CONCEPT # 1

1. What is writing
Writing involves words on paper via a computer, pen, pencil, or crayon. But
writing is more than more doodling.
2. Forms of Writing
Narration – Narration that talks about real events includes biographies and
autobiographies.
Description – This is a kind of writing that creates a word picture of what something
or someone is like.
Description also use images, words that appeal to one or more of our five senses:
sight hearing, taste, touch, or smell.

Exposition – This type of writing explains, shows, tells about a subject. As a result, it
is the most common type of everyday writing.

Persuasion – This is a type of writing that tries to move an audience to though or

action. Newspaper editorials, advertisement, and letter to the editor are all examples
of persuasive writing.

3. Defining – Creative Writing

 Creative writing is a kind of writing that uses language in imaginative and bold
ways.
 Creative writing is considered to be any writing, fiction, poetry, or non-fiction
that goes outside the bounds of normal professional, journalism, academic and
technical forms of literature.
 Creative writing is writing that expresses the writer’s thoughts and feelings in an
imaginative, often unique, and poetic way.
5. Creative Writing us Technical Writing
 The main differences between both of them is that, creative writing is written to
enthrall, entertain and arouse a certain feeling in a reader, whereas technical
writing is to educate the audience with the factual information and is presented in
a logical manner.
6. Creative Writing vs Journalism
 Creative writing allows the writer to delve deeper into his imagination to bring
out the study that he desires to write about in creative writing, the writer uses
words to paint pictures and creates worlds, situations, and characters that are
fictitious but related to life. Creative writers usually incorporate the art of
literature into their works. Poems, novels, plays, and short stories are all under
the category of creative writing. Journalism, on the other hand, relies heavily on
the truth, facts, current events, and knowledge. News articles, features stories pr
magazine, sports news, and many others found in broadsheets and tabloids belong
to journalism.
7. Creative Writing vs Academic Writing
 The two disciplines of academic and creative writing are traditionally divorced.
Creative writing is seen as undisciplined, personal, and inspiration driven, while
academic writing is strictly organized and analytical.
Types of Creative Writing

1. Journals
2. Diaries
3. Essays
4. Fiction
5. Poetry
6. Memoir
7. Vignettes
8. Letters
9. Scripts
10. Song lyrics
11. Drama
12. Blogging
13. Creative Nonfiction

1. Journal
 Journal are often confused for diaries. Technically, a diary. Technically, a diary is
a type of journal, but a journal is nay written log. You could keep a gratitude
journal, a memoir journal, Dresden journal, or a goals journal.
2. Diaries
 A diary is a specific kind of journal where you write down the evenkite of each
day, resulting in a chronicle of your life.
3. Essays
 Not all essays are creative, but plenty of essay’s flow from creative thinking some
examples include personal essays, descriptive essays, and persuasive essays.
4. Fiction
 One of the most popular types of creative writing is fiction. Prose fiction or
narrative fiction, includes novels, short stories, myths, parables, romances, and
epics. Fiction originally meant anything made up, crafted, or shaped, but as we
understand (the fiction like all) the word today, it means s prose story based in the
imagination of the author

5. Poetry
 Another popular but under-appreciated type of writing is poetry, which is easily
the most artistic, creative form of writing. Poetry more economical than prose.
Fiction in the use of words, and it relies on imaginary, figurative language and
sound.

6. Memoir
 Memoir are personal accounts (or stories) with narrow themes and specific topics.
They are usually the length of novels or novellas; shorter works of this kind
would be considered essays. Memoir topics focus on specific experiences rather
than providing a wood life story (which would be a biography).
7. Vignettes
 A vignette is defined as (a brief evocative descriptive, account, or episode)
vignettes can be poems, stories, descriptive, personal accounts anything goes
really. The key is that a vignette is extremely short-just a quick snippet.

8. Letters
 Because the ability to communicate effectively is increasingly valuable. Letter
writing is a useful skill. There is a song tradition of publishing letters, so take
extra care with those emails you’ve shooting off to friends, family, and business
associates.

