to the small diameter they have the tendency to

plug at high dust loads. Large diameter cyclones can handle high dust loads (50-100

grains per [Link]) with low pressure drops (1.5 to 3 inch w.c.) efficiently. They are not very

efficient at low dust loads.

To improve efficiencies, design considerations are,

a. high narrow inlets reduce distances traveled by dust to the wall and thereby

improve collection efficiencies

b. small diameters have higher forces than larger diameter cyclones

c. Smooth transition ensures maximum efficiency.

Use of expansion hoppers in dust discharge:

In high pressure drop cyclones, dust collecting at the discharge point could be

swept upward to the outlet tube. This phenomenon occurs due to the powerful inner

vortex that is formed inside the main swirling stream at the discharge point.

Use of expansion hoppers allows dust to be discharged through an airtight feeder.

Expansion hoppers effectively squeeze out moisture in some heavy moisture applications.

Multiple Cyclone Separators:

Multiple cyclone separators consist of a number of small diameter cyclones (6

inch diameter) placed parallel to one another with vane spinners. The multiclones have a

common inlet and outlet for air. The smaller diameter of the barrels and longer length

makes them more efficient than regular cyclones. By being longer dust is retained inside

for greater amount of time and smaller diameter of barrel increases centrifugal force,

causing efficient separation of dust. The inclined dirty air plenum facilitates effective air
and dust distribution in the dusty area and even distribution of clean air in the clean area.

This type of collectors are commonly used in boilers or as preliminary cyclones.

Rotary Dry Centrifugal Unit:

They are centrifugal collectors with centrally designed blades that effectively

disperse dust particles from the air stream against the walls of the collector. The dust

particles slide down and are collected in a hopper while clean air is let out from the

outlet. These units are commonly used in grinding applications. Limited to small volume

flows, the housing of these centrifugal collectors is normally made of cast iron due to

high abrasion.

Louver Type Collectors

In this type of a dust collector, louvers with narrow spacings are used in the

collector to cause abrupt change in direction of incoming dust-filled air stream. Dust

particles in the air stream collide against the flat surfaces and collect in the lower part of

the collector. Louver type collectors are highly effective at light loads of fine dust (their

use is limited to less than 0.5 grains per [Link]) and are used to reduce the load entering

replaceable panel filters. These collectors plug at heavier loads. A part of the air stream is

diverted into a small centrifugal collector. They are used for some specialized

applications of collecting fine dust.

 Being basic designs, the efficiency of these collectors is limited despite the

advantage of having few internal parts. Inertial separators are normally used as a)

preliminary filters b) to trap large particles from an air stream and c) to increase

efficiency of a solid separation process with water scrubbers or electrostatic precipitators.

5. Electrostatic Precipitation for Dust Collection:-

Electrostatic dust collectors use electrostatic charges to separate dust from the

dusty air stream. A number of high voltage, direct current electrodes (carrying

negative charge) are placed between grounded electrodes (carrying positive charge).

The dust borne air stream is passed through the passage between the discharging

(negative) electrodes and collecting (positive) electrodes. Dust particles receive a

negative charge from the discharging electrodes (ionizing section) and are attracted

to the positively charged grounded electrode (collection plates) and fasten on to it.

Cleaning is done by rapping or vibrating the collecting electrode wherein dust

particles fall away. Cleaning can be done without interrupting the flow.

For more thorough cleaning, the

collection cell can be removed and

washed by hand or in a parts washer

with an aluminum safe detergent.  Some ESP air cleaners have automatic self washing

mechanisms.

6. Mechanical Cleaning Dust Collector:-

Mechanical cleaning dust collectors are used in

processes where non-cleanable filters become an

expensive option due to large dust content. It consists

of bags with an inlet for dusty air stream at the bottom.

The bags are suspended from a rope for improved

agitation and fixed at the bottom.

Dust filled air enters the bag, passes through the filter and collects on the inside

walls of the bag. As dust collects inside the bag, the pressure drop rises (initial

pressure drop could be at 0.1 to 0.2 inches w.c.). When pressure drop reaches

between 2 to3.5 inches of w.c., filter media is cleaned by pulling up and down on the

pipe (by shaking). After cleaning, pressure drop readjusts to 0.5 – 1.0 inch w.c.

