HYDRAULICS (2)

DR. AMIR M. MOBASHER

HYDRAULICS (2) – CT 262 HIGHER TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

HYDRAULICS (2)
Contents

1. Flow through Pipes ………...................................................…….. 2

2. Pipe Networks ………………..……………………………...….. 47

3. Pumps & Turbines ………………………………….…..…..….. 67

4. Momentum Principle ……………….……………………..….. 114

5. Assignments……………………………………………...…….. 126

Best regards,
Dr. Amir Mobasher

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CHAPTER 1

FLOW THROUGH PIPES

1.1 Introduction:
Any water conveying system may include the following elements:
 pipes (in series, pipes in parallel)
 elbows
 valves
 other devices
If all elements are connected in series, the arrangement is known as a
“pipeline”. Otherwise, it is known as a “pipe network”.

1.2 Difference between open-channel flow and the pipe flow:

Pipe flow ‫ السريان في األناتية المغلقح‬:
 The pipe is completely filled with the fluid being transported.
 The main driving force is likely to be a pressure gradient along the pipe.
.ُ‫يحذد اىسشيبُ ػبدة ححج ضغظ ّبحج ٍِ طيَبت أٗ خضا‬

Open-channel flow ‫السريان في القنواخ المفتوحح‬:

 Fluid flows without completely filling the pipe.
 Gravity alone is the driving force, the fluid flows down a hill.
‫ ٗيحذد ٕزا اىسشيبُ ححج‬,ٙ٘‫ اىسطح اىحش ٍسبٗيب ىيضغظ اىج‬ٚ‫ ّقطت ػي‬ٙ‫ينُ٘ اىضغظ ػْذ ا‬
.‫حأثيش اىجبربيت األسضيت‬

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1.3 Types of Flow ‫أنواع السريان‬:

 Steady and Unsteady flow ‫ السريان المستقر وغير المستقر‬:
The flow parameters such as velocity (v), pressure (P) and density (r) of a
fluid flow are independent of time in a steady flow. In unsteady flow they
are independent.
For a steady flow v t x ,y ,z
o o o
0

For an unsteady flow v t x ,y ,z

o o o
0

 Uniform and non-uniform flow ‫السريان المنتظم وغير المنتظم‬:

A flow is uniform if the flow characteristics at any given instant remain
the same at different points in the direction of flow, otherwise it is termed
as non-uniform flow.
For a uniform flow v s t o
0
For a non-uniform flow v s t o
0

.ٍِ‫ اىسشيبُ اىَسخقش ال حخغيش اىسشػت أٗ اىضغظ ػْذ ّقطت ٍحذدة ٍغ اىض‬ٚ‫ف‬
.ٙ‫ أخش‬ٚ‫ اىسشيبُ اىَْخظٌ ال حخغيش اىسشػت ٗ شنو اىسشيبُ ٍِ ّقطت إى‬ٚ‫ف‬
Examples of flow types:

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 Laminar and turbulent flow ‫السريان الطثقي (اللسج) والسريان المضطرب‬:

Laminar flow )‫السريان الطثقي (اللسج‬
The fluid particles move along smooth well defined path or streamlines
that are parallel, thus particles move in laminas or layers, smoothly sliding
over each other
Turbulent flow ‫السريان المضطرب‬
The fluid particles do not move in orderly manner and they occupy
different relative positions in successive cross-sections.
There is a small fluctuation in magnitude and direction of the velocity of
the fluid particles
Transitional flow ‫السريان االنتقالي‬
The flow occurs between laminar and turbulent flow

ً‫ أ‬ٚ‫ ّ٘ع اىسشيبُ ٕو ٕ٘ طبق‬ٚ‫ اىضبغظ يؼخَذ ػي‬ٚ‫ٗقذ ُٗجذ ٍِ اىخجبسة اىَؼَييت أُ اىفبقذ ف‬
.‫ ٗيخحذد ّ٘ع اىسشيبُ حبؼب ىسي٘ك اىجضيئبث أثْبء حشمخٖب‬,‫ٍضطشة‬

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Dr. Amir Mobasher

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Reynolds Experiment:
Reynold performed a very carefully prepared pipe flow experiment.
Reynold found that transition from laminar to turbulent flow in a pipe
depends not only on the velocity, but only on the pipe diameter and the
viscosity of the fluid.

Reynolds number is used to check whether the flow is laminar or

turbulent. It is denoted by “Rn”. This number got by comparing inertial
force with viscous force.

VD VD Inertial Forces

Rn   
  Viscous Forces

Where
V: mean velocity in the pipe ‫اىسشػت اىَخ٘سطت‬ [L/T]
D: pipe diameter ‫قطش اىَبس٘سة‬ [L]
: density of flowing fluid ‫مثبفت اىسبئو‬ [M/L3]

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: dynamic viscosity ‫اىيضٗجت اىذيْبٍينيت‬ [M/LT]

: kinematic viscosity ‫اىيضٗجت اىنيَْبحينيت‬ [L2/T]
ٚ‫ سقٌ ٗاحذ غيش قيبس‬ٚ‫ ححذيذ ّ٘ع اىسشيبُ ف‬ٚ‫ حؤثش ػي‬ٚ‫جَغ "سيْ٘ىذ" مو ٕزٓ اىؼ٘اٍو ٗاىخ‬
.ُ‫ يصبح"سقٌ سيْ٘ىذ" أمثش حؼبيشا ػِ حبىت اىسشيب‬ٚ‫ ٗببىخبى‬."‫ٗسَبٓ "سقٌ سيْ٘ىذ‬
The Kind of flow depends on value of “Rn”
If Rn < 2000 the flow is Laminar
If Rn > 4000 the flow is turbulent
If 2000 < Rn < 4000 it is called transition flow.

Laminar Vs. Turbulent flows

Laminar flows characterized by: Turbulent flows characterized by

• low velocities • high velocities
• small length scales • large length scales
• high kinematic viscosities • low kinematic viscosities
• R < Critical R • R > Critical R
n n n n
• Viscous forces are dominant • Inertial forces are dominant

‫ سشػت ػْذ اىَْخصف‬ٚ‫ حنُ٘ أقص‬ٚ‫ حبىت اىسشيبُ اىطبق‬ٚ‫ ح٘صيغ اىسشػبث أّٔ ف‬ْٚ‫يخضح ٍِ ٍْح‬
ِ‫ حبىت اىسشيبُ اىَضطشة فيَن‬ٚ‫ أٍب ف‬.‫ ٍسبٗيت ىيصفش‬ٕٚٗ ‫ٗأقو سشػت ػْذ جذاس اىَبس٘سة‬
"‫ ٗميَب صاد"سقٌ سيْ٘ىذ‬.‫ ٍْطقت اىطبقت اىيضجت ٍْٗطقت االضطشاة‬:ِ‫ ٍْطقخي‬ٚ‫حقسيٌ اىسشيبُ اى‬
.)ٌ‫ميَب اقخشة ح٘صيغ اىسشػبث ٍِ اىشنو اىَسخطيو (ح٘صيغ ٍْخظ‬

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Example 1-1
40 mm diameter circular pipe carries water (υ = 1x10-6 m2/s). Calculate the
largest flow rate (Q) which laminar flow can be expected.
Solution

D  0.04m

VD V (0.04)
Rn   2000   2000  V  0.05m / sec
 1  10 6

Q  V . A  0.05  (0.04) 2  6.28 105 m3 / sec
4

 Streamlines and Streamtubes:

Streamline "‫خط السريان "التذفق‬:
A curve that is drawn in such a way that it is tangential to the velocity
vector at any point along the curve. A curve that is representing the
direction of flow at a given time. No flow across a stream line.
.‫ ىحظت صٍْيت ٍؼيْت‬ٚ‫ يؼبش ػِ احجبٓ حشمت اىجضيئبث اىَ٘ج٘دة ػيئ ف‬ٙ‫ٕ٘ رىل اىخظ اىز‬

Streamtube"‫ أنثوب السريان "التذفق‬:

A set of streamlines arranged to form an
imaginary tube. Ex: The internal surface of a
pipeline.