9. Scripts
 Hit the screen or the stages by writing screenplays (for film), scripts (for plays),
or teleplays (for TV).

10. Song Lyrics

 Close cousin of poetry, song lyrics are a fun and creative way to merge the craft
of writing lyrics is an excellent path writer who can play an instrument or who
want to collaborate with musicians.

11. Drama
 Drama is a literary work which is designed to be performed by actors. Like
fiction, drama may focus on a single character or a small number of characters,
and it presents fictional events as if these were happening the present, to be
witnessed by an audience. Drama can be read as well as acted.

12. Blogging
 A blog is nothing more than a publishing platform. A piece of technology that
displays content on the web or an electronic device. A blog can be just about
anything form a diary to a personal platform to an educational tad. In terms of
creative writing, blog is wide open because you can use them to publish any (or
all) types of creative writing.

13. Creative Nonfiction

 Fiction that imaginary situation and characters that are very similar to real life is
called creative nonfiction.
CONCEPT #2

 The use of the language in Writing

A. Imagery
B. Figure of speech
C. Parallelism
D. Style
E. Diction
F. Denotation and Connotation
G. Conciseness
H. Voice

 Why we write four reasons

1. Why do we write
- To be fully alive
- We write to make a name for ourselves
- We write to change the world
- We write to discover meaning
CONCEPT # 3
1. The Writing Process
- The writing process break a large task into a small, manageable steps each with a
different purpose.

A. Prewriting
B. Drafting
C. Revising
D. Editing
E. Publishing

A. Prewriting
- Prewriting involves exploring a subject, narrowing your focus to a specific topic
researching the topic, gathering details, and organizing them.
All prewriting or planning begins with thinking about four key elements:
1. Topic
2. Author’s Purpose
3. Audience
4. Special considerations

1. Topic
- Your topic is what you will write about. Everything you have ever known, seen,
dreamed, experienced, remembered, heard, and read can be a source of your
writing topic.
2. Author’s purpose
- An author’s purpose is the author’s goal in writing a selection. Common purposes
include to entertain, persuade, or describe.
3. Audience
- Your audience is your reader. Writing without first considering your audience is
like buying a pair of pants without trying them on.
4. Special Considerations
Here are some of the constraints that all creative writers must face sooner or later.

B. Drafting
- Drafting is creating a first written version or draft. (Beginning, middle, and
ending). During this step, you work steadily to connect your ideas to from a first
version of your writing.
1. Beginning
- The beginning does a number of important jobs.

1) Grabs the reader’s attention with an interesting fact, question, or anecdote

2) Provides necessary background
3) Enables a voice appropriate for the purpose of the writing
4) States the thesis of the piece

2. Middle
- The middle supports and develops the thesis, providing a variety of details and
information.

1) Facts and statistics explain ideas

2) Definitions and examples classify ideas
3) Anecdotes and observations connect the topic to real life
4) Quotations and citations after expert information
5) Experiments supply scientific evidence
6) Logic and argumentation persuade the reader

- The middle also organizes the supporting details according to a pattern. Here are
a number of basic patterns of organization:

1) Time: Organizing details chronologically

2) Location: Organizing details spatially
3) Logic: Presenting statements according to correct reasoning
4) Conversion: Taking a position, then arguing toward an opposite opinion
5) Least to the most: Presenting details form least to most important
6) Most to least: Presenting details from most to least
7) Subject by subject: Describing one subject completely then the other
8) Point by point: Treating one point at a time
9) Causes and effects: Covering causes and then effects
10) Similarities and differences: Covering comparisons and then contrasts
11) Pros and cons: covering benefits and then drawbacks

3. Ending
- The ending leaves an impression in one or more ways

1) Jumps up the thesis

2) Emphasizes a key point
3) Connects with the reader’s life
4) Calls the reader to act
5) Provides a strong final thought
6) Ask a provocative question
C. Revising
- After completing a solid first draft, take a break. The length of the break can vary
depending upon the complexity of the writing, but it should be long enough for
you to return to your work refreshed and ready to revise your draft.

