3. Which types of clouds are responsible for continuous rain or snow?
O Nimbostratus O Cumulus
0 Stratus O Cirrus
4. Which instrument is used to measure atmospheric pressure?
O Rain gauge O Hygrometer
0 Barometer O Psychrometer
5. Which instrument is used to identify the direction of wind?
0 Anemometer O Psychrometer
0 Wind vane O Pluviograph
E. Give geographical reasons.
1. Why is the temperature in torrid regions generally higher than in polar zones?
2. Why is the atmospheric pressure low at high temperatures?
3. Why is an isotherm used in a weather map?
F. Answer in a paragraph or two.
/ ,What is the relationship between absolute humidity and relative humidity?
~ ist the four types of clouds.
£. What are the differences between weather and climate?
~t !5 ~ c.t,.
4. Explain the working of a barometer.
5. Write a short note on anemometer.
0 Picture Study
Given alongside is the cross-section of an pomter
metal sprmg
aneroid barometer.
levers
1. What is the use of this instrument?
2. How does the instrument work?
partially
tl
'---J'~ ~ - -- - - - J V " ~ ' - " evacuated box
Integrate (Physics, Language)
These days, satellites are used to study the weather and climate of different regions of the Earth.
They revolve around the Earth in an orbit. The information and images collected by them are sent
back to the Earth.
Research on the process of recording and analysing the images taken and how the data is
interpreted. Prepare a short report on your findings.
of Wtalfler ,nd ate
r----~---- r l
Wind,
J
Forms of
~ -'r1dplhlli<m ~ heric
]
(
Conden,;ab
I rdw Prt"ISUJI'
Time/
I "'1
l PC!riod C!oUds
Snowfall
~r~~uro
Relative Permanent Dt.'W and
2 gh
Humidity Frost
(R.H) P~ure
~ /7
Mist
TEMPERATURE fall in density of air. The rate of decrease is
Tump~ ture 1·s th e mtens1ty
· · of heat present m
• roughly 6 degree Celsius for every 100() 111
of ascent. This is known as Normal Lap5€
a body, measured in degree Celsius or degree
Fahrenheit. Air around the Earth gets heated Rate (NLR).
through th e process of convection, conduction, b) Latitude: Horizontally across the Earth's
radiation and advection. surface, as the distance from the Equator
increases (when one moves towards the
Temperature is the most important element as
poles) temperature falls due to increased
it consists of other elements such as humidity,
inclination of the sun's rays and the
pressure and winds.
curvature of the Earth's surface. Earth is
Temperature is inversely related to : therefore divided into three thermal zones
a) Altitude: As altitude increases temperature latitudinally.
decreases in the troposphere du e to gradual
Characteristic Fea tures
Thermal Zone Latitudinal ExtenJ..
0 degree to 23 and a half degree in Extremely hot zone
Torrid
~ ,.,
V ti'-'--\ h ert
both the hemispheres
Moderate temperatu re - Pleasan t
Temeerate 23 and a half degree to 66 and a half
~t> d u, ..A-c. climate
1 '/fY'l ()
degree in both the hemispheres
66 and a half degree to 90 degree in Extremely cold - may be permafrost
Frigid ~ -, 1.>••~ especially near the poles
r 0
\J l ·ro p . both the hemispheres
tends to rise upwards. T_b is ev~ntual!J.: leads to
HUMIDITY
saturation and condensation.
Humidity is the moisture content in the
atmosphere at a given temperature and Atmospheric humidity is of two types -
volume. It is a part of the water cycle. Air absolute and relative.
:..-----
whjch has a hjgh percentage of water vapofil • Absolute humidity (m ~~ r~ in gm/cc
_or m_oisture is lighter than the dry air, at th e or kg/ mm 3) is the ac tu al amo unt of water
s~e t('.gigerature and press ure, and th eref_g_!e
06)
¥°GEOGRAPHY
..... ur in a given parcel of air at any consist of processes in which the water is lost
vap O
from the Earth's surface through evaporation
par ticular temperature.