.‫ٍجَ٘ػت ٍِ خط٘ط اىسشيبُ حَثو فيَب بيْٖب أّب٘ة‬

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 Compressible And Incompressible Flows:

Incompressible Flow is a type of flow in which the density () is constant
in the flow field.
Compressible Flow is the type of flow in which the density of the fluid
changes in the flow field.
 Ideal and Real Fluids:
a- Ideal Fluids
 It is a fluid that has no viscosity, and incompressible
 Shear resistance is considered zero
 Ideal fluid does not exist in nature e.g. Water and air are assumed ideal
b- Real Fluids
 It is a fluid that has viscosity, and compressible
 It offers resistance to its flow e.g. All fluids in nature
‫ االحخنبك‬ٙ٘‫ ٗبزىل َّٖو ق‬ٚ‫ػْذ دساسخْب ىسبئو ّؼخبش اُ اىسبئو غيش قببو ىالّضغبط ٍٗثبى‬
.‫ االػخببس‬ٚ‫ االحخبك ف‬ٙ٘‫ ثٌ يخٌ حصحيحٖب بؼذ رىل ألخز ق‬,‫ ٍؼبدالث بسيطت‬ٚ‫ ىيحص٘ه ػي‬ٚ‫اىذاخي‬

1.4 Volume flow rate – Discharge :

The discharge is the volume of fluid passing a given cross-section per unit
time.

1.5 Mean Velocity:

It is the average velocity passing a given cection.
The velocity in the pipe is not constant across the cross section. Crossing
the centreline of the pipe, the velocity is zero at the walls increasing to a
maximum at the centre then decreasing symmetrically to the other wall.
This variation across the section is known as the velocity profile or
distribution.

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1.6 Continuity equation for Incompressible Steady flow ‫معادلة االستمرار‬

‫ للسريان المستقر‬:
Cross section and elevation of the pipe are varied along the axial direction
of the flow.

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Conservation law of mass

.dVol11'  .dVol22'  mass flux ( fluid mass)

Mass enters the Mass leaves the

control volume control volume

dVol11' dVol 2 2'

.  .
dt dt
dS dS
 . A1 1   . A2 2   . A1.V1   . A2 .V2   .Q
dt dt
Continuity equation for
Incompressible Steady flow
A1.V1  A2 .V2  Q

ُ‫ ٍب ٍثو قْبة أٗ ٍبس٘سة ٍْخظَت أٗ ٍخغيشة اىَقطغ فئ‬ٚ‫ ٍبئ‬ٙ‫ حذفقٔ خاله ٍجش‬ٚ‫ارا اسخَش اىسبئو ف‬
‫ ٕٗزا‬,ٙ‫مَيت اىسبئو اىَبسة خاله ٗحذة اىضٍِ حنُ٘ ٍخسبٗيت ػْذ جَيغ اىقطبػبث خاله اىَجش‬
.‫ٕ٘ ٍب يؼشف بَؼبدىت االسخَشاس ىيسشيبُ اىَسخقش‬

Apply Newton’s Second Law:

  
  dV M V 2 M V1
F  M a  M dt

t

F x  P1 A1  P2 A2  Fx  Wx
Fx is the axial direction force exerted on the control volume by the wall of
the pipe.

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but M t   .Q  mass flow rate

F x   .Q(Vx2  Vx1 )
  
F y   .Q(V y2  V y1 )  F .Q(V 2 V 1)
F z   .Q(Vz2  Vz1 ) Conservation of
moment equation

5.1 Energy Head in Pipe Flow

Water flow in pipes may contain energy in three basic forms:

1- Kinetic energy ‫طبقت اىحشمت‬,
2- Potential energy ‫طبقت اى٘ضغ‬,
3- Pressure energy ‫ طبقت اىضغظ‬.

• Consider the control volume:

• In time interval dt:
 Water particles at sec.1-1 move to sec. 1`-1` with velocity V1.
 Water particles at sec.2-2 move to sec. 2`-2` with velocity V2.
To satisfy continuity equation:

A1.V1.dt  A2 .V2 .dt

The work done by the pressure force:

P1. A1.ds1  P1. A1.V1.dt ……. on section 1-1

 P2 . A2 .ds2   P2 . A2 .V2 .dt ……. on section 2-2

-ve sign because P2 is in the opposite direction to distance traveled ds2

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The work done by the gravity force:

g. A1.V1dt.( z1  z2 )
The kinetic energy:

1 1 1
M .V2  M .V1  . A1.V1.dt (V22  V1 )
2 2 2

2 2 2
The total work done by all forces is equal to the change in kinetic energy:
1
P1.Q.dt  P2 .Q.dt  g.Q.dt.( z1  z2 )  .Q.dt (V22  V12 )
2
Dividing both sides by gQdt

Bernoulli Equation
2 2
V1 P1 V2 P2 Energy per unit weight of water
  z1    z2 OR: Energy Head
2g  2g 

Energy head and Head loss in pipe flow

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2
V2 P2
H2    z2
2g 

Energy Kinetic +
Pressure Elevation
= +
head head head head
2
V P
H 1  1  1  z1
2g 
Notice that:
 In reality, certain amount of energy loss (hL) occurs when the water
mass flow from one section to another.
 The energy relationship between two sections can be written as:

2 2
V1 P V P
 1  z1  2  2  z2  hL
2g  2g 

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1.7 Flow Through A Single Pipe:

1.7.1 Calculation of Head (Energy) Losses ‫ الطاقح المفقودج‬:
When a fluid is flowing through a pipe, the fluid experiences some
resistance due to which some of energy (head) of fluid is lost.

ٚ‫ ف٘اقذ سئيسيت ّبحجت ػِ االحخنبك ػي‬ٕٚٗ ٚ‫ األٗى‬:ِ‫ ّ٘ػي‬ٚ‫ اىضبغظ اى‬ٚ‫يَنِ حقسيٌ اىف٘اقذ ف‬
‫ أٗ ّخيجت حغيش شنو‬ٙ‫ اىَجش‬ٚ‫ ٗاىثبّيت ف٘اقذ ثبّ٘يت ّبحجت ػِ ٗج٘د ػبئق ف‬,ٙ‫ط٘ه اىَجش‬
.ٙ‫اىَجش‬

Dr. Amir Mobasher

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1.7.2 Losses of Head due to Friction ‫الفاقذ في الضاغط تاالحتكاك‬

 Energy loss through friction in the length of pipeline is commonly
termed the major loss hf
 This is the loss of head due to pipe friction and to the viscous
dissipation in flowing water.
 The resistance to flow in a pipe is a function of:
 The pipe length, L
 The pipe diameter, D
 The mean velocity, V
 The properties of the fluid ( )
 The roughness of the pipe, (the flow is turbulent).
 Several formulas have been developed in the past. Some of these
formulas have faithfully been used in various hydraulic engineering
practices.
 Darcy-Weisbach formula
 The Hazen -Williams Formula
 The Manning Formula
 The Chezy Formula

 Darcy-Weisbach Equation

L V 2 8F L Q 2 Where:
hL  F   F is the friction factor
D 2g g D 5  2 L is pipe length
D is pipe diameter
Q is the flow rate
h is the loss due to friction
L

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Friction Factor: (F) ‫معامل االحتكاك‬

 For Laminar flow: (Rn < 2000) [depends only on Reynolds’ number
and not on the surface roughness]

