Modul 2:
A Business Framework for
the Governance and
Management of Enterprise
IT
COBIT 5 ENABLERS
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COBIT 5: Enterprise
Enablers
Topics
1. Overview of Principal 4 – Enabling holistic
View
2. Enabler 1 - Principles, policies and frameworks
3. Enabler 2 - Processes
4. Enabler 3 - Organisational structures
5. Enabler 4 - Culture, ethics and behaviour
6. Enabler 5 - Information.
7. Enabler 6 - Services, infrastructure and
applications
8. Enabler 7 - People, skills and competencies
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Principle 4. Enabling a Holistic
Approach
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Seven Categories of Enablers
1. Principles, policies and frameworks are the vehicle to translate the desired
behaviour into practical guidance for day‐to‐day management.
2. Processes describe an organised set of practices and activities to achieve certain
objectives and produce a set of outputs in support of achieving overall IT‐related
goals.
3. Organisational structures are the key decision‐making entities in an enterprise.
4. Culture, ethics and behaviour of individuals and of the enterprise are very often
underestimated as a success factor in governance and management activities.
5. Information is pervasive throughout any organisation and includes all information
produced and used by the enterprise. Information is required for keeping the
organisation running and well governed, but at the operational level, information
is very often the key product of the enterprise itself.
6. Services, infrastructure and applications include the infrastructure, technology
and applications that provide the enterprise with information technology
processing and services.
7. People, skills and competencies are linked to people and are required for
successful completion of all activities and for making correct decisions and taking
corrective actions.
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Principle 4. Enabling a Holistic Approach
COBIT 5 Enabler Dimensions
All enablers have a set of common dimensions that:
• Provides a common, simple and structured way to deal with enablers
• Allows an entity to manage its complex interactions
• Facilitates successful outcomes of the enablers
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Principle 4. Enabling a Holistic Approach
Enabler Performance Management
Enterprises expect positive outcomes from the
application and use of enablers. To manage
performance of the enablers, the following questions
will have to be monitored and thereby subsequently
answered—based on metrics—on a regular basis:
• Are stakeholder needs addressed?
• Are enabler goals achieved?
• Is the enabler life cycle managed?
• Are good practices applied?
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Enabler 1: Principles, Policies and
Frameworks
• The purpose of this enabler is to convey the governing
body’s and management’s direction and instructions.
• Stakeholders
• Internal: the board and executive management, compliance
officers, risk managers, internal auditors
• External: external auditors, service providers and customers, and
regulatory agencies.
• The stakes are twofold: Some stakeholders define and set
policies, others have to align to, and comply with, policies.
• Goals and metrics—Principles, policies and frameworks
are instruments to communicate the rules of the
enterprise, in support of the governance objectives and
enterprise values, as defined by the board and executive
management.
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Enabler 1: Principles, Policies and Frameworks
• Principles need to be:
Limited in number
Put in simple language, expressing as clearly as possible the core values of
the enterprise
• Policies provide more detailed guidance on how to put principles into
practice and they influence how decision making aligns with the
principles. Good policies are:
Effective—They achieve the stated purpose.
Efficient—They ensure that principles are implemented in the most
efficient way.
Non‐intrusive—They appear logical for those who have to comply with
them, i.e., they do not create unnecessary resistance.
• Policies should have a mechanism (framework) in place where they
can be effectively managed and user know where to go. The
frameworks should be:
Comprehensive, covering all required areas
Open and flexible, allowing adaptation to the enterprise’s specific situation
Current, i.e., reflecting the current direction of the enterprise and the
current governance objectives
Available and accessible to all stakeholders
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Enabler 1: Principles, Policies and Frameworks
• Life cycle—Policies have a life cycle that has to
support the achievement of the defined goals.