The fan is on the dusty side and its paddle wheel moves the air and receives

incoming dust. Used in manual paper trim operations, these shakers used sateen

weave cloth as filter material because of the tight weave and flexibility.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SELECTION OF A.C MOTOR

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SELECTION OF A.C. MOTOR

 The brushed AC motor is one of the earliest motor designs. Today, it is the

motor of choice in the majority of variable speed and torque control applications.

Advantages

 Easy to understand design

 Easy to control speed

 Easy to control torque

 Simple, cheap drive design

An AC motor converts electric energy into mechanical energy and is

powered by alternating current. ‘Alternating current’ means the direction of

flow around a circuit is regularly switched. Whereas, a DC motor is driven by

current that always flows in the same direction. The alternating current is

powered by an alternator to encourage the change in direction.

As an electric motor manufacturer, we understand the huge array of benefits

that our AC gear motors can bring to industries across the globe. Here are some of

the main benefits to bear in mind:

  Durable

AC electric motors are extremely durable because unlike most DC motors, they do

not have brushes. Brushes can become worn down easily and creates the need for

more regular maintenance. As AC motors do not have this problem, this means

they usually have a long lifespan and are favored by those looking for an extremely

long-wearing solution.

 Low power required for start-up

With low power required for start-up, this means AC motors can distribute their

power more evenly and can maintain a consistent level of power throughout their

operation. It also decreases the chance of burn out, which can occur when a motor

becomes overworked at start-up.

 Controlled acceleration
 Controlled acceleration within AC motors means they allow for steady and

controlled movement, which is key for many demanding applications across the

globe. It also reduces wear and tear as speeds are not increasing and decreasing

abruptly, therefore placing less pressure on the motor. Controlled acceleration is

particularly important for an application such as caravan movers, where speed

must remain stable and constant to ensure it performs as it should.

 High speed

AC motors are known for being able to cope with and deliver high speeds,

making them suitable for a range of demanding industry applications.

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TYPES OF D.C MOTOR

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TYPES OF A.C MOTOR

Three-phase AC induction motors

Disassembled 250W motor from a

washing machine. The 12 stator windings

are in the housing on the left. Next to it is

the "squirrel cage" rotor on its shaft.

Where a polyphase electrical supply is

available, the three-phase (or polyphase) AC

induction motor is commonly used,

especially for higher-powered motors. The phase differences between the three phases of

the polyphase electrical supply create a rotating electromagnetic field in the motor.

Through electromagnetic induction, the rotating magnetic field induces a current

in the conductors in the rotor, which in turn sets up a counterbalancing magnetic field that

causes the rotor to turn in the direction the field is rotating. The rotor must always rotate

slower than the rotating magnetic field produced by the polyphase electrical supply;

otherwise, no counterbalancing field will be produced in the rotor.

Induction motors are the workhorses of industry and motors up to about 500 kW

(670 horsepower) in output are produced in highly standardized frame sizes, making

them nearly completely interchangeable between manufacturers (although European and

North American standard dimensions are different).

 Very large synchronous motors are capable of tens of thousands of kW in output,

for pipeline compressors, wind-tunnel drives and overland converor systems.

There are two types of rotors used in induction motors.

Squirrel Cage rotors:

Most common AC motors use the squirrel cage rotor, which will be found in

virtually all domestic and light industrial alternating current motors. The squirrel cage

takes its name from its shape - a ring at either end of the rotor, with bars connecting the

rings running the length of the rotor. It is typically cast aluminum or copper poured

between the iron laminates of the rotor, and usually only the end rings will be visible. The

vast majority of the rotor currents will flow through the bars rather than the higher-

resistance and usually varnished laminates. Very low voltages at very high currents are

typical in the bars and end rings; high efficiency motors will often use cast copper in

order to reduce the resistance in the rotor.

In operation, the squirrel cage motor may be viewed as a transformer with a

rotating secondary - when the rotor is not rotating in sync with the magnetic field, large

rotor currents are induced; the large rotor currents magnetize the rotor and interact with

the stator's magnetic fields to bring the rotor into synchronization with the stator's field.
 An unloaded squirrel cage motor at synchronous speed will consume electrical

power only to maintain rotor speed against friction and resistance losses; as the

mechanical load increases, so will the electrical load - the electrical load is inherently

related to the mechanical load. This is similar to a transformer, where the primary's

electrical load is related to the secondary's electrical load.

