Project Report on

TYPES OF FIRE HAZARDS

Semester 6I
CIVIL

SUBMITTED TO

S.M.D.R. GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC DHULE

Under The Guidance of

Prof. Kirankumar Jadhav Sir Lecturer in

CIVIL DEPARTMENT

Shikshan Maharshi Dadasaheb Rawal Government Polytechnic, Dhule.

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 EVALUATION SHEET FOR MICRO PROJECT
(Academic Year: 2022-2023)

Roll No. :- 341

Seat No. :-
Subject :- Management (22509)
Course :- CE-6I
Title of project : TYPES OF FIRE HAZARDS

Roll Student Name Mark out of 06 Mark out of 04 for Total out
No. for performance performance in of 10
in group activity oral/presentation

341 Patil Jay Sunil

Name & Sign of Faculty.

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Patil Jay Sunil Roll No. 41 of Sixth Semester of
Diploma in Civil Engineering of Institute. S.M.D.R. Government
Polytechnic, Dhule (Code :- 0017) has completed the Micro Project
satisfactorily in the subject Management for the Academic Year 2022-23 as
prescribed in the curriculum.

Place :- Dhule Enrollment no. :- 2000170200

Date :- / /2022 Exam seat no. :- ………………

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

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 ACKNOWLEDGE

The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of

guidance and assistance from many people and we are extremely privileged to
have got this all along the completion of our project. All that we have done is
only due to such supervision and assistance and we would not forget to thank
them.

We respect and thank Dr. Mr. R. G. Wadekar, Principal,

Government Polytechnic, Dhule for providing us an opportunity to do the
project work in the institute and giving us all support and guidance which made
us complete the project duly.

We are extremely thankful to Mr. Wadekar Sir for providing such a

nice support and guidance. We heartily thank Mr. K. R. Pawar, Head,
Department of Civil Engineering, for his guidance, suggestions and
encouragement during this project work.

We our deep gratitude to our project guide Mr. Kirankumar Jadhav

Lecturer in Civil Department. who took keen interest on our project work and
guided us all along, till the completion of our project work by providing all the
necessary information for developing a good system. We would not forget to
remember.

Mr. Kirankumar Jadhav Lecturer in Civil Department for their

encouragement and more over for their timely support and guidance till the
completion of our project work.

We are thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant

encouragement, support and guidance from all the Teaching staffs of
Department of Civil Engineering which helped us in successfully completing
our project work.

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 INDEX

Sr. No. Topic Name Page No.

1) INTRODUCTION 6

2) TYPES OF FIRE HAZARDS 7

3) IGNITION SOURCE 8

4) MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS 11

5) CONCLUSION 12

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 INTRODUCTION

Fire hazards are a significant concern in many different environments,

from residential homes to commercial buildings, factories, and warehouses.
Fires can occur suddenly and without warning, leading to extensive damage to
property, injury, or even death. As such, understanding the various sources of
fire hazards and taking appropriate preventive measures is crucial to ensuring
the safety of people and property.

One of the primary causes of fires is electrical faults. These can occur due
to overloaded circuits, damaged wires, or faulty appliances. Inadequate
maintenance of electrical systems can also increase the risk of electrical fires.
Other potential sources of fire hazards include combustible materials such as
paper, cardboard, and flammable liquids, which can ignite easily and spread
quickly, leading to uncontrollable fires.

The impact of fires can be devastating. In addition to the loss of property and
assets, fires can also result in physical injuries, emotional trauma, and even loss
of life. The goal of this micro project is to explore the various sources of fire
hazards.

