The Newton-Raphson Power-Flow Solution

• To apply N-R method we use polar form of voltages and admittances

• When we separate the term n = i in Eqs. (6) and (7), we have

=∑ cos( + − ) (6)
=−∑ sin + − (7)

= cos( + − )+ cos( + − )

= +∑ cos( + − ) (38)

=− sin + − −∑ sin + −

=− −∑ sin + − (39)
 The Newton-Raphson Power-Flow Solution
• The above equations can be readily differentiated with respect
to voltage angles and magnitudes

• = ∠ = cos + sin = +

Let us consider all buses (except slack bus) as load buses with known
and !
– The slack bus has specified values for and | |
– Each of other buses has two state variables— and | | to be
calculated

• The known values of # and # correspond to the negative of ‘b’

constants shown in Eqs. (27) and (28)
$ % , % , ' = ℎ % , % , ' − ) = 0 (27)
$ % , % , ' = ℎ % , % , ' − ) = 0 (28)
 The Newton-Raphson Power-Flow Solution
• At each non-slack bus estimated values of and | |
(+) (+)
corresponds to the estimates % and % in the preceding section

• Correspondence to the Δ$ mismatches of Eq. (34) follows from Eqs.

(8) and (9) by writing the power mismatches for typical load bus (i),
Δ = ,-./ − ,.01. (40)
Δ = ,-./ − ,.01. (41)

Δ = ,-./ − ,.01. = 2 − # − ,.01. (8)

Δ = ,-./ − ,.01. = 2 − # − ,.01. (9)

(+) (+)
Δ% Δ$
3 (+) (+)
= (+)
(34)
Δ% Δ$
 The Newton-Raphson Power-Flow Solution
Writing the mismatch equation for a four bus system,
4 4 4
Δ = Δ + Δ 5+ Δ 6
4 4 5 4 6
789 78 78
+ Δ| | + 9 Δ| 5 | + 9 Δ| 6 | (42)
7|:; | 7|:< | 7|:= |

Multiplying and dividing the last three terms by their respective voltage
magnitudes,
4 4 4
Δ = Δ + Δ 5+ Δ 6
4 4 5 4 6
789 ? :; 789 ? :< 789 ? :=
+ ⋅ + 5 7: ⋅ + 6 7: ⋅ (43)
7 :; :; < :< = :=

A similar mismatch equation for reactive power ! ,

4 4 4
Δ = Δ + Δ 5+ Δ 6
4 4 5 4 6
7@9 ? :; 7@9 ? :< 7@9 ? :=
+ ⋅ + 5 7: ⋅ + 6 7: ⋅ (44)
7 :; :; < :< = :=
 The Newton-Raphson Power-Flow Solution
• Each non-slack bus has two equations like Eqs. (43) and (44)

Collecting all the mismatch equations in vector matrix form,

78; 78; 78 78
… | | 7|:;| … | 6 | 7|:;|
7A; 7A= ; = Δ
⋮ 3 ⋮ ⋮ 3 ⋮ ⋮ Δ
78= 78= 78 78= Δ ⋮
… | | 7|:=| … | |
6 7|: | 6
Δ
7A; 7A= ? :; 6
; =
= (45)
7@;
…
7@;
|
7@
| 7|:;| … | |
7@; :; Δ
6 7|: |
7A; 7A= ; = ⋮ ⋮
⋮ 3 ⋮ ⋮ 3 ⋮ ? := Δ 6
7@= 7@= 7@ 7@= :=
… | | 7|:=| … | |
6 7|: |
7A; 7A= ; =
Mismatches
Corrections

jacobian
 The Newton-Raphson Power-Flow Solution
• We cannot include mismatches for the slack bus, since Δ and
Δ are undefined, when and Q are not scheduled

• We also omit all terms involving Δ and Δ| | from the

equations because those corrections are both zero at slack bus

• The partitioned form of Eq. (45) emphasizes the four different

types of partial derivatives

• The elements of 3 and 3 have voltage magnitude

multipliers because a simpler and more symmetrical jacobian
results
– In choosing this format we have used the identity:
789 ? :G 789
F 7: H = HΔ F (46)
G :G 7 :G

Element of J12 Correction

 The Newton-Raphson Power-Flow Solution
? :G
• We used corrections rather than Δ F
:G

The solution of Eq. (45) is found by iteration as follows:

(+) (+)
• Estimate values and for the state variables
• Use the estimates to calculate:
(+) (+)
– ,.01. and ,.01. from the Eqs. (38) and (39)
(+) (+)
– Mismatches Δ and Δ from Eqs. (40) and (41)
– The partial derivative elements of the jacobian J

= +∑ cos( + − ) (38)

=− −∑ sin + − (39)

Δ = ,-./ − ,.01. (40)

Δ = ,-./ − ,.01. (41)
 The Newton-Raphson Power-Flow Solution
(+) ? :9 I
• Solve Eq. (45) for the initial corrections Δ and
:9 I
• Add the solved corrections to the initial estimates to obtain,
( ) (+) (+)
= +Δ (47)
( ) = (+) +Δ (+) (48)
( ) ( )
• Use the new values and as starting values for iteration 2 and
continue