This is why, as an example, a squirrel cage blower motor may cause the lights in a

home to dim as it starts, but doesn't dim the lights when its fanbelt (and therefore

mechanical load) is removed. Furthermore, a stalled squirrel cage motor (overloaded or

with a jammed shaft) will consume current limited only by circuit resistance as it

attempts to start. Unless something else limits the current (or cuts it off completely)

overheating and destruction of the winding insulation is the likely outcome.

Virtually every washing machine, dishwasher, standalone fan, record player, etc.

uses some variant of a squirrel cage motor.

Wound Rotor:

An alternate design, called the wound rotor, is used when variable speed is

required. In this case, the rotor has the same number of poles as the stator and the

windings are made of wire, connected to slip rings on the shaft.

 Carbon brushes connect the slip rings to an external controller such as a variable

resistor that allows changing the motor's slip rate. In certain high-power variable speed

wound-rotor drives, the slip-frequency energy is captured, rectified and returned to the

power supply through an inverter.

Compared to squirrel cage rotors, wound rotor motors are expensive and require

maintenance of the slip rings and brushes, but they were the standard form for variable

speed control before the advent of compact power electronic devices. Transistorized

inverters with variable-frequency drive can now be used for speed control, and wound

rotor motors are becoming less common. (Transistorized inverter drives also allow the

more-efficient three-phase motors to be used when only single-phase mains current is

available, but this is never used in household appliances, because it can cause electrical

interference and because of high power requirements.) Several methods of starting a

polyphase motor are used. Where the large inrush current and high starting torque can be

permitted, the motor can be started across the line, by applying full line voltage to the

terminals (Direct-on-line, DOL).

Where it is necessary to limit the starting inrush current (where the motor is large

compared with the short-circuit capacity of the supply), reduced voltage starting using

either series inductors, an autotransformer, thyristors, or other devices are used.

A technique sometimes used is star-delta starting, where the motor coils are

initially connected in wye for acceleration of the load, then switched to delta when the
load is up to speed. This technique is more common in Europe than in North America.

Transistorized drives can directly vary the applied voltage as required by the starting

characteristics of the motor and load.

This type of motor is becoming more common in traction applications such as

locomotives, where it is known as the asynchronous traction motor.

The speed of the AC motor is determined primarily by the frequency of the AC supply

and the number of poles in the stator winding, according to the relation:

Ns = 120F / p

where

Ns = Synchronous speed, in revolutions per minute

F = AC power frequency

p = Number of poles per phase winding

Actual RPM for an induction motor will be less than this calculated synchronous

speed by an amount known as slip, that increases with the torque produced. With no load,

the speed will be very close to synchronous.

When loaded, standard motors have between 2-3% slip, special motors may have

up to 7% slip, and a class of motors known as torque motors are rated to operate at 100%

slip (0 RPM/full stall).

The slip of the AC motor is calculated by:

S = (Ns − Nr) / Ns

percentageslip = (Ns − Nr) / Ns * 100

where

Nr = Rotational speed, in revolutions per minute.

S = Normalised Slip, 0 to 1.

As an example, a typical four-pole motor running on 60 Hz might have a

nameplate rating of 1725 RPM at full load, while its calculated speed is 1800. The speed

in this type of motor has traditionally been altered by having additional sets of coils or

poles in the motor that can be switched on and off to change the speed of magnetic field

rotation. However, developments in power electronics mean that the frequency of the

power supply can also now be varied to provide a smoother control of the motor speed.

Three-phase AC synchronous motors

If connections to the rotor coils of a three-phase motor are taken out on Slip-rings

and fed a separate field current to create a continuous magnetic field (or if the rotor

consists of a permanent magnet), the result is called a synchronous motor because the

rotor will rotate in synchronism with the rotating magnetic field produced by the

polyphase electrical supply.

The synchronous motor can also be used as an alternator.