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  Types of fire hazards-

 IGNITION SOURCE- ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

Electrical problems are a major cause of fires. Electrical service is present
in almost all structures. By observing a common toaster, you can see easily that
there is plenty of energy available to cause a fire. However, if properly
designed, installed, and maintained, electrical systems are both convenient and
safe; otherwise they may be responsible for both fire and injury. When an
electric circuit carrying current is interrupted intentionally or unintentionally,
arcing or heating is produced. Fire protection standards attempt to prevent
arcing and heating, and accidental contact which may cause electric shock.

o Electrical Fires-
Electrical fires can be divided into three categories. The first category
consists of fires started by worn-out or "tired" electrical equipment. These cause
the largest percentage of electrical fires. Examples include worn out or dirty
electric motors and deteriorated insulation.
The second category of electrical fires is caused by improper use of
approved equipment. The most commonly misused electrical equipment
includes electric motors, overloaded cords, and improper use of heating
appliances.
The third cause of electrical fires is an accidental occurrence or operator
error such as clothes left in contact with lamps, items dropped into electric
equipment, heating equipment left on, or defective installations.

o Electrical faults-
Electrical faults are a serious concern in many different environments,
including homes, offices, and factories. When electrical systems break down, it
can lead to fires that can cause extensive damage and even loss of life. Electrical
faults can occur due to a variety of reasons, such as overloading circuits,
damaged wiring, and faulty appliances. As such, it is crucial to understand the

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common causes of electrical faults and take appropriate preventive measures to
ensure safety.
Preventive measures may include regular inspections and maintenance of
electrical systems, avoiding overloading circuits, and using high-quality
electrical components. It is also important to ensure that appliances and devices
are used correctly, and that all safety guidelines are followed. By being aware of
the potential hazards of electrical faults and taking proactive steps to prevent
them, individuals and organizations can reduce the risk of fires and ensure the
safety of people and property.

 IGNITION SOURCE- HEATING

Heat-producing appliances and associated equipment are also a prevalent
accidental cause of fire. Heat-producing appliances normally operate at
temperatures above the ignition temperature of many common materials.
Installation, use, and maintenance of heating systems must be considered fully.
Issues include proper maintenance, clearance to combustibles, fuels and fuel
storage, fuel controls, proper chimneys or vents, and available air for
combustion. Commercial cooking equipment must be properly installed, vented,
and protected with a suppression system. Wood-burning equipment requires
regular cleaning of the chimney to prevent buildup of residue that can be ignited
as a flue fire. Installation and venting of solid fuel heating equipment (wood
stoves, fireplaces, inserts) are very critical. Installation must satisfy code
requirements and the manufacturer's instructions.

o OPEN FLAME IGNITION SOURCES-

Welding and cutting with torches are also common ignition sources for fires
and many times occur some time after the welding or cutting operation is over.
Sparks or hot slag on a combustible surface may smolder for some time before
igniting into open flame. The little globules of hot metal can fly or roll some
distance and get into crevices or fall into unseen areas. Demolition operations
are especially vulnerable to fire from cutting torches.
Any situation where open-flame devices are used must be controlled to avoid
contact with combustible materials. Portable torches, candles, tar kettles, open
burning, and fuel fire space heaters (salamanders) are potential fire starters.

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Some, like open burning and candles in certain occupancies, require permits in
many codes. Others have specific code requirements and safeguards.

o Smoking-
The recent discussions related to health issues surrounding tobacco smoking
may cloud the fact that smoking is still a serious fire issue. Smoking now is
banned in some facilities, but it is still permitted in many occupancies.
Hazardous areas need "no-smoking" policies. Fire-related no-smoking policies
need to be strictly enforced. Safe, properly designed smoking areas need to be
provided to keep people from sneaking smokes in improper locations. Residue
from smoking must be collected in proper ash receptacles and disposed of
properly.

o Static Electricity-
Static electricity is formed when materials that do not conduct electricity
move. Paper moving through a high-speed press, a rubber conveyer belt, or
flammable liquid through a hose all generate static electricity. The transfer of
fuels, whether it be as simple as gasoline into a lawn mower, or from a tanker
truck into an underground tank at a service station, is a dangerous situation. You
must be certain that all of the proper precautions are taken to ensure that
incidents are not caused by carelessness. Static electricity is a real concern with
the transfer of fuels from tanker trucks. Bonding and grounding must be done to
mitigate the possible problems.

