CHAPTER 3
PLANT
MORPHOLOGY
DYL10012 – PLANT SCINCE
DEPARTMENT OF AGROTECHNOLOGY & BIO-INDUSTRY
LESSON LEARNING OUTCOME
Upon completing this topic,
student should able to :
1. Describe the morphologies of plant
# Morphology is the study
of :
External features of plants,
Arrangement,
Relationship of organs.
# The underground part of
flowering plant is the root
system while the portion
above the ground forms
the shoot system.
# Plant has vegetative and
reproductive organs
1.2
“ROOTS”
#ROOT
LOCATION- grows
underground
ROOTS DIVIDED-
i. Primary
Formed directly from
axis of embryo plant.
ii. Secondary
Also known as lateral
roots that arises from
primary.
TYPE OF ROOTS
1. Tap Root
Characterized by large central axis
that larger than lateral root
Continuation of the primary root
Idea for anchorage
Penetration is greater for water
Some tap roots used to store
carbohydrates (e.g. carrots)
Dicots
TYPE OF ROOTS
2. Fibrous Root
Many finely branched secondary roots
Shallow roots cover a large area
* More efficient absorption of water &
mineral
* Roots hold the soil to prevent erosion
Monocots
TYPE OF ROOTS
3. Adventitious roots
A root that develops from any other part other than
radicle. They from various areas of the plant.
For example, roots may develop from the base of the
stem, nodes or from leaves.
TAP ROOTS FIBROUS ROOTS ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS
•Prominent in dicot •Prominent in monocots •They develop from organs of
shoot system
•Primary roots grow & •Roots develop from lower
becomes stout. nodes
•Secondary & tertiary grow •They have same length &
from primary root diameter
1. STORAGE ROOTS
stores plant food in the form of starchy carbohydrate
biennials - plants that live for two years -- spend their first year collecting
carbohydrate in their storage roots, then the second year they use their stored
carbohydrate to grow
2. PROP ROOTS
Prop roots prop up stems that might fall over
when the ground becomes soft.
They are much more common in tropical
and subtropical areas than in our Temperate
Zone.
On mature corn stalks, prop roots arising
from the lower parts of corn stalks.
IN BANYAN tree, branches give off roots
that grow into the soil & support the
branches
3. EPIPHYTIC ROOTS
IN VANDA,
• Base of tissue
grows spongy
tissue termed
velamen that
absorbs moisture
from the air
4. FLOATING ROOTS
• Roots store air,
become inflated
and spongy,
project above the
level of water,
• Help plant to
floats.
1.2
“STEM”
#STEM
External stem
structure
APICAL meristems (located at
the tips of roots and shoots)
Apical dominance refers to the
suppression of growth by hormones
produced in the apical meristem. The
Christmas tree pattern of pines
indicates strong apical
dominance. Bushy plants have weak
apical dominance. If apical meristem is
eaten or destroyed, plants may become
bushy.
Lateral branch growth are inhibited near
the shoot apex, but less so farther from
the tip.
Apical dominance is disrupted in some
plants by removing the shoot tip, causing
the plant to become bushy.
Rhizomes - horizontal
stems that grow below
the ground with
adventitious roots
Examples of plants that
can produce rhizomes
are irises, ferns, and
grasses.
Stolons or runners -
horizontal stem that
grows above the
ground with long
internodes
Examples of plants that
can produce stolons
are strawberry and
airplane plants
A tuber is an
underground stem
that stores food.
We know a potato is
a tuber because it has
nodes (eyes) which
produce new shoots.
Potato
Bulbs - large buds with
a small stem at the
lower end surrounded
by numerous fleshy
leaves, adventitious
roots at base
Examples include
onion, tulip, and lily
Corms - resemble bulbs
but composed entirely
of stem tissue
surrounded by a few
papery scale like
leaves, food storage
organs with
adventitious roots at
the base of corms
Examples include
crocus and gladiolus.
Cacti - stout fleshy
stems that are
modified for food and
water storage and
photosynthesis.
Honey locust (modified
stem)
Black Locust (modified
leaf stipules)
Grape Tendrils
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
1.2
“LEAVES”
Organsattached to stems
of vascular plants
Leaf structure
– Petiole = Part of leaf that
attaches blade to stem
– Blade = flattened portion of
leaf
– Stipules = leaf-like tissue
attached to base of petiole
Alternate= leaves Opposite = leaves
occur at nodes singly occur at nodes in
pairs
Whorled = more
than 2 leaves at
each node
SIMPLE LEAF = undivided
blade with a single axillary bud at
the base of its petiole.