Nowadays, synchronous motors are frequently driven by transistorized variable-

frequency drives. This greatly eases the problem of starting the massive rotor of a large

synchronous motor. They may also be started as induction motors using a squirrel-cage

winding that shares the common rotor: once the motor reaches synchronous speed, no

current is induced in the squirrel-cage winding so it has little effect on the synchronous

operation of the motor, aside from stabilizing the motor speed on load changes.

Synchronous motors are occasionally used as traction motors; the TGV may be the

best-known example of such [Link] apparently unusual use for this type of motor was

its use in a power factor correction scheme. This exploited a feature of the machine where

it consumed power at a leading power factor when its rotor was over excited.

It thus appeared to the supply to be a capacitor, and could thus be used to correct

the lagging power factor that was usually presented to the electric supply. The excitation

was adjusted until a near unity power factor was obtained (often automatically).

Machines used for this purpose were easily identified as they had no shaft extensions.

They were refered to as synchronous capacitors.

Two-phase AC servo motors

A typical two-phase AC servo motor has a squirrel-cage rotor and a field

consisting of two windings: 1) a constant-voltage (AC) main winding, and 2) a control-

voltage (AC) winding in quadrature with the main winding so as to produce a rotating

magnetic field. The electrical resistance of the rotor is made high intentionally so that the

speed-torque curve is fairly linear. Two-phase servo motors are inherently high-speed,

low-torque devices, heavily geared down to drive the load.

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COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION

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COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION

Manually operated leaf collector consists of following components.

 1. Three phase AC motor

2. Frame Stand

3. Bearing with Bearing Cap

4. Leaf Container

5. Hoses

1. THREE PHASE AC MOTOR:-

A 3-phase induction motor is an electromechanical energy conversion

device which converts 3-phase input electrical power into output mechanical

power.
 A 3-phase induction motor consists of a stator and a rotor. The stator carries

a 3-phase stator winding while the rotor carries a short-circuited winding called

rotor winding. The stator winding is supplied from a 3-phase supply. The rotor

winding drives its voltage and power from the stator winding through

electromagnetic induction and hence the name.

Working Principle of a 3-Phase Induction Motor

The working principle of a 3-phase induction motor can be explained by

considering a portion of it as follows

  When the 3-phase stator winding is fed from a balanced 3-phase supply, a

rotating magnetic field (RMF) is produced in the motor. This RMF rotates

around the stator at synchronous speed which is given by,

SynchronousSpeed,NS=120fP

 The RMF passes through the air gap and cuts the rotor conductors, which as

yet are stationary. Due to the relative motion between the RMF and the

stationary rotor conductors, EMFs are induced in the rotor conductors. As

the rotor circuit is closed with short-circuit so currents start flowing in the

rotor conductors.

 Since the current carrying rotor conductors are placed in the magnetic field

produced by the stator winding. As a result, the rotor conductors experience

mechanical force.

 The sum of the mechanical forces on all the rotor conductors produce a

torque which moves the rotor in the same direction as the rotating magnetic

field. Hence, in such a way the three phase input electric power is converted

into output mechanical power in a 3-phase induction motor.

 Also, according to Lenz’s law, the rotor should move in the direction of the

stator field, i.e., the direction of rotor currents would be such that they tend

to oppose the cause producing them. Here, the cause producing the rotor

currents is the relative speed between the RMF and the rotor conductors.
 Thus to reduce this relative speed, the rotor starts running in the same

direction as that of the RMF.

Advantages of Three Phase Induction Motor

Following are the chief advantages of a 3-phase induction motor −

 It has simple and rugged construction.

 It requires less maintenance.

 It has high efficiency and good power factor.

 It is less expensive.

 It has self-starting torque.

Disadvantages of Three Phase Induction Motor

The disadvantages of a 3-phase induction motor are given as follows −

 The 3-phase induction motors are constant speed motors; hence their speed

control is very difficult.

2. FRAME STAND:-
 This is made upof mild steel. The blower unit, battery and leaf container are fixed in

this frame stand by suitable arrangement.

3. BEARING WITH BEARING CAP:-

The bearings are pressed smoothly to fit into the shafts because if hammered the

bearing may develop cracks. Bearing is made upof steel material and bearing cap is mild

steel.

INTRODUCTION

Ball and roller bearings are used widely in instruments and machines in

order to minimize friction and power loss.  While the concept of the ball bearing

dates back at least to Leonardo da Vinci, their design and manufacture has become

remarkably sophisticated.