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  HAZARDS OF HANDLING, USING, AND STORING MATERIALS-
People must be educated about fire and our environment so that they will,
on their own, make the change from hazard to safety in all they do. For instance,
weeds, rubbish, and combustibles must not be permitted to become fire hazards.
This can be done simply by creating an active building site and keeping it clean.
Good housekeeping generally indicates a safer property. Materials should not
block important facilities like the gas meter or electrical disconnects. One needs
to provide drip pans to contain leaks, and metal storage containers for clean and
dirty rags.

o Flammable Liquids-
All of the codes require careful control of flammable liquids. Misused
flammable materials are very dangerous. All of the fire codes give allowable
limits of flammable liquids permitted to be within buildings. Become familiar
with these limits and with the recommended safe practices for proper storage.
Flammable liquids, for the most part, must be properly stored, as in a
"flammable liquid storage cabinet."
Under no conditions are flammable liquids permitted in a boiler room or
in an environment where sources of ignition are prevalent. Where flammable
liquids must be used, they must be used with care and be stored in safety cans,
proper cabinets, or flammable liquid storage rooms properly designed by code
for the purpose.

o Trash Containers-
One of the more common types of fires occurs in trash containers. A good
example occurred in the small city of Grantsville, Utah, a few years ago. One
evening an individual set fire to two dumpsters, one at a middle school and the
other at a large high school. The dumpster at the middle school was positioned
about 60 feet away from the building and burned itself out. The high school was
a different story. The dumpster was located right next to the building. The
flames reached the eaves of the building, found a good fuel source, and were off
and running. The entire building was lost. This was a case of the dumpster
causing a major disaster. Note also that plastic lids on dumpsters can double the
temperature of any fire in them.

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  Miscellaneous Problems-
1. As you make your inspections be aware of decorative materials that are
being used. In many cases they must be treated to render them flame
retardant.
2. A common problem, especially in shops, is pressure cylinders of gases that
are not properly secured in the upright position. Reactive gases also must be
separated, and all flammables or gases which may be toxic must be stored
properly.
3. File storage rooms become a concern due to the excessive amount of
combustibles contained therein. The good part about these rooms is that they
are usually neat and orderly and frequently the files are in filing cabinets.
The rolling shelf type storage rooms have shelving tightly packed so that
even though there are many combustibles they would be hard to ignite and
slow to burn.
4. Mechanical air plenums such as those above ceiling spaces for return air
must be free of all combustible materials, including the wiring which must
be of the type approved for use in plenum spaces.
5. Gasoline-operated equipment is not to be stored inside buildings except
within rooms designed especially for this type of hazard. As an inspector you
should not permit any such equipment to remain anywhere except in
properly designed and constructed storage rooms.
6. Custodial closets are a source of fire problems. These closets can become
"catch-alls" for everything, and usually contain many flammable materials.
Doors to custodial closets may be held open with wedges or other materials.
7. Spontaneous heating frequently results from slow oxidation of agricultural
products, animal oils, vegetable oils, and other organic products.
Spontaneous ignition in buildings occurs most frequently when a bundle of
oily rags has spontaneously heated and the mass of the pile holds the heat
until it ignites.

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  Conclusion :-
In conclusion, our study of fire hazards has highlighted the significant
impact that fires can have on people and property. We have explored the various
sources of fire hazards, including electrical faults, combustible materials,
cooking equipment, and smoking materials. By examining case studies and
preventive measures, we have gained a deeper understanding of the importance
of fire safety and the steps that can be taken to minimize the risks associated
with fire hazards.
Our findings have highlighted the need for regular inspections and
maintenance of electrical systems, proper storage of flammable materials, safe
handling of cooking equipment, and appropriate disposal of smoking materials.
By implementing these preventive measures, individuals and organizations can
reduce the risk of fires and ensure the safety of people and property.
Overall, our micro project on fire hazards has been a valuable exploration of an
important topic that affects people in all walks of life. The knowledge gained
from this study will be useful for anyone looking to improve their fire safety
measures or develop new technologies and strategies for mitigating the risks
associated with fire hazards. We hope that this study will inspire further
research and development in the field of fire safety, and ultimately lead to a
safer and more secure future for all.

o Reference-
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