64
F
Rn
 For turbulent flow in smooth pipes (e/D = 0) with 4000 < Rn < 105 is

0.316
F 1/ 4
Rn
 The thickness of the laminar sublayer  decrease with an increase in
Rn.

Dr. Amir Mobasher

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Moody diagram
 A convenient chart was prepared by Lewis F. Moody and commonly
called the Moody diagram of friction factors for pipe flow, There are
4 zones of pipe flow in the chart:
 A laminar flow zone where F is simple linear function of Rn
 A critical zone (shaded) where values are uncertain because
the flow might be neither laminar nor truly turbulent
 A transition zone where F is a function of both Rn and relative
roughness
 A zone of fully developed turbulence where the value of F
depends solely on the relative roughness and independent of the
Reynolds Number

Dr. Amir Mobasher

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Dr. Amir Mobasher

Typical values of the absolute roughness (e) are given in the next table

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Example 1-2
The water flow in Asphalted cast Iron pipe (e = 0.12mm) has a diameter
20cm at 20oC. Is 0.05 m3/s. determine the losses due to friction per 1 km
Solution

 Hazen-Williams

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 Manning Formula
This formula has extensively been used for open channel design, it is also
quite commonly used for pipe flows

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 The Chezy Formula

V  C Rh1/ 2 S 1/ 2
2
L V 
hf  4  
DC 
Where C = Chezy coefficient

 It can be shown that this formula, for circular pipes, is equivalent to

Darcy’s formula with the value for

8g
C
F
F is Darcy Weisbeich coefficient

 The following formula has been proposed for the value of C:

0.00155 1
23 
C S n
0.00155 n
1(23 )
S Rh
n is the Manning coefficient

Example 1-3
New Cast Iron (CHW = 130, n = 0.011) has length = 6 km and diameter =
30cm. Q= 0.32 m3/s, T=30o. Calculate the head loss due to friction.
Solution

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 Hazen-William Method
10.7 L
hf  1.852
Q1.852

CHW D 4.87
10.7  6000
hf  1.852 4 .87
0.321.852  333m
130 0.3
 Manning Method

10.3 L nQ 
2
hf 
D 5.33
10.3  6000 0.011 0.32
2
hf   470 m
0.35.33

1.7.3 Minor losses ‫الفواقذ الثانويح‬:

 It is due to the change of the velocity of the
flowing fluid in the magnitude or in direction
[turbulence within bulk flow as it moves
through and fitting]
 The minor losses occurs du to :
 Valves
 Tees, Bends
 Reducers
 And other appurtenances
 It has the common form
V2 Q2
hm  k L  kL
2g 2 gA2

 “minor” compared to friction losses in long pipelines but, can be the

dominant cause of head loss in shorter pipelines.

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 Losses due to Sudden contraction ‫الفاقذ في الضاغط نتيجح ضيق مفاجئ‬:

A sudden contraction in a pipe usually causes a marked drop in pressure
in the pipe due to both the increase in velocity and the loss of energy to
turbulence.
.‫ اىطبقت‬ٚ‫ّخيجت ٗج٘د ضيق ٍفبجئ ححذد ٍْبطق اّفصبه حُحذد فبقذ ف‬

Dr. Amir Mobasher

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 Head Loss Due to Gradual Contraction ‫ضيق تذريجي‬:

Head losses due to pipe contraction may be greatly reduced by introducing
a gradual pipe transition known as a confusor

2
V2
hc'  kc'
2g

 Losses due to Sudden Enlargement ‫الفاقذ في الضاغط نتيجح االتساع المفاجئ‬:

Note that the drop in the energy line is much larger than in the case of a
contraction

hL 
V1  V2 
2

2g

Dr. Amir Mobasher

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 Head Loss Due to Gradual Enlargement ‫اتساع تذريجي‬:

Head losses due to pipe enlargement may be greatly reduced by
introducing a gradual pipe transition known as a diffusor

V12  V2
2
hE'  k E'
2g

 Loss due to pipe entrance ‫الفاقذ في الضاغط عنذ مذخل ماسورج‬:

General formula for head loss at the entrance of a pipe is also expressed in
term of velocity head of the pipe

2
V
hent  K ent
2g

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 Head Loss at the Exit of a Pipe ‫الفاقذ في الضاغط عنذ مخرج ماسورج‬:

V2
hL 
2g

 Head Loss Due to Bends in Pipes ‫الفاقذ في الضاغط نتيجح االنحناء‬:

V2
hb  kb
2g

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Example 1-4
A tank where the water level is 25.0 m above an arbitrary datum feeds a
pipeline AB ending at B with a nozzle 4.0 cm diameter. Pipe AB is 15.0
cm diameter with point A being 20.0 m above datum and point B at datum.
Find:
i) The discharge through the pipeline, the pressures and water velocities
at A & B.
ii) If friction losses in the nozzle are 0.5 m, and between A & B are 5.0
m, resolve (i) and plot the hydraulic gradient and total energy lines.
Solution

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1.8 Compound Pipe flow :

When two or more pipes with different diameters are connected together
head to tail (in series) or connected to two common nodes (in parallel).
The system is called “compound pipe flow”

1.8.1 Flow Through Pipes in Series ‫توصيل المواسير علي التوالي‬:

Pipes of different lengths and different diameters connected end to end (in
series) to form a pipeline

 Discharge: The discharge through each pipe is the same

Q  A1V1  A2V2  A3V3

 Head loss: The difference in liquid surface levels is equal to the sum of
the total head loss in the pipes:
PA VA2 PB VB2
  zA    z B  hL
 2g  2g
z A  zB  hL  H
Where 3 4
hL   h fi   hmj
i 1 j 1
3
Li Vi 2 V12 V22 V22 V32
hL   Fi  K ent  Kc  K enl  K exit
i 1 D i 2 g 2 g 2 g 2 g 2g
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1.8.2 Flow Through Parallel Pipe ‫توصيل المواسير علي التوازى‬s

If a main pipe divides into two or more branches and again join together
downstream to form a single pipe, then the branched pipes are said to be
connected in parallel (compound pipes). Points A and B are called nodes.

 Discharge:
3
Q  Q1  Q2  Q3   Qi
i 1

 Head loss: the head loss for each branch is the same

hL  h f 1  h f 2  h f 3

L1 V12 L2 V22 L3 V32

F1  F2  F3
D1 2 g D2 2 g D3 2 g

Example 1-5
Determine the flow in each pipe and the flow in the main pipe if Head loss
between A & B is 2m & F=0.01

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Solution

Example 1-6
In the figure shown two new cast iron pipes in series, D1 = 0.6 m, D2 = 0.4
m length of the two pipes is 300m, level at A =80 m, Q = 0.5 m3/s (F1 =
0.017, F2 = 0.018). There are a sudden contraction between Pipe 1 and 2,
and Sharp entrance at pipe 1, and Sharp outlet at pipe 2.
1- Find the water level at B, and draw T.E.L & H.G.L
2- If the two pipes are connected in parallel to each other, and the
difference in elevation is 20 m. Find the total flow.

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Solution

Kent  0.5, Kc  0.27, Kexit  1

Pipes are connected in parallel

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Example 1-7
1- Determine the flow rate in each pipe (F=0.015)
2- Also, if the two pipes are replaced with one pipe of the same length
determine the diameter which give the same flow.

Solution

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If the two pipes are replaced with one pipe of the same length

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1.9 Pipe line with negative Pressure (syphon phenomena) ‫ضغط سالة علي‬
‫الماسورج‬:
It is a long bent pipe which is used to transfer liquid from a reservoir at a
higher elevation to another reservoir at a lower level when the two
reservoirs are separated by a hill or high ground
Occasionally, a section of the pipeline may be raised to an elevation that is
above the local HGL.