Frameworks are key because they provide a structure
to define consistent guidance
• Good practices:
• policies be part of an overall governance and management
framework;
• Scope and validity
• The consequences of failing to comply with the policy
• The means for handling exceptions
• How they will be monitored
• Policies should be aligned with the;
• enterprise’s risk appetite
• Policies need to be revalidated and/or updated at regular
intervals
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Enabler 1: Principles, Policies and Frameworks
• Relationships with other enablers—The links with
other enablers include:
Principles, policies and frameworks should reflect the
culture and ethical values of the enterprise, and they should
encourage the desired behaviour; hence, there is a strong
link with the culture, ethics and behaviour enabler.
Process practices and activities are the most important
vehicle for executing policies.
Organisational structures can define and implement policies
within their span of control, and their activities are also
defined by policies.
Policies are also information, so all good practices applying
to information apply to policies as well.
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Enabler 1: Principles, Policies and Frameworks
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Enabler 2: Processes
• A process is defined as ‘a collection of practices influenced
by the enterprise’s policies and procedures that takes
inputs from a number of sources (including other
processes), manipulates the inputs and produces outputs
(e.g., products, services)’.
• Stakeholders—
• External stakeholders include customers, business partners,
shareholders and regulators.
• Internal stakeholders include the board, management, staff and
volunteers.
• Goals—Process goals are defined as ‘a statement describing
the desired outcome of a process. An outcome can be an
artefact, a significant change of a state or a significant
capability improvement of other processes’. They are part
of the goals cascade, i.e., process goals support IT‐related
goals, which in turn support enterprise goals.
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Enabler 2: Processes
• Process goals can be categorised as:
• Intrinsic goals—Does the process have intrinsic
quality? Is it accurate and in line with good
practice? Is it compliant with internal and
external rules?
• Contextual goals—Is the process customised
and adapted to the enterprise’s specific
situation? Is the process relevant,
understandable, easy to apply?
• Accessibility and security goals—The process
remains confidential, when required, and is
known and accessible to those who need it.
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Enabler 2: Processes
• Life cycle—Each process has a life cycle. It is defined, created, operated,
monitored, and adjusted/updated or retired.
• Generic process practices such as those defined in the COBIT process
assessment model based on ISO/IEC 15504 can assist with defining,
running, monitoring and optimising processes.
• Relationships with other enablers—Links between processes and the
other enabler categories exist through the following relationships:
• Processes need information (as one of the types of inputs) and can produce
information (as a work product).
• Processes need organisational structures and roles to operate, as expressed through
the RACI charts, e.g., IT steering committee, enterprise risk committee, board, audit,
CIO, CEO.
• Processes produce, and also require, service capabilities (infrastructure,
applications, etc.).
• Processes can, and will, depend on other processes.
• Processes produce, or need, policies and procedures to ensure consistent
implementation and execution.
• Cultural and behavioural aspects determine how well processes are executed.
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Enabler 2: Processes
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Enabler 2: Processes
COBIT 5: Enabling Processes:
• The COBIT 5 process reference model subdivides the IT-
related practices and activities of the enterprise into two
main areas—governance and management— with
management further divided into domains of processes:
• The GOVERNANCE domain contains five
governance processes; within each process, evaluate,
direct and monitor (EDM) practices are defined.
• The four MANAGEMENT domains are in line with
the responsibility areas of plan, build, run and monitor
(PBRM).
© 2012 ISACA. This work, and any derivatives thereof, may not be offer for sale alone or as part any other publication or product.
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COBIT 5 Process Reference Model
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Enabler 3: Organisational Structures
Stakeholders—
• Organisational structures stakeholders can be internal and
external to the enterprise, and they include the individual
members of the structure, other structures, organisational
entities, clients, suppliers and regulators.
• Their roles vary, and include decision making, influencing and
advising.
Goals—
• The goals for the organisational structures enabler itself
would include having a proper mandate, well‐defined
operating principles and application of other good practices.
• The outcome of the organisational structures enabler should
include a number of good activities and decisions.