, Relative Humidity (R.H.) (measured in in the form of atmospheric humidity and also
~ ) is the ratio between the actual the various methods in which water is returned
amount of humidity or water vapour to the Earth in solid or liquid form to complete
present in a given parcel (volume) of air the cycle.
at any given temperature to the maximum Water is returned to the Earth either in the form
moisture carrying capacity of the same of precipitation or in the form of condensation.
volume of air at the same temperature. Forms of precipitation includes all these
,i---- ------------------1., processes in which atmospheric moisture is
lncrease in humidity indicates that air is being returned to Earth in solid (snowfall or hail) or
saturated with water vapour. RH may increase liquid (rain) states and is seen ~ ling from the_
by direct addition of moisture to the air or when
temperature of a given volume of air falls as it
sky.
rises up vertically. A fall in temperature indicates FORMS OF CONDENSATION - x
a lowering of the maximum moisture carrying
This is another way in which water cycle is
capacity of the same parcel of air and thus the RH
increases, leading to precipitation. As the humidity
completed. It's important, especially in the
increases, it slows down the natural rate of water form of clouds, which gives rise to various
evaporation. This causes sweating. forms of precipitation and helps in weather
~------------- ---------r study. Clouds are formed when droplets of
The higher the percentage of RH in air, the condensed water vapour coalesce around
greater is the chance of precipitation to occur. dust particles in the atmosphere. Clouds are
However, increase in temperature reduces the classified into different types based on their
RH level and vice versa. form, shape, height and movement.
Each type of cloud affects the weather and sky
PRECIPITATION conditions differently. Following are the four
The water cycle or the hydrological cycle
major types of clouds.
Stratus Clouds · · Cumulus Clouds Cirrus Clouds
Nimbostratus Clouds
These are true rain These are also low These are medium These are high
clouds. They usually clouds formed at clouds that generally clouds generally
appear thick, dark heights less than form at heights of formed between
and black. These 2 km. Stratus clouds 3-6 km. Cumulus 6 and 12 km in the
clouds generally resemble sheets, as clouds are woolly, atmosphere. Cirrus
form below 2 km in these are usually cauliflower-shaped · clouds are feathery,
the atmosphere and spread out over and white or grey in fibrous in shape
~ OGRAPHY~
___.-----
-
I
Weather Climate
'It is the condition of the atmosphere experienced in a It refers to the general weather conditions as observed
lace for a short period. for a long p e riod of time.
\P
\It generally prevails over a small area. It prevails over a large area.
\lt is temporary and ever changing. It is permanent and remains stable for a long period of
time.
\1'varies on a daily and even on hourly basis. It usually takes a minimum of 30 years of recording to
determine the general climate of a region.
~- - -- - .., . s with temp eratUJ.'"' . .'"' . -- . h moves aero S S d -L
mercury. The pressure vane h t measures pom . ter' whic
h . strument t a
and altitude, and t e m Air pressure
Wind Vane · d dire<
Pressure is ca11ed a
barometer.
. .- There are · dicate wm
d • millibars. It is used to Ul t ting arm
is usually measure m nd aneroid f horizontal ro a -
two types of barometer: mercury a o a Th rotating arm
barometer. vertical shaft.. e t the other.
ointer a
end and a P . until t]
DID YOU KNOW? blows, the arm sw~gs
. If recording instrument that . d The directions north.
Hygrograph is a se - I . humidity of air. the wm · th arms "
constantly records the re at1ve - - west are marked on e '
_,
fixed to the shaft.
Mercury Barometer
Ut is a hollow tube
from which the air is Glass tube
extracted before the
open end is placed
in a bath of mercury,
Atmospheric
then mercury 1s pressure
forced up the tube by
the pressure of the
atmosphere on the
mercury in the bath.
Mercury
When the pressure
of the mercury in Mercury Barometer Anemometer
the tube balances the pressure of the air on the
The speed of the wind is
exposed mercury, the mercury in the tube stops
anemometer, which consists
rising. The height of the column of mercury
metal cups fixed to metal
changes as air pressure changes: it rises when
air pressure increases and falls when air freely on a vertical shaft. Wht
pressure decreaseS":) the cups rotate. The strong
faster the rotation. The numl:
Aneroid Barometer
recorded on a meter to givE
It is a vacuum chamber in the form of a small
wind in km/h.