Dr. Amir

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Negative pressure exists in the pipelines wherever the pipe line is raised
above the hydraulic gradient line (between P & Q)

The negative pressure at the summit point can reach theoretically -10.33
m water head (gauge pressure) and zero (absolute pressure). But in the
practice water contains dissolved gasses that will vaporize before -10.33 m
water head which reduces the pipe flow cross section.

Example 1-8
Syphon pipe between two pipe has diameter of 20cm and length 500m as
shown. The difference between reservoir levels is 20m. The distance
between reservoir A and summit point S is 100m. Calculate the flow in the
system and the pressure head at summit. F=0.02

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Solution

Best regards,
Dr. Amir Mobasher

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Example 1-9
A syphon filled with oil of specific gravity 0.8 discharges 220 lit/s to the
atmosphere at an elevation of 3.0 m below oil level. The siphon is 0.2 m in
diameter and its invert is 5.0 m above oil level. Find the losses in the
siphon in terms of the velocity head. Find the pressure at the invert if two
thirds of the losses occur in the first leg.
Solution

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1.10 Three-reservoirs problem ‫حالة الخزانات الثالثة‬:

 This system must satisfy:

 The quantity of water brought to junction “J” is equal to the
quantity of water taken away from the junction:

Q3 = Q1 + Q2 Flow Direction????

 All pipes that meet at junction “J” must share the same pressure at
the junction.

1.10.1 Types of three-reservoirs problem:

 Type 1:
• Given the lengths , diameters, and materials of all pipes involved;
D1 , D2 , D3 , L1 , L2 , L3 , and e or F
• Given the water elevation in any two reservoirs,
Z1 and Z2 (for example)
• Given the flow rate from any one of the reservoirs,
Q1 or Q2 or Q3
• Determine the elevation of the third reservoir Z3 (for example) and
the rest of Q’s.

This types of problems can be solved by simply using:

• Bernoulli’s equation for each pipe
• Continuity equation at the junction.

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Example 1-10
In the following figure determine the flow in pipe BJ & pipe CJ. Also,
determine the water elevation in tank C

Solution

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 Type 2:
• given the lengths , diameters, and materials of all pipes involved;
D1 , D2 , D3 , L1 , L2 , L3 , and e or F
• given the water elevation in each of the three reservoirs,
Z1 , Z2 , Z3
determine the discharges to or from each reservoir,
Q1 , Q2 ,and Q3 .

1- First assume a piezometric surface elevation, P, at the junction.

2- This assumed elevation gives the head losses hf1, hf2, and hf3
3- From this set of head losses and the given pipe diameters, lengths,
and material, the trail computation gives a set of values for
discharges Q1 , Q2 ,and Q3 .
4- If the assumed elevation P is correct, the computed Q’s should
satisfy:
5- Otherwise, a new elevation P is assumed for the second trail.
The computation of another set of Q’s is performed until the above
condition is satisfied
This types of problems are most conveniently solved by trail and error

Example 1-11
In the following figure determine the flow in each pipe.

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Solution

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CHAPTER 2

PIPE NETWORKS

2.1 Introduction
To deliver water to individual consumers with appropriate quality,
quantity, and pressure in a community setting requires an extensive system
of:
 Pipes.
 Storage reservoirs.
 Pumps.
 Other related accessories.

Distribution system: is used to describe collectively the facilities used to

supply water from its source to the point of usage.

2.2 Methods of Supplying Water

2.2.1 Gravity Supply

The source of supply is at a sufficient elevation above the distribution area
(consumers).

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 Advantages of Gravity supply

 No energy costs.
 Simple operation (fewer mechanical parts, independence of power
supply, ….)
 Low maintenance costs.
 No sudden pressure changes

2.2.2 Pumped Supply

Used whenever:
 The source of water is lower than the area to which we need to
distribute water to (consumers)
 The source cannot maintain minimum pressure required.
 Pumps are used to develop the necessary head (pressure) to distribute
water to the consumer and storage reservoirs.

 Disadvantages of pumped supply

 Complicated operation and maintenance.
 Dependent on reliable power supply.
 Precautions have to be taken in order to enable permanent supply:
- Stock with spare parts
- Alternative source of power supply ….

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2.2.3 Combined Supply (pumped-storage supply)

Both pumps and storage reservoirs are used. This system is usually used in
the following cases:
3- When two sources of water are used to supply water:

4- In the pumped system sometimes a storage (elevated) tank is

connected to the system.
 When the water consumption is low, the residual water is pumped to
the tank.
 When the consumption is high the water flows back to the consumer
area by gravity.

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5- When the source is lower than the consumer area

 A tank is constructed above the highest point in the area,
 Then the water is pumped from the source to the storage tank
(reservoir).
 And the hence the water is distributed from the reservoir by gravity.

2.3 Distribution Systems (Network Configurations):

In laying the pipes through the distribution area, the following
configuration can be distinguished:
 Branching system (Tree)
 Grid system (Looped)
 Combined system

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2.3.1 Branching System (Tree System)

 Advantages:
 Simple to design and build.
 Less expensive than other systems.

 Disadvantages:
 The large number of dead ends which results in sedimentation and
bacterial growths.
 When repairs must be made to an individual line, service connections
beyond the point of repair will be without water until the repairs are
made.
 The pressure at the end of the line may become undesirably low as
additional extensions are made.

2.3.2 Grid System (Looped system)

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 Advantages:
 The grid system overcomes all of the difficulties of the branching
system discussed before.
 No dead ends. (All of the pipes are interconnected).
 Water can reach a given point of withdrawal from several directions.

 Disadvantages:
 Hydraulically far more complicated than branching system
(Determination of the pipe sizes is somewhat more complicated).
 Expensive (consists of a large number of loops).

But, it is the most reliable and used system.

2.3.3 Combined System

 It is a combination of both Grid and Branching systems.
 This type is widely used all over the world.

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2.4 Pipe Networks

The equations to solve Pipe network must satisfy the following condition:
 The net flow into any junction must be zero.

Q  0
 The net head loss a round any closed loop must be zero. The HGL at
each junction must have one and only one elevation
 All head losses must satisfy the Moody and minor-loss friction
correlation

2.4.1 Hardy Cross Method

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 This method is applicable to closed-loop pipe networks (a complex

set of pipes in parallel).
 It depends on the idea of head balance method
 Was originally devised by professor Hardy Cross.

 Assumptions / Steps of this method:

1- Assume that the water is withdrawn from nodes only; not directly
from pipes.
2- The discharge, Q , entering the system will have (+) value, and the
discharge, Q , leaving the system will have (-) value.
3- Usually neglect minor losses since these will be small with respect to
those in long pipes, i.e.; Or could be included as equivalent lengths in
each pipe.
4- Assume flows for each individual pipe in the network.
5- At any junction (node), as done for pipes in parallel,

 Qin  Qout or Q  0

6. Around any loop in the grid, the sum of head losses must equal to
zero:

 h f 0
loop

 The probability of initially guessing all flow rates correctly is

virtually null.
 Therefore, to balance the head around each loop, a flow rate
correction ( Δ ) for each loop in the network should be computed,
and hence some iteration scheme is needed.

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Example 2-1
Solve the following pipe network using Hazen William Method CHW =100

Solution

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Dr. Amir Mobasher

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Example 2-2
For the square loop shown, find the discharge in all the pipes. All pipes are
1 km long and 300 mm in diameter, with a friction factor of 0.0163.
Assume that minor losses can be neglected.

Solution
L V2 8 FL
H L  hf  F  Q 2

D 2 g g 2 D 5
8 x0.0163x1000 2
HL  Q
9.81x x0.30
2 5

H L  554Q 2
H L  K 'Q2
 K '  554
1. First trial

Since H > 0.01 m, then correction has to be applied.