This  technology  was  brought  to  its  p resent  state  o f  perfection  only

after  a  long  period  of research and development.  The benefits of such specialized

research can be obtained when it is possible to use a standardized bearing of the

proper size and type.  

However, such bearings cannot be used indiscriminately without a careful

study of the loads and operating conditions.  In addition, the bearing must be
provided with adequate mounting, lubrication and sealing. Design engineers have

usually two possible sources for obtaining information which they can use to select a

bearing for their particular application:

a)  Textbooks

b)  Manufacturers’

Catalogs Textbooks are excellent sources; however, they tend to be overly

detailed and aimed at the student of the subject matter rather than the practicing

designer.  They, in most cases, contain information on how to design rather than

how to select a bearing for a particular application. Manufacturers’ catalogs, in

turn, are also excellent and contain a wealth of information which relates to the

products of the particular manufacturer.  These catalogs, however, fail to provide

alternatives – which may divert the designer’s interest to products not

manufactured by them. Our Company, however, provides the broadest selection of

many types of bearings made by different manufacturers.  

For this reason, we are interested in providing a condensed overview of the

subject matter in an objective manner, using data obtained from different texts,

handbooks and manufacturers’ literature.  This information will enable the reader

to select the proper bearing in an expeditious manner. If the designer’s interest

exceeds the scope of the presented material, a list of references is provided at the
end of the Technical Section. At the same time, we are expressing our thanks and

are providing credit to the sources which supplied the material presented here.

Construction and Types of Ball Bearings

A ball bearing usually consists of four parts:  an inner ring, an outer ring, the balls

and the cage or separator.

 To increase the contact area and permit larger loads to be carried, the balls run in

curvilinear grooves in the rings.  The radius of the groove is slightly larger than the radius

of the ball, and a very slight amount of radial play must be provided.  The bearing is thus

permitted to adjust itself to small amounts of angular misalignment between the

assembled shaft and mounting.  The separator keeps the balls evenly spaced and prevents

them from touching each other on the sides where their relative velocities are the greatest.

Ball bearings are made in a wide variety of types and sizes.  Single-row radial bearings

are made in four series, extra light, light, medium, and heavy, for each bore, as illustrated

in Fig. 1-3(a), (b), and (c).

100 Series 200 Series 300 Series Axial Thrust Angular Contact Self-aligning

Bearing Fig. 1-3 Types of Ball Bearings

 The heavy series of bearings is designated by 400.  Most, but not all,

manufacturers use a numbering system so devised that if the last two digits are multiplied

by 5, the result will be the bore in millimeters.  The digit in the third place from the right

indicates the series number. Thus, bearing 307 signifies a medium-series bearing of 35-

mm bore.  For additional digits, which may be present in the catalog number of a bearing,

refer to manufacturer’s details.

 Some makers list deep groove bearings and

bearings with two rows of balls.  For bearing

designations of Quality Bearings & Components

(QBC), see special pages devoted to this purpose. The radial bearing is able to carry a

considerable amount of axial thrust.  

However, when the load is directed entirely along the axis, the thrust type of

bearing should be used.  The angular contact bear- ing will take care of both radial and

axial loads.  The self-aligning  ball  bearing  will  take  care  of  large amounts  of

angular  misalignment.   An  increase  in radial capacity may be secured by using rings

with deep grooves, or by employing a double-row radial bearing. Radial bearings are

divided into two general classes, depending on the method of assembly.  These are the

Conrad, or nonfilling-notch type, and the maximum, or filling-notch type.  In the Conrad
bearing, the balls are placed between the rings as shown in Fig. 1-4(a).  Then they are

evenly spaced and the separator is riveted in place.    In  the  maximum-type  bearing,  the

balls  are a (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) 100 Series Extra Light 200 Series Light 300 Series

Medium Axial Thrust Bearing Angular Contact Bearing Self-aligning Bearing Fig. 1-3

Types of Ball Bearings Fig. 1-4  Methods of Assembly        for Ball Bearings (a) Conrad

or non-filling notch type (b) Maximum or filling notch type

6. LEAF CONTAINER:-

The leaf is collected by this container. The container is made up of cotton cloth

material.