D. Editing
- Once you have completed the large-scale improvement and made a clean copy of
your revised writing, it is time to edit your work. Editing involves fine-tunning
the words, sentences, correctness, and design of the piece. The checklist below
will help.

E. Publishing
- Publishing brings your work to the public so that others can learn from it, respond
to it, and build upon it. In addition to traditional publications, online options
allow you to share your ideas across the globe.

2. Applying the Basic Conventions of Writing

- Conventions include punctuation, usage mechanics, and sentences rule. The
following pages outline the most conventions of English.

A. Punctuation Rules
B. Usage Rules
C. Mechanics Rules
D. Agreement Rules
E. Sentence Rules
F. Sentence Error Rule

A. Punctuation Rules

A. Use correct End punctuation. End I arrived early. Why was I’m sick of it!
statements and mild commas with a
period. End direct questions with a
question mark. Use exclamation
points sparingly, one a time.
B. Use commas after introductory Before the sun rose, we eat breakfast
words. Set off a group of four or
more introductory words.
C. Use comas to separate items in a We couldn’t decide whether to have beans,
series. Include a common before the rice, or corn.
last words and or.
D. Place a common between equal I like hot, spicy chili
adjectives.

5. Use a comma and a coordinating The pillow is hypoallergic, and the sheets
conjunction to form compound are freshly washed.
sentences. You can join two
sentences (Independent, Clauses)
with a comma followed by
coordinating conjunction (and, but,
or, nor, for, so, yet).
6. Use a semicolon to form compound The pillow is hypoallergic, and the sheets
sentences. You can join two closely are freshly washed.
related sentences compound
(independent clauses) with a
semicolon.
7. Place a colon before an example or She needs on things, respect, I need three
list. Write a complete sentence things: launch, a shower, and a nap.
before the colons.

8. Use an apostrophe to show Friends report (owned by one)

possession. Adds to most words,
and an apostrophe to plurals ending
inns, (the owner proceeds the
apostrophe).
9. Use quotation marks around a When did Lincoln say that the Civil War
speaker’s exact words. Periods and might continue “Until every drop of blood
commas at the end of a quotation drawn with the sword”.
appear inside the quotation marks;
colons and semi-colons appear
outside the quotation marks;
question marks, exclamation points
appear inside the marks if those
belong to the quotation, outside if
they end the sentence.
10. Set off titles of short works with The song “Pare ko” is on the album Ultra
quotation marks, use italics electro Magnetic Pop.
(underlined) for long worker. Short
works are songs, short stories,
poems, articles, etc. long works are
album, books, newspapers, etc.
B. Usage Rules

1. Accept, except: The verb accept means I won’t accept an answer except yes.
“receive” the position except means
“other than” the conjunction, “unless”
and the verb “leave out”.

2. Affect, effect: Affect is a verb that The situation doesn’t affect the me I’ve
means “influence”. As a noun, effect realized no negative effects so why
means “bring about”. should I effect a change?

3. Among, between: Among often refers Among the possible candidates, I’ll
to groups of more than two, between chose between these two.
often refers to only two.

4. Amount, number: Amount refers to A number of glasses held the same

thing in bulk or mass, number refers to amount of water.
separate things that can be counted.

5. Bad, badly: Bad is an adjective, used The report is bad (bad report). I look
before a noun or after a linking verb, bad (bad appearance). I play’ badly (bad
badly is an adverb. at playing).

6. Choose, chose: Choose means “select” I Choose today the same thing
chose is the past tense of choose. I chose yesterday

7. Farther, further: Farther refers to a Further reflection tells us that we should

greater extent or degree walk farther.

8. Fewer, less: Fewer refers to separate I like using this, “10 items or fewer). It
items that can be counted, less refers to takes less time than the others.
a quantity that can be measured but not
counted.
9. Good, well: Good is an adjective, never Carl is a good athlete. He eats well
an adverb. Well, is an adjective that (adverb) in order to stay well
means “healthy” but it is most often (adjective).
used as an adverb.
10. Hole, whole: refers to an opening or The whole day turned sour when I fell
gap, whole refers to completeness. in the hole.
11. Imply, infer: Imply means “suggest”, Writers imply. Readers infer.
infer means “deduce”.
12. It’s, its: It’s is the contraction for “it is” It’s possible that you can replace its,
or “it has”, it is a possessive pronoun. missing case.