L

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Q  
 H L

2
 12.92 L / s
2
H L 2 x0.0774
Q
2. Second trial

Since H ≈ 0.01 m, then it is OK.

L
Thus, the discharge in each pipe is as follows (to the nearest
integer).

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Example 2-3
The following example contains nodes with different elevations and
pressure heads. Neglecting minor loses in the pipes, determine:
 The flows in the pipes.
 The pressure heads at the nodes.

Solution
Assume flows magnitude and direction

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 33.73
  0.01419 m3 /s  14.20 L/s
2(1187.89)

23.35
  0.00784 m3 /s  7.842 L/s
2(1488.7)
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15.65
  0.00465 m3 /s  4.65 L/s
2(1682.62)

 20.13
  0.00532 m3 /s  5.32 L/s
2(1890.3)
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 7.05
  0.00244 m3 /s  2.44 L/s
2(1442.26)

6.1
  0.00172 m3 /s  1.72 L/s
2(1768.56)
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After applying Third

correction

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Best regards,
Dr. Amir Mobasher

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CHAPTER 3

PUMPS & TURBINES

3.1 Introduction
Pumps are devices designed to convert mechanical energy to hydraulic
energy. They are used to move water from lower points to higher points
with a required discharge and pressure head. This chapter will deal with
the basic hydraulic concepts of water pumps

3.2 Pump Classification

 Turbo-hydraulic (kinetic) pumps
 Centrifugal pumps (radial-flow pumps)
 Propeller pumps (axial-flow pumps)
 Jet pumps (mixed-flow pumps)
 Positive-displacement pumps
 Screw pumps
 Reciprocating pumps

This classification is based on the

way by which the water leaves the
rotating part of the pump.
In radial-flow pump the water leaves
the impeller in radial direction,
while in the axial-flow pump the
water leaves the propeller in the
axial direction.
In the mixed-flow pump the water
leaves the impeller in an inclined
direction having both radial and axial
components

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3.2.1 Centrifugal Pumps

 Broad range of applicable flows and heads
 Higher heads can be achieved by increasing the diameter or the
rotational speed of the impeller

Dr. Amir Mobasher

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3.2.2 Axial-flow Pump

Dr. Amir Mobasher

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3.2.3 Screw Pumps

In the screw pump a revolving shaft fitted with blades rotates in an
inclined trough and pushes the water up the trough.

Dr. Amir Mobasher

Dr. Amir Mobasher

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3.2.4 Reciprocating Pumps

In the reciprocating pump a piston sucks the fluid into a cylinder then
pushes it up causing the water to rise.

3.3 Centrifugal Pumps

Centrifugal pumps (radial-flow pumps) are the most used pumps for
hydraulic purposes. For this reason, their hydraulics will be studied in the
following sections.

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3.3.1 Main Parts of Centrifugal Pumps

 Impeller
 Which is the rotating part of the centrifugal pump.
 It consists of a series of backwards curved vanes (blades).
 The impeller is driven by a shaft which is connected to the shaft of
an electric motor.
 Suction Pipe
 Delivery Pipe
 The Shaft: which is the bar by which the power is transmitted from
the motor drive to the impeller.
 The driving motor: which is responsible for rotating the shaft. It can
be mounted directly on the pump, above it, or adjacent to it.

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3.3.2 Hydraulic Analysis of Pumps and Piping Systems

 Case 1

 Case 2
hf d
H md

hd
H stat

Ht

Datum pump
center line
hs

H ms

hf s

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 The following terms can be defined

• h (static suction head): it is the difference in elevation between

s
the suction liquid level and the centerline of the pump impeller.
• h (static discharge head): it is the difference in elevation between
d
the discharge liquid level and the centerline of the pump impeller.
• H (static head): it is the difference (or sum) in elevation
stat
between the static discharge and the static suction heads:
H stat hd hs
• H (manometric suction head): it is the suction gage reading (if a
ms
manometer is installed just at the inlet of the pump, then H is the
ms
height to which the water will rise in the manometer).
• H (manometric discharge head): it is the discharge gage reading
md
(if a manometer is installed just at the outlet of the pump, then H is
md
the height to which the water will rise in the manometer).
• H (manometric head): it is the increase of pressure head generated
m
by the pump:
H m H md H ms

• H (total dynamic head): it is the total head delivered by the pump:

t

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• H can be written in another form as follows:

t

• Equation (3) can be applied to Case 2 with the exception that :

H stat hd hs

In the above equations; we define:
h : is the friction losses in the suction pipe.
fs
h : is the friction losses in the discharge (delivery) pipe.
fd
h : is the minor losses in the suction pipe.
ms
h : is the minor losses in the discharge (delivery) pipe.
md

• Bernoulli’s equation can also be applied to find H

t

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3.3.3 Pump Efficiency

 Pump efficiency p

Which is the power input delivered from the motor to the impeller of
the pump.

 Motor efficiency m
Pi
m 
Pm

Pi
Pm  which is the power input delivered to the motor.
m

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 Overall efficiency of the motor-pump system t

 t  p m
Po
t 
Pm

 Imprtant Units

3.3.4 Cavitation of Pumps and NPSH

 In general, cavitation occurs when the liquid pressure at a given
location is reduced to the vapor pressure of the liquid.
 For a piping system that includes a pump, cavitation occurs when
the absolute pressure at the inlet falls below the vapor pressure of the
water.
 This phenomenon may occur at the inlet to a pump and on the
impeller blades, particularly if the pump is mounted above the level
in the suction reservoir.

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 Under this condition, vapor bubbles form (water starts to boil) at the
impeller inlet and when these bubbles are carried into a zone of
higher pressure, they collapse abruptly and hit the vanes of the
impeller (near the tips of the impeller vanes). causing:

Dr. Amir Mobasher

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 How we avoid Cavitation ??

 To avoid cavitation, the pressure head at the inlet should not fall
below a certain minimum which is influenced by the further
reduction in pressure within the pump impeller.
 To accomplish this, we use the difference between the total head at
2
the inlet Ps  Vs , and the water vapor pressure head Pvapor
 2g 
Where we take the datum through the centerline of the pump impeller
inlet (eye). This difference is called the Net Positive Suction Head
(NPSH), so that

There are two values of NPSH of interest. The first is the required
NPSH, denoted (NPSH)R , that must be maintained or exceeded so
that cavitation will not occur and usually determined experimentally
and provided by the manufacturer.

The second value for NPSH of concern is the available NPSH,

denoted (NPSH)A , which represents the head that actually occurs for
the particular piping system. This value can be determined
experimentally, or calculated if the system parameters are known.

• For proper pump operation (no cavitation) :

(NPSH)A > (NPSH)R

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Determination of (NPSH)
A

Applying the energy equation

between point (1) and (2),
datum at pump center line
Patm PS VS2
 hS     hL
  2g
PS VS2 Patm
   hS   hL
 2g 
PS VS2 PVapor Patm PVapor
    hS   hL 
 2g   
P PVapor
( NPSH ) A  atm  hS   hL 
 

Note that (+) is used if hs is above the pump centerline (datum).

at T  20o
Patm  10.14 kN / m 2
PVapor  2.335 kN / m 2

 Thoma’s cavitation constant

The cavitation constant: is the ratio of (NPSH) to the total dynamic

R
head (H ) is known as the Thoma’s cavitation constant ( σ )
t
( NPSH ) R

Ht

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3.3.5 Selection of A Pump

 The design conditions are specified and a pump is selected for the
range of applications.
 A system characteristic curve (H-Q) is then prepared.
 The H-Q curve is then matched to the pump characteristics chart
which is provided by the manufacturer.
 The matching point (operating point) indicates the actual working
conditions.