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Enabler 3: Organisational Structures
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Enabler 3: Organisational Structures
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Enabler 3: Organisational Structures
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Enabler 3: Organisational Structures
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Enabler 4: Culture, Ethics and
Behaviour
• Stakeholders—
• Internal stakeholders include the entire enterprise,
• external stakeholders include regulators, e.g.,
external auditors or supervisory bodies.
• Stakes are twofold: Some stakeholders, e.g., legal
officers, risk managers, HR managers, remuneration
boards and officers, deal with defining,
implementing and enforcing desired behaviours,
and others have to align with the defined rules
and norms.
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Enabler 4: Culture, Ethics and
Behaviour
• Goals for the culture, ethics and behaviour enabler relate
to:
• Organisational ethics, determined by the values by which the
enterprise wants to live
• Individual ethics, determined by the personal values of each
individual in the enterprise and depending to an important extent
on external factors such as religion, ethnicity, socioeconomic
background, geography and personal experiences
• Individual behaviours, which collectively determine the culture of
an enterprise. Many factors, such as the external factors mentioned
above, but also interpersonal relationships in enterprises, personal
objectives and ambitions, drive behaviours. Some types of
behaviours that can be relevant in this context include:
• Behaviour towards taking risk—How much risk does the
enterprise feel it can absorb and which risk is it willing to take?
• Behaviour towards following policy—To what extent will people
embrace and/or comply with policy?
• Behaviour towards negative outcomes, e.g. loss events or
missed opportunities, will blame be assigned without treating
the root cause
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Enabler 4: Culture, Ethics and
Behaviour
• Good practices—Good practices for creating,
encouraging and maintaining desired behaviour
throughout the enterprise include:
• Communication throughout the enterprise of desired
behaviours and the underlying corporate values
• Awareness of desired behaviour, strengthened by the
example behaviour exercised by senior management and
other champions
• Incentives to encourage and deterrents to enforce desired
behaviour. There is a clear link between individual behaviour
and the HR reward scheme that an enterprise puts in place.
• Rules and norms, which provide more guidance on desired
organisational behaviour. This links very clearly to the
principles and policies that an enterprise puts in place.
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Enabler 4: Culture, Ethics and
Behaviour
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Enabler 4: Culture, Ethics and
Behaviour
• Relationships with other enablers—The links with
other enablers include:
• Link to Process for execution process activities.
• Link to organisational structures for the implementation
of decisions; and
• Link to Principles and policies to communicate the
corporate values (can include code of ethics with the
policies)
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Enabler 5: Information
• The information enabler deals with all information relevant
for enterprises, not only automated information.
Information can be structured or unstructured, formalised
or informalised.
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Enabler 5: Information
• Stakeholders—Can be internal or external to the
enterprise.
• Information producer, responsible for creating the
information
• Information custodian, responsible for storing and
maintaining the information
• Information consumer, responsible for using the
information
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Enabler 5: Information
• Goals—The goals of information are divided into
three subdimensions of quality:
• Intrinsic quality—The extent to which data values
are in conformance with the actual or true values.
It includes:
• Accuracy—information is correct and reliable
• Objectivity—information is unbiased, unprejudiced and
impartial
• Believability—information is regarded as true and
credible
• Reputation—information is highly regarded in terms of
its source or content
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Enabler 5: Information
• Contextual and representational quality—applicable to the task
of the information user and is presented in an intelligible and
clear manner, recognising that information quality depends on
the context of use:
• Relevancy—information is applicable and helpful for the task at hand
• Completeness—information is not missing and is of sufficient depth and
breadth for the task at hand
• Currency—information is sufficiently up to date for the task at hand
• Appropriate amount of information—the volume of information is
appropriate for the task at hand
• Concise representation—information is compactly represented
• Consistent representation—information is presented in the same format
• Interpretability—information is in appropriate languages, symbols and
units, with clear definitions
• Understandability—information is easily comprehended
• Ease of manipulation—information is easy to manipulate and apply to
different tasks
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Enabler 5: Information
• Security/accessibility quality—The extent to which
information is available or obtainable. It includes:
• Availability/timeliness—The extent to which information is
available when required, or easily and quickly retrievable
• Restricted access—The extent to which access to information
is restricted appropriately to authorised parties
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Enabler 5: Information
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Enabler 5: Information
Layer Description Attribute
Physical world The world where all phenomena Information carrier/media—the physical carrier of the
layer that can be empirically observed information, e.g., paper, electric signals, sound waves
take place
Empiric layer The empirical observation of the Information access channel—the access channel of the
signs used to encode information information, e.g., user interfaces
and their distinction from each
other and from background noise
Syntactic layer The rules and principles for – Code/language—the representational language/
constructing sentences in natural or format used for encoding the information and the rules
artificial languages. Syntax refers for combining the symbols of the language to form
to the form of information. syntactic structures.