13. Lay, lie: Lay means “put” or place and Since you don’t feel well, just lay your
its transitive (it must have a direct card, on the table and go lie down.
object). Its past tense is laid. Lie means
 “recline” or to “speak falsely” and is
transitive (it cannot be a direct object).
Its past tense is lay (that’s where the
confusion comes in).

14. Plain, plane: Plain is a noun meaning The plain truth: is that this plane cannot
“an area of level , treeless person” or an land on just any plan.
adjective meaning “ordinary” or easily
understand”. Plane is a noun meaning “a
flat surface” “a tool for making
something smooth”, or “an airplane”.
Plane is also an adjective meaning
“level”.
15. Principal, principle: Principal is a noun The principal of the school promotes:
meaning “highest-ranking person” or the principle of respect.
“invested money”. Principal is also an
adjective meaning “primary”. The noun
principle, means “guiding rule”.

16. Real, very, really: Real is usually an The monetary gains me real, which is
adjective meaning “authentic”. It should really encouraging.
not be used in place of the adverbs very
or really.
17. Than, then: is an conjunction that I showed that I was taller than my
creates a compassion, then is usually an brother. Then be slugged me.
adverb referring to time?
18. To, too, two: To is a preposition that We want to the upscale market to buy
indicates direction and is also the word two zucchinis, though they were too
used to form infinitive. Too is an adverb expensive.
that means “excessively”. Two is the
number 2.
19. Who’s, whose: Who’s is the contraction Who’s in charge here?
of “who is” or “who has”. Whose is a Whose mess is that?
processive pronoun.
20. You’re, your: You’re is the contraction You’re telling me that’s your mess?
of “you are”. Your is a possessive
pronoun.

C. Mechanics Rules

1. Capitalize proper nouns: names of Tuesday

people, organization, language, Jenny
religions, ethnic group, months, days, Jupiter
trade names, geographical name etc. Asia
Congress
 2. In a title, capitalize first, last, and Heart of Darkness The Heat is a Lonely
important middle words (not articles, Hunter of Mice and Men The Catcher
coordinating conjunction short in the Rye.
prepositions, or to is an infinitive).

3. Form plurals correctly. Add to most Tasks

words to words ending inch, s, sh, x, or z; Buildings
and s or is to the most important words in Foxes
compounds. Watch for irregular plurals, switchers
(Child-Children, medium-media). Mother-in-law

4. Use words for numbers under 10. Usually One

use numerals for numbers to 10 or over. 19
Combine numerals and words for very 35 (Thirty-five)
large numbers. Seven
12 million
5. Apply the silent e rule. Keep the final Careful
silent e when adding a suffix that begins Caring
with a consonant. Drop the e when Valueless
adding-suffix that begins with-vowel. Valuable

D. Agreement Rules

1. Subjects and verbs must agree in number. The stock car zooms down the dark
Singular subjects take singular verbs, and The stock cars zoom down the track
plural subjects take plural verb.
2. Compound Subjects joined by an and are Teri and Liza work hard. A file and
plural. Two or more subjects joined by notes are ready.
and take or plural verb.
3. Some compound subjects are joined by an The assistants or Liza writers the
oar. Match the verb to the last subject. report.