COMPOUND LEAF =
blade divided into leaflets,
leaflets lack an axillary bud but
each compound leaf has a
single bud at the base of its
petiole
pinnately-compound
leaves
palmately-compound
leaves
Pinnately-compound leaves: leaflets in
pairs and attached along a central
rachis; examples :rose.
Palmately-compound leaves: leaflets
attached at the same point at the end
of the petiole
Netted-venation = characteristics of many dicots.
Pinnately-veined leaves = veins project laterally on either side
of midrib
Palmately-veined leaves = veins arise from common point of
origin at base of midrib (above petiole)
Parallel venation = characteristics of many monocots
(e.g., grasses, cereal grains); veins are parallel to one
another.
Netted Venation
PARALLEL
Cotyledons: embryonic or "seed" leaves. First leaves
produced by a germinating seed, often contain a store
of food (obtained from the endosperm) to help the
seedling become established.
Garden Pea
Tendrils - blade of leaves or leaflets are reduced in
size, allows plant to cling to other objects (e.g.,
sweet pea and garden peas.
petal-like leaves.
All
these plants live under nutrient-poor
conditions and digest insect bodies to
obtain nitrogen and other essential
nutrients.
1.2
“FLOWER”
FLOWER
Contain the sexual organs for the plant.
provides a mechanism to attract
pollinators to facilitate pollination
It provides a platform for fertilized ovules
to develop and be distributed as fruit and
seeds
The number of sepals and petals is used
in plant identification.
Monocotyledon Dicotyledon
have flower parts in threes have sepals and petals in
or multiples of three. fours, fives, or multiples
thereof
Flower Part
Complete – Flower Incomplete – Flower
containing sepals, petals, lacking sepals, petals,
stamens, and pistil stamens, and/or pistils
Perfect – Flowers Imperfect – Flowers that
containing male and lack either male or female
female parts in the same parts in the same flower
flower (Hibiscus,rose) (Papaya)
o Pistillate – Flowers o Staminate – Flowers
containing only female containing only male
parts parts
Hermaphroditic – Plants with perfect
flowers (apples, hibiscus)
Monoecious (mə-nē'shəs) – Plants with
separate male flowers and female flowers
on the same plant (corn, squash, and
pine)
Dioecious (dī-ē'shəs) – Plants with male
flowers and female flowers on separate
plants
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
1.2
“FRUITS”
FRUIT
o The ovary of the flower contains the ovules.
o As fertilized ovules develop into seeds, the ovary wall
develops into the fruit.
o In science, the term “fruit” refers to a mature ovary that
contains seeds.
Fruit Classification
1. Simple Fruits
develops from one ovary
2. Aggregate Fruit
develops from several ovaries of a single flower
3. Collective or Multiple Fruit
derived from several ovaries
of several flowers or from the
ovaries of a compact
inflorescence.
As to structure, consistency & dehiscence
(includes the state of the pericarp in the ripened fruit)
1. Fleshy
when the pericarp is soft, juicy (or pulpy) or succulent
2. Dry
when the pericarp is dry or papery upon maturity
Dichotomous Key
1 Simple Fruits
2 Fleshy Fruits
3 Fleshy part derived from the ovary
4 Entire ovary fleshy, enclosing several seeds .….. berry
5 Leathery rind …………………………………… hespiridium
5 Hard rind ……………………………………….. pepo
4 Outer part of ovary fleshy, inner part stony
usually enclosing one seed ………………………. drupe
6 Mesocarp fleshy ………………………………. fleshy drupe
6 Mesocarp fibrous ……………………………… fibrous drupe
3 Fleshy part derived mainly from the torus ………….. pome
Simple-Fleshy-Berry-Hespiridium
Derived from a fleshy ovary enclosing several
seeds. Has thick leathery skin containing oil.
Kalamansi (Citrus microcarpa) Mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata)
peel/exocarp
flavedo/epicarp
albedo/mesocarp
endocarp
seed
carpels sections with
fluid-filled sacs called
vesicles
septum
Hespiridium Anatomy
Simple-Fleshy-Berry-Pepo
Derived from a fleshy ovary enclosing many
seeds. Pepo has hard, thick rind.