 System Characteristic Curve

 The total head, Ht, that the pump delivers includes the elevation head
and the head losses incurred in the system. The friction loss and other
minor losses in the pipeline depend on the velocity of the water in the
pipe, and hence the total head loss can be related to the discharge rate
 For a given pipeline system (including a pump or a group of pumps),
a unique system head-capacity (H-Q) curve can be plotted. This
curve is usually referred to as a system characteristic curve or simply
system curve. It is a graphic representation of the system head and is
developed by plotting the total head, over a range of flow rates
starting from zero to the maximum expected value of Q.

H t H stat   hL

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H t H stat   hL

 Pump Characteristic Curves

 Pump manufacturers provide information on the performance of their

pumps in the form of curves, commonly called pump characteristic
curves (or simply pump curves).
 In pump curves the following information may be given:
• the discharge on the x-axis,
• the head on the left y-axis,
• the pump power input on the right y-axis,
• the pump efficiency as a percentage,
• the speed of the pump (rpm = revolutions/min).
• the NPSH of the pump.

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 The pump characteristic curves are very important to help select the
required pump for the specified conditions.
 If the system curve is plotted on the pump curves in we may produce
the following Figure:

Matching the system and pump curves.

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 The point of intersection is called the operating point.

 This matching point indicates the actual working conditions, and
therefore the proper pump that satisfy all required performance
characteristic is selected.

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Example 3-1
A Pump has a cavitation constant = 0.12, this pump was instructed on well
using UPVC pipe of 10 m length and 200 mm diameter, there are elbow
(ke=1) and valve (ke=4.5) in the system. The flow is 35 m3 and the total
Dynamic Head Ht = 25 m (from pump curve) f = 0.0167
Calculate the maximum suction head

atm. pressure head  9.69 m

Vapour pressure head  0.2m

Solution

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Example 3-2
For the following pump, determine the required pipes diameter to pump 60
L/s and also calculate the needed power.
Minor losses 10 v2/2g
Pipe length 10 km
roughness = 0.15 mm
Hs = 20 m

Solution

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The pump would deliver approximately 70 l/s through the 350 mm pipe
and to regulate the flow to 60 l/s an additional head loss of 4.32 m by
valve closure would be required.

 QH t 1000  9.81 1000

60
 35
Pi    38869.8W  38.87kW
p 0.53

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Example 3-3
A pump was designed to satisfy the following system:

Check whether the pump is suitable or not

atm. pressure head  10.3 m

Vapour pressure head  0.25m

Pipe diameter is 50mm

hd  13m
24  V 2
suction Part hL 
2g

Solution
1- Draw the system curve and check the operation point
HSTAT  h d  h S  13  7  20m

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3.3.6 Multiple-Pump Operation

To install a pumping station that can be effectively operated over a large
range of fluctuations in both discharge and pressure head, it may be
advantageous to install several identical pumps at the station.

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 Parallel Operation
 Pumping stations frequently contain several (two or more) pumps in
a parallel arrangement.
 The objective being to deliver a range of discharges, i.e.; the
discharge is increased but the pressure head remains the same as with
a single pump.

Qtotal =Q1+Q2+Q3

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How to draw the pump curve for pumps in parallel???

• The manufacturer gives the pump curve for a single pump

operation only.
• If two or pumps are in operation, the pumps curve should
be calculated and drawn using the single pump curve.
• For pumps in parallel, the curve of two pumps, for
example, is produced by adding the discharges of the two
pumps at the same head (assuming identical pumps).
j n
Q  Q1  Q 2  Q3    Q n   Q
j1

H m  H m1  H m2  H m3    H mn

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 Series Operation
 The series configuration which is used whenever we need to increase
the pressure head and keep the discharge approximately the same as
that of a single pump.
 This configuration is the basis of multistage pumps; the discharge
from the first pump (or stage) is delivered to the inlet of the second
pump, and so on.
 The same discharge passes through each pump receiving a pressure
boost in doing so.

Htotal =H1+H2+H3

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How to draw the pump curve for pumps in series???

• the manufacturer gives the pump curve for a single pump operation
only.
• For pumps in series, the curve of two pumps, for example, is
produced by adding the heads of the two pumps at the same
discharge.
• Note that, of course, all pumps in a series system must be
operating simultaneously

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Example 3-4
A centrifugal pump running at 1000 rpm gave the following relation
between head and discharge:

The pump is connected to a 300 mm suction and delivery pipe the total
length of which is 69 m and the discharge to atmosphere is 15 m above
sump level. The entrance loss is equivalent to an additional 6m of pipe and
f is assumed as 0.024. Calculate the discharge in m3 per minute.

Solution

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From the previous Figure, The operating point is:

3
• Q = 14 m /min H = 19 m
A A

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Example 3-5
A centrifugal pump is used to deliver water against a static lift of 10.50 m.
The head loss due to friction = 150000 Q2, head loss is in m and the flow is
in Q in m3/s. The pump characteristic is given in the following table.
Deduce operating head and flow.
H (m) 30 27 24 18 12 6
Q (L/s) 0 6.9 11.4 15.8 18.9 21.5
ɳ 0 60 70 65 40 20
- Sketch the pump's characteristic curves for the case of two pumps
connected in parallel
- Sketch the pump's characteristic curves for the case of two pumps
connected in series
Solution
 Pump curve

H (m) 30 27 24 18 12 6
Q (L/s) 0 6.9 11.4 15.8 18.9 21.5
ɳ 0 60 70 65 40 20

 System curve

Q (L/s) 0 6.9 11.4 15.8 18.9 21.5

Hsystem (m) 10.5 17.64 30 47.95 64.08 79.84
 2 pumps in parallel

H 30 27 24 18 12 6
2Q 0 13.8 22.8 31.6 37.8 43
2 pumps in series

2H 60 54 48 36 24 12
Q 0 6.9 11.4 15.8 18.9 21.5

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 1 pump
Q = 10 l/s H = 25 m η = 0.69 m

 Q H t 9810  0.01 25
Pi    3554.35W  3.55kW
p 0.69

 2 pumps in parallel
Q = 11 l/s H = 28 m η = 0.5 m
Power of one pump:

0.011
9810   28
 QH t 2
Pi    3021.48W  3.02kW
p 0.50

Total motor Power:

 QH t 9810  0.011  28
Pi    6042.96W  6.04kW
p 0.50

 2 pumps in series
Q = 14.50 l/s H = 41 m η = 0.68 m
Power of one pump:

41
9810  0.0145 
 QH t 2  4288.27W  4.29kW
Pi  
p 0.68

Total motor Power:

 Q H t 9810  0.0145  41
Pi    8576.54W  8.58kW
p 0.68

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3.4 Hydraulic Turbines

 Hydraulic Turbines (water wheels) have been in use for centuries.
 Hydraulic Turbines convert the potential energy of water into work.
 Basic Turbines are either Reaction or Impulse.
 First developed in the mid 1800’s.
 Power outputs range up to 1,000 Mw.
 Included are Tidal and Wind Turbines.

Dr. Amir Mobasher

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3.4.1 Early Hydraulic Turbines

 Amount of power depended on wheel diameter and height of water.