4. Pronouns must agree with their antecedent’s (with their) a person, number, and
gender.

Singular Plural
Subject Object Possession Subject Object Possessive
First I Me My We Us Our, ours
person
 Second You You Your, Your You Your,
person yours yours

Third He, she, Him, His, her, Them Them Their,

person it her, its hers, its theirs

E. Sentence Rules

1. A sentence needs a subject and a Subjects/ Predicate

predicate. Cats play
The subjects are a noun, pronoun or word To play is the eats’ favorite activity.
group that functions as a noun. The predicate Whoever wants to see a funny sight
includes the verb and tells what the subject, should watch my cat play.
doing or being

2. A command has an implied subjects, Hand in your assignment include your

the pronoun you. name please.
3. Questions and other constructions have (You are participating).
inverted structure. Where is my equipment?
This means that the subjects come after the (My apartment is where).
verb.
4. A sentence combines two independent Subordinate clause: After we clean
clauses. (The clauses are joined with a complete sentence: After we clean, we
semicolon, or accord). Subordinate will decorate.
clauses and relative clauses have subjects Relative Clause: Who are strong
and verbs, but they do not express Complete Sentences: We need helpers
complete thoughts. They must be joined who are strong to move the furniture.
to independent clauses to make complete
sentences.
5. Compound sentences combine two You can plan, and I will. Play the
independent clauses. The clauses are electric guitar.
joined with a semicolon or a coordinating My amplifier is loud, but you’ve got a
conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, so, heavy hand on that keyboard.
yet), and a comma is used before the
conjunction.
6. Complex sentences combine or Although the class hadn’t started, my
independent clause with one or more friend was already working.
dependent clause (subordinate or My friend, who is planning to be a
relatives). Subordinate clauses begin with teacher, in an excellent tutor.
subordinating conjunctions (after,
because, although), and relative clauses
begins with relative pronouns (who,
which, that).

F. Sentence Error Rule

1. Five sentence fragments. Add whatever Needs subjects: is hot
part of the fragment is missing the The day is hot.
subjects, the predicate or both. If the Needs predicate: All of us
fragment has a subject and predicate but All of us want to go swimming
does not express a complete thought join Not complete: When we swim
the fragment to a complete sentence. When we swim, we use sunscreen.

2. Avoid comma splices. A comma splice Incorrect: Information rules our, lives
combines two sentences with only a we can’t live without it.
comma. To correct this error, add a Information rules our lives, and we
coordinating conjunction after the can’t live without it. (Conjunction
comma, change the comma to a added).
semicolon, or separate the independent Information rules our lives, we can’t
clause into the sentence. live without it (semicolon added).
3. Correct run-on, sentences. A run-on Incorrect: Information rules our lives
sentence combines two sentences without we can’t live without it.
any punctuation or conjunction. (see rule Incorrect: Information rules our lives
2 above). because we can’t live without it.
(Conjunction added).

4. Split up rambling sentences. Rambling Rambling: The constitution

sentences include too many related ideas guaranteed that all men are created
in a long sentence. Remove unimportant equal but really meant only white;
information and split the remaining pieces landowning, adult males were created
into individual sentences. equal, which excluded all women and
all people of color which is totally
unfair and something that had to be
addressed though amendments to the
constitution our two hundred years to
extend equality and its rights to all
people.

Corrected: The Constitution

guaranteed that all men are corrected
equal but really only meant while,
landowning, adult males.
Two hundred years of amendments to
the Constitution finally extended
equality and its rights to all people,
including women and people of color.
5. Use parallel constructions. Connect Incorrect: Today I will today up the
items of similar structure when using bedroom, the living room, and
coordinating conjunctions all nouns, all wallpaper the cat.
adjectives, all phrases, all clauses. Correct: Today I will today up the
bedroom, neaten the living room and
wallpaper the cat.
CONCEPT # 4
Parallelism
To achieve unity, clarity and coherence, observe parallelism in both speech and
writing. Express two or more ideas in the same grammatical form by matching the words,
phrases with phases, and with clauses.

Consistency in terms, numbers, person, mood, and subject.

The clarity coherence, consistency or agreement in tense, number, person, mood, and
subject should observed. Unnecessary shifts will lead to confusion.
Examples:
Tense: Responsible students review their notes before they enter the classroom.
Number: Milan wrote the petition herself.
Person: Human beings should preserve the environment because they are custodians of earth.
Mood: Decide on a career; strive to become successful in it.
Subject: If we review for the NSAT, we will give ourselves a fighting chance o pass it.