Semantic layer The rules and principles for • Information type—the kind of information, e.g.,
constructing meaning out of financial vs. non‐financial information, internal vs.
syntactic structures. Semantics external origin of the information,
refers to the meaning of • Information currency—the time horizon referred to
information. by the information, i.e., information on the past, the
present or the future
• Information level—the degree of detail of the
information, e.g., sales per year, quarter, month
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Enabler 5: Information
Layer Description Attribute
Pragmatic The rules and structures for • Retention period—how long information can be
layer constructing larger language retained before it is destroyed
structures that fulfil specific • Information status—whether the information is
purposes in human operational or historical
communication. Pragmatics refers • Novelty—whether the information creates new
to the use of information. knowledge or confirms existing knowledge, i.e.,
information vs. confirmation
• Contingency—the information that is required to
precede this information (for it to be considered as
information)
Social world The world that is socially – Context—The attribute that identifies the context in
layer constructed through the use of which the information makes sense, is used, has value,
language structures at the etc., e.g., cultural context, subject domain context
pragmatic level of semiotics, e.g.,
contracts, law, culture
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Enabler 5: Information
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Enabler 5: Information
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Enabler 5: Information
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Enabler 6: Services, Infrastructure
and Applications
Stakeholders—Service capabilities (the combined term for
services, infrastructure and applications) stakeholders can be
internal and external.
• Services can be delivered by internal or external parties —
internal IT departments, operations managers, outsourcing
providers.
• Users of services can also be internal— business users—and
external to the enterprise—partners, clients, suppliers.
Goals—Goals of the service level capability will be expressed
in terms of services—applications, infrastructure,
technology—and service levels, considering which services
and service levels are most economical for the enterprise.
• Again, goals will relate to the services and how they are
provided, as well as their outcomes, i.e., contribution
towards successfully supported business processes.
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Enabler 6: Services, Infrastructure
and Applications
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Enabler 6: Services, Infrastructure
and Applications
Good practices—Good practice for service capabilities includes:
• Definition of Architecture principles—are overall guidelines
that govern the implementation and use of IT‐related
resources within the enterprise. Examples of potential
architecture principles are:
• Reuse—Common components of the architecture should be used
when designing and implementing solutions as part of the target or
transition architectures.
• Buy vs. build—Solutions should be purchased unless there is an
approved rationale for developing them internally.
• Simplicity—The enterprise architecture should be designed and
maintained to be as simple as possible while still meeting enterprise
requirements.
• Agility—The enterprise architecture should incorporate agility to meet
changing business needs in an effective and efficient manner.
• Openness—The enterprise architecture should leverage open industry
standards.
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Enabler 6: Services, Infrastructure
and Applications
Good practices—Good practice for service capabilities
includes:
• Having an architecture repository, which can be used to
store different types of architectural outputs, including
architecture principles and standards, architecture
reference models, and other architecture deliverables,
and which defines the building blocks of services such as:
• Applications, providing business functionality
• Technology infrastructure, including hardware, system software
and networking infrastructure
• Physical infrastructure
• Service levels that need to be defined and achieved by
the service providers
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Enabler 6: Services, Infrastructure
and Applications
External good practice for architecture frameworks and
service capabilities exist:
• TOGAF provides a Technical Reference Model and an
Integrated Information Infrastructure Reference
Model (http://www.opengroup.org/togaf).