Dr. Amir Mobasher

3.4.2 Hydraulic Turbine Types

Dr. Amir Mobasher

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 Hydraulic Turbine – Kaplan – Reaction

Dr. Amir Mobasher

Dr. Amir Mobasher

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 Hydraulic Turbine – Francis – Reaction

Dr. Amir Mobasher

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 Hydraulic Turbine – Pelton – Impulse

Dr. Amir Mobasher

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 Hydraulic Turbine – Turgo - Reaction

Dr. Amir Mobasher

Dr. Amir Mobasher

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 Hydraulic Turbine – Cross-flow - Impulse

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 Hydraulic Turbine – Tidal Power

Dr. Amir Mobasher

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 Hydraulic Turbine – Wave Power

Dr. Amir Mobasher

3.4.3 Efficiency

Input Output Outpot  Q H

PUMP  
Electric Water Input Input

Input Output Outpot Outpot

Turbine  
Water Electric Input  QH

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 Pump’s Power

 QH
P  .......Watt

 QH
HP   .......Horsepower
k
 Turbine’s Power

P  QH  .......Watt

 QH
HP   .......Horsepower
k

γ 1000 kg/m3 9810 N/m3 62.42 Ib/ft3

k 75 735 550

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Example 3-6
In a hydroelectric power plant, 100 m3/s of water flows from an elevation
of 120 m to a turbine, where electric power is generated. The total
irreversible head loss in the piping system from point 1 to point 2
(excluding the turbine unit) is determined to be 35 m. If the overall
efficiency of the turbine–generator is 80 percent, estimate the electric
power output.

Dr. Amir Mobasher

Solution
Use the steady head form of the energy equation for a single stream
2 2
p1 v1 p2 v2
z1    z2    hL  H T
 2g  2g
120  0 0  0  0  0 35  H T
HT = 85 m

P 9810 x100 x85x0.80  66.70MW

1000 x100 x85 x0.80

HP   90666.67 Horsepower
75
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Example 3-7
Water flows from an upper reservoir to a lower one while passing through
a turbine, as shown in Fig. Find the power generated by the turbine.
Neglect minor losses. The efficiency of the turbine–generator is 90 percent

Dr. Amir Mobasher

Solution 2 2
p v p v
z1  1  1  z 2  2  2  hL  H T
 2g  2g
8FL 8 x0.019 x100 x0.15 2
hL  h f  Q 
2
 3.65m
g D
2 5
9.81x x0.25
2 5

147.30  0 0  0  0  0 3.65  H T
HT = 143.65 m

P 9810 x0.15x143.65x0.90  190.20kW

1000 x0.15 x143.65 x0.90

HP   258.57 Horsepower
75
Or HP = 190.20 / 0.746 = 255 Horsepower
Best regards,
Dr. Amir Mobasher

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CHAPTER 4

MOMENTUM PRINCIPLE

4.1 Development of the Momentum Equation ‫معادلح كميح الحركح‬:

It is based on the law of conservation of momentum principle, which states
that “the net force acting on a fluid mass is equal to the change in
momentum of flow per unit time in that direction” .the force acting on
fluid mass “m” is given by the Newton`s second law of motion
F=mxa
Where a is the acceleration acting in the same direction as force F
But

“m” is constant and can be taken inside the differential

This equation is known as “the momentum principle”

This equation can be written as:

F dt = d(mv)

Which is known as “the impulse –momentum equation” and states that:

The impulse of a force acting on a fluid of mass in short interval of time is
equal to the change of momentum (d(mv)) in the direction of force.

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4.2 Force exerted by a flowing fluid on a Pipe –Bend

The “impulse-momentum equation” is used to determine the resultant

force exerted by a flowing fluid on a pipe bend.
Consider two section (1) and (2), as shown in Fig
Let,
V1 = Velocity of flow at section (1),
P1 = Pressure intensity at section (1),
A1 = Area of cross-section of pipe at section (1) and ,
V1, P1, A1 Corresponding values of velocity, pressure and area at
section (2).
 Let “Fx” and “Fy” be the components of the forces exerted by the
flowing fluid on the bend in “x” and “y” direction respectively.
 Then the force exerted by the bend on the fluid in the “x” and “y”
direction will be equal to “Fx” and “Fy” but in the opposite direction.
 The momentum equation in “x” direction is given by:

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F ext  ( QV ) out  ( QV )in

P1A1 – P2A2 cos  – Fx = (Mass per sec) (change of velocity)

P1A1 – P2A2 cos  – Fx = Q (V2 cos  - V1)
Fx = Q (V1 - V2 cos ) + P1A1 – P2A2 cos 

Similarly the momentum equation in “y” direction gives

0 – P2A2 sin  – Fy = Q (V2 sin  - 0)
Fy = Q ( - V2 sin ) – P2A2 sin 
Now the resultant force FR acting on the bend

And the angle made by the resultant force with horizontal direction is
given by

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4.3 Applications of the Linear Momentum Equation:

 A jet of fluid deflected by an object puts a force on the object. This
force is the result of the change of momentum of the fluid and can
happen even though the speed (magnitude of velocity) remains
constant. If a jet of water has sufficient momentum, it can tip over
the block that deflects it.
 The same thing can happen when a garden hose is used to fill
sprinkles.
 Similarly, a jet of water against the blades of a Pelton wheel turbine
causes the turbine wheel to rotate.

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Problem 4-1:
A nozzle 5 cm diameter delivers a jet of water that strikes a flat plate
normally. If the jet velocity is 60 m/sec, calculate he force acting on the
plate if:
- The plate is stationary.
- The plate is moving at 20 m/sec. in the same direction of the jet.
- If the plate is replaced by a series of plates moving at the same speed,
determine the rate of doing work and the efficiency of the system.

Solution

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Problem 4-2:
Determine the components of divided discharge in the plate direction, and
the force exerted by a jet of water that has an area of 6.5 cm2and moves at
30 m/sec on an inclined fixed flat plate as a function of its angle of
inclination to the jet direction.

Solution

Problem 4-3: A jet of water having a velocity of 30 m/sec and area 10 cm2
impinges on a curved vane. The jet approaches the vane horizontally and
deviates an angle of 120o. Calculate the force acting on the vane if it is:
- Stationary.
- Moving at 15 m/sec in the direction of the jet.

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- If the vane is replaced by a series of vanes moving at the same speed,

calculate the output power and the efficiency of the system.

Solution

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Problem 4-4:
A nozzle 3 cm diameter that has a coefficient of velocity of 0.97 is fitted at
the end of a pipeline 10 cm diameter. Find the force exerted by the nozzle
on the pipeline if the pressure at the end of the pipeline is 0.5 kg/ cm2

Solution

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Problem 4-5:
Water flows at a rate of 100 lit/sec in a 30 cm diameter horizontal pipe
connected to a 20 cm diameter pipe through a vertical reducer bend where
the change in water direction is 120o. The vertical distance between the
entrance and outlet of the bend is 1.5 m and the pressure at its entrance is
0.7 kg/ cm2. The total weight of the bend material and water contained in it
is 100 kg. Calculate the horizontal and vertical components of the force
required to hold the bend in place.
Solution

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Problem 4-6: Water flows through a Y-shaped horizontal pipe connection.

The velocity in the stem is 3 m/sec and the diameter is 30 cm. Each branch
is of 15 cm diameter and inclined at an angle 30° to the stem. If the
pressure in the stem is 2 kg/cm2, calculate the magnitude and direction of
the force of water on the Y-shaped pipe connection if the flow rates in both
branches are the same.

Solution

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Problem 4-7:
A 45o horizontal reducer elbow has 15 cm diameter at the upstream end
and 10 cm at the other end and is connected at the end of a pipeline.
Neglecting any losses in the elbow, determine the magnitude and direction
of the force affecting the pipeline when a discharge of 75 lit/sec of water is
flowing through the elbow into the atmosphere.

Solution

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Best regards,
Dr. Amir Mobasher

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ASSIGNMENTS

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ASSIGNMENT 1

FLOW THROUGH PIPES

Q1: Determine the type of flow in a 400 mm diameter pipe when

a) Water flows at average velocity of 1.2 m/sec and ν = 1.13x10-6
m2/sec.
b) Glycerin flows at a rate of 2.0 lit/min having ρ = 1260 kg/m3
and μ = 0.9 N.s/m2.

Q2: The losses in the shown figure equals 3(V2/2g)ft, when H is 20

ft. What is the discharge passing in the pipe? Draw the TEL
and the HGL.