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Water melon (Citrullus lanatus)
Pepo Anatomy
Simple-Fleshy-Drupe-Fleshy
Fleshy mesocarp and ovary. Seed enclosed
within a stony endocarp (pit).
Peach (Prunus persica) Mango (Mangifera Indica)
Fleshy Drupe Anatomy
endocarp
endocarp
seed
seed
Simple-Fleshy-Drupe-Fibrous
Fibrous mesocarp and fleshy ovary. Seed
enclosed within a stony endocarp (pit)
Coconut (Cocos nucifera)
Fibrous Drupe Anatomy
Simple-Fleshy-Pome
Fleshy part derived mainly from torus. Ovary
surrounded by fleshy hypanthium.
Apple (Malus domestica) Pears (Pyrus sp.)
Pome Anatomy
2 Dry Fruits
7 Dehiscent
8 Fruit derived from one carpel
9 Splitting along 1 seam (1 suture) .……..……… follicle
9 Splitting along 2 seams (2 sutures) ...…..…….. legume/pod
8 Fruit derived from 2 or more carpel
10 Carpels 2, persistent partition wall
after splitting …..………………………………… silique
10 Carpels 2 or more, splitting in one
of four different ways …………………………… capsule
11 Splitting along the locule ……….………….. loculicidal
11 Splitting along the septa …………………… septicidal
11 Splitting along the terminal pore ………….. poricidal
11 Splitting along a circular horizontal line ….. circumscissile
Simple-Dry-Dehiscent-Follicle
Dry fruit derived from one carpel splitting
along one seam
Kalachuchi (Plumeria rubra) Star anise (Illicium verum)
Simple-Dry-Dehiscent-Legume/Pod
Dry fruit derived from one carpel splitting
along two seam
Chicharo (Pisum sativum) Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)
Simple-Dry-Dehiscent-Silique
Dry fruit derived from two or more carpel with
persistent partition wall after splitting
Narrowleaf bittercress Bluepod Rockcress
(Cardamine impatiens) (Boechera glaucovalvula)
Simple-Dry-Dehiscent-Capsule
Derived from two or more carpel splitting in
one or four ways
Loculicidal Septicidal
(Splitting along the locule) (Splitting along the septum)
Jimson weed (Datura stramonium) Calico Flower (Aristolochia littoralis)
Simple-Dry-Dehiscent-Capsule
Poricidal Circumscissile
(Splitting along the terminal pore) (Splitting along a circular horizontal line)
Opium (Papaver somniferum) Twinberry (Menodora scabra)
7 Indehiscent Fruits
12 Seed inseparable from the fruit wall …………………… grain/caryopsis
12 Seed separable from the fruit wall
13 Fruit with wings ……………………………………….. samara/key
13 Fruit without wings
14 Fruit wall very hard, one seeded ….……………. nut
14 Fruit wall thin, one seed attached
to ovary wall at one point ………………………… achene
12 Seeds not coming out of fruit although united
carpels split apart at maturity .…………………………… schizocarp
Simple-Dry-Indehiscent-Grain/Caryopsis
Seed inseparable from the fruit wall.
Rice (Oriza sativa) Corn (Zea mays)
Rice Grain Anatomy
Corn Kernel Anatomy
Simple-Dry-Indehiscent-Samara/Key
Seed separable from the fruit wall.
Fruit with wings
Mahogany (Shorea negrosensis) Narra (Pterocarpus indicus)
Simple-Dry-Indehiscent-Nut
Fruit without wings and with very hard fruit
wall. Has only one seed.
Pili nut Cashew nut
(Canarium ovatum) (Anacardium occidentale)
Simple-Dry-Indehiscent-Achene
Seed without wings and with thin fruit wall.
One seed attached to ovary wall at one point.
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Strawberry (Fragaria sp.)
Simple-Dry-Indehiscent-Schizocarp
Seed not coming out of fruit although united
carpels split apart at maturity
Little mallow (Malva parviflora) Queen Anne’s Lace (Daucus carota)
1 Compound Fruits
15 Fruits from several ovaries of one flower massed
on a common receptacle .……………………………….... aggregate
15 Fruit from several ovaries of several flowers
of compact inflorescence …………………………………. collective/multiple
Compound-Aggregate
Many ovaries derived from a single flower
Strawberry (Fragaria sp.)
Compound-Multiple/Collective
From several ovaries of several flowers of a
compact inflorescence
Pineapple (Ananas comosus)
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
