LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
OBJECTIVES:
To introduce the basic building blocks of linear integrated circuits.
To learn the linear and non-linear applications of operational amplifiers.
To introduce the theory and applications of analog multipliers and PLL.
To learn the theory of ADC and DAC.
To introduce the concepts of waveform generation and introduce some special function ICs.
To design simple circuits like amplifiers using op-amps
To design waveform generating circuits
To design simple filter circuits for particular application
To gain knowledge in designing a stable voltage regulators
UNIT I BASICS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
Op-amp symbol, terminals, packages and specifications-Block diagram Representation of op-amp-Op-amp input
modes-Op-amp Data sheets and interpretation-Ideal op-amp and practical op-amp- Practical Limitations of op-
amp circuits:-Bias and offset currents / offset voltage-Frequency compensation and stability-Gain bandwidth
product-Drift-CMRR and PSRR Basic op-amp circuits: Inverting and Non-inverting voltage amplifiers-Voltage
follower-Summing , scaling and averaging amplifiers-Differential amplifiers-AC amplifiers.
Current mirror and current sources, Current sources as active loads, Voltage sources, Voltage References, BJT Differential
amplifier with active loads, Basic information about op-amps –General operational amplifier stages -and internal circuit
diagrams of IC 741, DC and AC performance characteristics, slew rate, Open and closed loop configurations.
UNIT II APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
Linear Applications: Instrumentation Amplifiers-V-to-I and I-to-V converters-Differentiators and Integrators.
Non-linear Applications: Precision Rectifiers-Wave Shaping Circuits (Clipper and Clampers)-Log and Antilog
Amplifiers-Analog voltage multiplier circuit and its applications-Operational Trans conductance amplifier
(OTA)-Comparators and its applications-Sample and Hold circuit
Sign Changer, Scale Changer, Phase Shift Circuits, Voltage Follower,adder, subtractor, Schmitt trigger, peak detector,
clipper and clamper, Low-pass, high-pass and band-pass Butterworth filters.
UNIT III ANALOG MULTIPLIER AND PLL
Analog Multiplier using Emitter Coupled Transistor Pair - Gilbert Multiplier cell – Variable transconductance technique,
analog multiplier ICs and their applications, Operation of the basic PLL, Closed loop analysis, Voltage controlled
oscillator, Monolithic PLL IC 565, application of PLL for AM detection, FM detection, FSK modulation and
demodulation and Frequency synthesizing.
UNIT IV ANALOG TO DIGITAL AND DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTERS
Analog and Digital Data Conversions, D/A converter – specifications - weighted resistor type, R-2R Ladder type, Voltage
Mode and Current-Mode R 2R Ladder types - switches for D/A converters, high speed sample-and-hold circuits, A/D
Converters – specifications - Flash type - Successive Approximation type - Single Slope type – Dual Slope type - A/D
Converter using Voltage-to-Time Conversion - Over-sampling A/D Converters.
Advantages and disadvantages of working in the digital domain, -DAC circuits-Inverted R-2R Ladder
DAC,Monolithic DAC, ADC circuits-Ramp Type ADC, Flash Type ADC-Tracking ADC-Monolithic ADC
UNIT V WAVEFORM GENERATORS AND SPECIAL FUNCTION ICS
Sine-wave generators, Multivibrators and Triangular wave generator, Saw-tooth wave generator, ICL8038 function
generator, Timer IC 555, IC Voltage regulators – Three terminal fixed and adjustable voltage regulators - IC 723 general
purpose regulator - Monolithic switching regulator, Switched capacitor filter IC MF10, Frequency to Voltage and Voltage
to Frequency converters, Audio Power amplifier, Video Amplifier, Isolation Amplifier, Opto-couplers and fibre optic IC.
UNIT VI OSCILLATORS AND FREQUENCY GENERATORS Op-amp oscillators: Positive feedback and
the Barkhausan criterion-Wien Bridge and phase shift oscillatorsSquare / Triangle / Ramp function generators
Single Chip oscillators and Frequency generators: Monostable operation and its applications-555 Astable
operation and its applications
UNIT VII ACTIVE FILTERS AND VOLTAGE REGULATOR Filter Fundamentals: Filter types-Filter
order and poles-Filter class or alignment (Butterworth, Bessel, Chebyshev and Elliptic or Cauer) Realizing
Practical Filters: Sallen-Key LPF and HPF Realizations-BPF Realization-Notch Filter (Band Reject)
Realization-State Variable Filters-All Pass Filters Switched Capacitor Filters, Voltage Regulators-Need for
Regulation-Linear Regulators-Monolithic IC Regulators (78xx,79xx,LM 317,LM 337,723)-Switching
Regulators
UNIT VIII Monolithic IC Processes: Refining and growth of Si crystals, Si wafer preparation, Diffusion of
dopant impurities, Ion implantation, thermal oxidation, photo lithography, fine line lithography, relative plasma
etching, chemical vapor deposition, metallization
OUTCOMES: Upon Completion of the course, the students will be able to:
Design linear and non linear applications of op – amps.
Design applications using analog multiplier and PLL.
Design ADC and DAC using op – amps.
Generate waveforms using op – amp circuits.
Analyze special function ICs.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. D.Roy Choudhry, Shail Jain, “Linear Integrated Circuits”, New Age International Pvt. Ltd., 2000.
2. Sergio Franco, “Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated Circuits”, 3 rd Edition, Tata Mc Graw-Hill,
2007.
REFERENCES:
1. Ramakant A. Gayakwad, “OP-AMP and Linear ICs”, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall / Pearson Education, 2001.
2. Robert F.Coughlin, Frederick F.Driscoll, “Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuits”, Sixth Edition, PHI,
2001.
3. B.S.Sonde, “System design using Integrated Circuits” , 2nd Edition, New Age Pub, 2001
4. Gray and Meyer, “Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits”, Wiley International, 2005.
5. Michael Jacob, “Applications and Design with Analog Integrated Circuits”, Prentice Hall of India, 1996.
6. William D.Stanley, “Operational Amplifiers with Linear Integrated Circuits”, Pearson Education, 2004.
7. S.Salivahanan & V.S. Kanchana Bhaskaran, “Linear Integrated Circuits”, TMH, 2008.