Q3: Find the discharge through pipe and the pressure at point “C”.

Q4: A syphon filled with oil of specific gravity 0.9 discharges 300
lit/s to the atmosphere at an elevation of 4.0 m below oil level.
The syphon is 0.2 m in diameter and its invert is 5.0 m above
oil level. Find the losses in the syphon in terms of the velocity
head. Find the pressure at the invert if two thirds of the losses
occur in the first leg.

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Q5: Find difference in the level “H” between point “a” and “b” for the
shown figure.

Q6: Find the discharge through pipe for the shown figure.

Q7: Two reservoirs are connected by 3 pipes in series as shown in figure.

The velocity of water in the first pipe is 5.73 m/s. considering minor
losses, calculate the difference in levels of the water in the two
reservoirs. Sketch the T.E.L and the H.G.L. showing all vertical
dimensions. Kc=0.5.

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Q8: Two pipes are connected in parallel to each other between two
reservoirs with length L1=2400m, D1=1.20m, F1=0.024; L2=2400m,
D2=1.0m, and F2=0.02. Find the total flow, if the difference in
elevation is 25m.
Q9: Reservoir A is connected to reservoir B through a pipeline having a
length 64 km. The elevation of reservoir A is 180 m higher than that
of reservoir B. The pipeline was designed to convey a flow rate of
28,000 m3/day. It was decided to raise the flow rate from reservoir A
to reservoir B by laying an identical pipe connected in parallel to the
original pipe for a length of 32 km. Find the new flow rate from
reservoir A to reservoir B. (F = 0.016 for all pipes).
Q10: The discharge in the network shown is increased from 250 lit/s to
350 lit/s by adding a new branch pipe BC of length 800 m. calculate
the diameter of BC such that the head loss from A to D remains
constant.

Q11: A reservoir A with its surface at elevation 100 ft above datum

supplies water to 2 other reservoirs B and C of surface levels of 25 ft
and zero ft respectively above datum. From A to junction J, common
pip of 6 inch diameter, 800 ft long is used, the junction being at a level
20 ft above datum. The branch JB is 4 inch diameter, 200 ft long and
the branch JC is 5 inch diameter, 300 ft long. Calculate the discharge
to B and C. Take F for all pipes is taken 0.0075 .
Best regards,
Dr. Amir Mobasher

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ASSIGNMENT 2

PIPE NETWORKS

Q1: A pipe network is shown in figure in which Q and h f refers to

discharges and pressure head loss respectively. Subscripts
1,2,3,4 and 5 designate respective values in pipe lengths AC,
BC, CD, DA, and AC. Subscripts A, B, C, and D designate
discharges entering or leaving the junction points A, B, C and
D respectively.

Q2: Determine the flow in each of the cast iron pipes in the shown
network using the Hardy Cross method. Take n = 2.0

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Q3: Using two steps of hardy-cross method, estimate the flow rate
in each of the pipes in the network shown in figure. Assume
F=0.02 for all pipes.

Pipe AF FB BC CE EA AD DE EB
Diam. 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
(mm)
Length 400 400 600 500 500 600 500 500
(m)

Best regards,
Dr. Amir Mobasher

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ASSIGNMENT 3

PUMPS & TURBINES

Q1: A Pump has a cavitation constant = 0.25, this pump was instructed on
well using pipe of 20 m length and 300 mm diameter, there are elbow
(ke=1) and valve (ke= 5) in the system. The flow is 40 m3 and the total
Dynamic Head Ht = 30 m (from pump curve) f = 0.02
Calculate the maximum suction head

Q2: A centrifugal pump running at 1200 rpm gave the following relation
between head and discharge:

The pump is connected to a 400 mm suction and delivery pipe the

total length of which is 80 m and the discharge to atmosphere is 20 m
above sump level. The entrance loss is equivalent to an additional 8 m
of pipe and f is assumed as 0.02. Calculate the discharge in m3 per
minute.

Q3: A centrifugal pump is used to deliver water against a static lift

of 12 m. The head loss due to friction = 150000 Q 2, head loss
is in m and the flow is in Q in m3/s. The pump characteristic is
given in the following table. Deduce operating head and flow.

H (m) 30 27 24 18 12 6
Q (L/s) 0 6.9 11.4 15.8 18.9 21.5
ɳ 0 60 70 65 40 20

- Sketch the pump's characteristic curves for the case of two pumps
connected in parallel
- Sketch the pump's characteristic curves for the case of two pumps
connected in series

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Q4: Water flows from an upper reservoir to a lower one while passing
through a turbine, as shown in Fig. Find the power generated by the
turbine. Neglect minor losses. The efficiency of the turbine–generator
is 85 percent

Best regards,
Dr. Amir Mobasher

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ASSIGNMENT 4

MOMENTUM PRINCIPLE

Q1: The force exerted by a 25mm diameter jet against a flat plate normal to the axis
of the jet is 650N. What is the flow in m3/s?

Q2: A water jet 50 mm diameter strikes a 1.20 m plate which is at an angle of 30°
with the stream's direction. If the force applied at the edge of the plate, to
maintain equilibrium, is 161 N, calculate the rate of flow. Neglect the weight of
the plate.

Q3: A square plate of uniform thickness and length of side 30 cm hangs vertically
from hinges at its top edge. When a horizontal jet strikes the plate at its center,
the plate is deflected and comes to rest at an
angle of 30° to the vertical. The jet is 25 mm
diameter and has a velocity of 6 m/s.
Calculate the mass of the plate and give the
distance along the plate, from the hinge, of the
point at which the jet strikes the plate in its
deflected position.

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Q4: A jet of water 75 mm in diameter with a velocity of 12 m/sec meets a vane

having a velocity of 4.8 m/sec in the direction of the jet. If water meets the vane
tangentially and the deflection angle is 120°, find the force of water exerted on
the vane.

Q5: A liquid jet is issuing upward against a flat board of weight 1 Ib and supporting
it as indicated in the figure. Determine the equilibrium height of the board above the
nozzle exit, if the discharge is 1.5 lit/s and the nozzle diameter is 2 cm.

Q6: Find the force exerted on each bolt, when the water is flowing at rate of 0.25
m3/s. The diameters of the pipe and the nozzle are 0.30 m and 0.10m.
respectively.

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Q7: A horizontal jet of water 2 x 103 mm2 cross-section and flowing at a velocity of
15 m/s hits a flat plate at 60° to the axis (of the jet) and to the horizontal. The jet
is such that there is no side spread. If the plate is stationary, calculate a) the
force exerted on the plate in the direction of the jet and b) the ratio between the
quantity of fluid that is deflected upwards and that downwards. (Assume that
there is no friction and therefore no shear force).

Q8: The outlet pipe from a pump is a bend of 45 rising in the vertical plane (i.e. and
internal angle of 135). The bend is 150mm diameter at its inlet and 300mm
diameter at its outlet. The pipe axis at the inlet is horizontal and at the outlet it is
1m higher. By neglecting friction, calculate the force and its direction if the inlet
pressure is 100 KN/m2 and the flow of water through the pipe is 0.3 m3/s. The
volume of the pipe is 0.075m3.

Q9: A conveying elbow turns water through an angle of 120° in a vertical plane. The
flow cross-sectional diameter is 400 mm at the elbow inlet, section 1, and 200
mm at the elbow outlet, section 2. The elbow flow passage volume is 0.20 m3
between sections 1&2. The water flow rate is 0.40 m3/s and the elbow inlet and
outlet pressures are 150 KPa and 90 KPa, respectively. Determine the
magnitude and direction of the horizontal and vertical components of reaction
force exerted by the water on the elbow.

Best regards,
Dr. Amir Mobasher

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