• ITIL provides comprehensive guidance on how to
design and operate services.
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TOGAF
• TOGAF is a framework — a
detailed method and a set of
supporting tools — for developing
an enterprise architecture.
• TOGAF is developed and
maintained by members of The
Open Group, wor king within the
Architecture Forum (refer to
www.opengroup.org/architecture)
. The or iginal development of
TOGAF Version 1 in 1995 was
based on the Technical
Architecture Framework for Infor
mation Management (TAFIM),
developed by the US Department
of Defense (DoD)
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The Life of a Service
Service Design (Tactics)
Service Strategy Design the
Service
Servic
Transitio
Business need Requirements
Build Procure
identified Specification
(Tactics
Service Operation Test
Optimize Operate Deploy
Continual Retire
Service Improvement
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ITIL: Flow of IT Service Management
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Enabler 6: Services, Infrastructure
and Applications
Relationships with other enablers—The links with
other enablers include:
• Information is one of the service capabilities, and
service capabilities are leveraged through processes
to deliver internal and external services.
• Cultural and behavioural aspects are also relevant
when a service‐oriented culture needs to be built.
• Process the inputs and outputs of the management
practices and activities could include service
capabilities, which are required as inputs or delivered
as outputs (work product).
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Enabler 7: People, Skills and
Competencies
• Goals—Goals for skills and competencies relate to
education and qualification levels, technical skills,
experience levels, knowledge and behavioural skills
required to provide and perform successfully
process activities, organisational roles, etc. Goals
for people include correct levels of staff availability
and turnover rate.
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Enabler 7: People, Skills and
Competencies
Good practice:
• Define skill requirement for each role;
• Described by different skill levels in different skill
categories‐The skill categories correspond with the
IT‐related activities undertaken, e.g., information
management, business analysis.;
• Using external sources for good practices, such as
Skills Framework for the Information Age (SFIA).
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Page 51
Referensi
1. Skills Framework for the Information Age (SFIA)
SFIA adalah contoh dari referensi umum model untuk identifikasi keterampilan yang dibutuhkan
untuk mengembangkan layanan TI yang efektif, sistem dan teknologi informasi.
SFIA mendefinisikan 7 (tujuh) level kompetensi secara generik , yang setiap tingkatnya
memerlukan keterampilan profesional dalam menjalankan tugasnya.
Informasi lebih lanjut tentang SFIA dapat ditemukan di www.sfia.org.uk
Contoh Skills Framework for Service Management dari SFIA:
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Referensi
2. The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF)
Suatu kerangka kerja arsitektur enterprise yang memberian pendekatan komprehensif untuk desain, perencanaan,
implementasi, dan tata kelola arsitektur informasi perusahaan. Arsitektur ini biasanya dimodelkan dengan empat
tingkat atau domain: bisnis, aplikasi, data, dan teknologi.
TOGAF dikembangkan oleh Architecture Forum dari The Open Group sejak pertengahan 1990-an dengan versi
pertamanya terbit pada tahun 1995. Versi terakhirnya, TOGAF 9, diluncurkan pada 2 Februari 2009.
Contoh Program or Project Management Skills
Enabler 7: People, Skills and
Competencies
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Enabler 7: People, Skills and
Competencies
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Enabler 7: People, Skills and
Competencies
Relationships with other enablers—The links with other
enablers include:
• Skills and competence are required to perform process
activities and take decisions in organisational
structures. Conversely, some processes are aimed at
supporting the life cycle of skills and competencies.
• There is also a link to culture, ethics and behaviour
through behavioural skills, which drive individual
behaviour and are influenced by individual ethics and
organisational ethics.
• Skills definitions are also information, for which good
practices of the information enabler need to be
considered.
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Terima Kasih
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