7. HOSES:-

Reducers are used to provide inter connection between two pipes or hoses of

different sizes. They may be fitted straight, tee, “V” or other configurations. Hoses are

made upof nylon material.

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WORKING PRINCIPLE
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 WORKING PRINCIPLE

The simple Block Diagram of ground dryer is given bellow.

AIR
THREE 3 PHASE AC BLOWER
PHASE AC MOTOR ARRANGEMENT LEAF
SUPPLY

LEAF
CONTAINER HOSE

The 440 voltage supply is applied to the 3 Phase AC motor. The blower consists

of A.C motor and impeller (fans). The A.C motor coupled with the impeller (fan). The

impeller consists of more number of blades. It is fixed above the frame stand, so that air

suction forced from the ground.

The flexible hose is used to suction the leaf from the ground. The collected leaf

is kept in a leaf container which is made upof mild steel sheet material. The collected leaf

will be unloaded by the shutter open/close mechanism which is fixed in the leaf

container.
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APPLICATION & LIMITATION

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 APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS

APPLICATION

To remove the leaf from the cricket ground.

It is also used to remove the dust from the home.

It is also used to vacuum cleaner

LIMITATION

Large time required to remove the leaf from the ground

Manually operated
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ADVANTAGES
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 ADVANTAGES

Compact size and portable

Easy to move from one place to another place

Operating principle is simple.

Non-skilled person also operate this machine

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LIST OF MATERIAL
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 LIST OF MATERIALS

Components Material Quantity

Frame Stand Mild steel C 40 1

Ball Bearing HSS 4

Bearing Cap M.S 4

Impeller Cast iron 1

AC Motor 3 Phase 440 volt, 1 HP

Front Wheels Nylon 2

Rear Wheels Rubber 2

Shaft M.S 1

Switch M.S 16 Amps

Blower casing M.S 1 mm thickness

Handle M.S 1

Leaf container Cotton cloth 1

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COST ESTIMATION
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 COST ESTIMATION

1. MATERIAL COST:

Components Material Quantity Price

Frame Stand Mild steel C 40 1

Ball Bearing HSS 4

Bearing Cap M.S 4

Impeller Cast iron 1

AC Motor 3 Phase 440 volt, 1 HP

Front Wheels Nylon 2

Rear Wheels Rubber 2

Shaft M.S 1

Switch M.S 16 Amps

Blower casing M.S 1 mm thickness

Handle M.S 1

Leaf container Cotton cloth 1

2. LABOUR COST

LATHE, DRILLING, WELDING, GRINDING, POWER HACKSAW, GAS CUTTING,

PCB DESIGNING: Cost =

3. OVERHEAD CHARGES

The overhead charges are arrived by “Manufacturing cost”

Manufacturing Cost = Material Cost + Labour cost

=
=

Overhead Charges = 20% of the manufacturing cost

=

TOTAL COST

Total cost = Material Cost + Labour cost + Overhead Charges

=
=

Total cost for this project =

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CONCLUSON
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 CONCLUSION

This project work has provided us an excellent opportunity and experience, to use

our limited knowledge. We gained a lot of practical knowledge regarding, planning,

purchasing, computing and machining while doing this project work. We feel that the

project work is a good solution to bridge the gates between institution and industries.

We are proud that we have completed the work with the limited time successfully.

The Ground dryer is working with satisfactory conditions. We are able to understand the

difficulties in maintaining the tolerances and also quality. We have done to our ability

and skill making maximum use of available facilities.

In conclusion remarks of our project work, let us add a few more lines about our

impression project work.

The chief advantage of our system is that, simple portable type low cost manually

operated leaf collector when compared to other collectors which are available in market.

Operating principle of manually operated leaf collector is also very easy. We can move

the manually operated leaf collector from one place to another place very easily by

providing back and front wheel arrangement.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Manufacturing Technology - [Link].

2. Fluid Power with Applications - Antony Espositov

3. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - [Link], [Link]

4. Turbo Machines - [Link]

5. Linear Integrated Circuits - D. Roy Choudhury, Shail Jain

6. Thermal Engineering - J.S. Gupta

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PHOTOGRAPHY
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PHOTOGRAPHY