• In more general terms, the updated formulas for the starting values
of the state variables are,
(JK ) (J) (J)
= +Δ (49)
(JK ) (J) (J) J ? :9 O
= +Δ = 1+ :9 O
(50)
 The Newton-Raphson Power-Flow Solution
• For the four bus system submatrix J11 has the form,
78; 78; 78;
7A; 7A< 7A=
78< 78< 78<
3 = 7A; 7A< 7A=
(51)
78= 78= 78=
7A; 7A< 7A=
• Expressions for the elements of this equation are easily found by
differentiating the appropriate term in Eq. (38)
= +∑ cos( + − ) (38)

When the variable n equals the particular value j, only one of the cosine terms
in the summation of Eq. (38) contains PQ . So, we obtain the typical off-diagonal
( ≠ Q ) elements of J11,
789
=− F F sin F + F − (52)
7AG
 The Newton-Raphson Power-Flow Solution
Every term in summation of Eq. (38) contains P . So, the typical
diagonal ( = Q ) element of J11,
789 789
=∑ sin( + − ) = −∑ (53)
7A9 7AS

Now we have,
=− −∑ sin + − (39)

By comparing the expression in Eq. (53) and Eq. (39) we obtain,

789
=− − (54)
7A9

In a quite similar manner, we can derive formulas for the elements of

sub-matrix J21 as,
Off-diagonal elements:
7@9
=− F F cos F + F − (55)
7AG
 The Newton-Raphson Power-Flow Solution
Diagonal elements:
7@9 7@9
=∑ cos( + − ) = −∑ (56)
7A9 7AS

Now we have,
= +∑ cos( + − ) (38)

By comparing the expression in Eq. (56) and Eq. (38) we can show that,
7@9
= − (57)
7A9

The off-diagonal elements of sub-matrix J12 are easily found by first finding
T
the expression for derivative and then multiplying by |UQ | as,
T|UQ|
789
F 7: = F F cos F + F − (58)
G
 The Newton-Raphson Power-Flow Solution
We have,
7@9
=− F F cos F + F − (55)
7AG

Comparison with Eq. (55) yields,

789 7@9
| F| 7 : = − 7A (59)
G G

• This the most useful result, because it reduces the computation

involved in forming the jacobian, since the off-diagonal elements of
the J12 are now simply the negative of the corresponding elements in
J21
789
– This fact would not become apparent if we had not multiplied by the
7 :G
magnitude | F | in Eq. (43)

78 78 789 ? :; 789 ? :=
Δ = 7A 9 Δ + ⋯ + 7A 9 Δ 6+ 7 :;
⋅ :;
+ ⋯+ 6 7: ⋅ :=
(43)
; = =
 The Newton-Raphson Power-Flow Solution
In an analogous manner, diagonal elements of J12 can be found. We
have,
= +∑ cos( + − ) (38)

789
So, | |
7 :9
= 2 +∑ cos + − (60)

Comparing this result with Eqs. (56) and (57), we arrive at the formula,
789 7@9
= +2 = + (61)
7 :9 7A9

7@9 7@9
=∑ cos( + − ) = −∑ (56)
7A9 7AS
7@9
= − (57)
7A9
 The Newton-Raphson Power-Flow Solution
Finally, the off-diagonal and diagonal elements of sub-matrix J22 are
determined as,
=− −∑ sin + − (39)
4
∴ F =− F F sin F + F −
4 F

Comparing with Eq. (52) we have,

7@9 789
F 7: = (62)
G 7AG
So, off-diagonal elements of the J22 are now simply equal to the corresponding
elements in J11

789
=− F F sin F + F − (52)
7AG
 The Newton-Raphson Power-Flow Solution
Diagonal elements:
4
| | = −2 − sin + −
4

Comparing with Eqs. (53) and (54),

7@9 789
=− −2 = − (63)
7 :9 7A9

789 789
=∑ sin( + − ) = −∑ (53)
7A9 7AS
789
=− − (54)
7A9
 The Newton-Raphson Power-Flow Solution
Let us now bring together the results developed above in the following
definitions:
Off-diagonal elements, c ≠
78 7@
d F ≜ 7A 9 = | F | 7 : 9 (64)
G G

7@9 789
fF ≜ = −| F | (65)
7AG 7 :G

Diagonal elements, c =
789 7@9
d ≜ = −d − 2 (66)
7A9 7 :9
7@9 789
f ≜ =f +2 (67)
7A9 7 :9

• Interrelationships among the elements in the four sub-matrices of the

jacobian are more clearly seen if we use the above definitions to re-write Eq.
(45) in the following form:
 The Newton-Raphson Power-Flow Solution
Let us now bring
d d5 d6 f +2 −f 5 −f 6
d5 d55 d56 −f5 f55 + 2 5 55 −f56
d6 d65 d66 −f6 −f65 f66 + 2 6 66
f f5 f6 −d −2 d5 d6
f5 f55 f56 d5 −d55 − 2 5 55 d56
f6 f65 f66 d6 d65 −d66 − 2 6 66

Δ
Δ 5 Δ
Δ 6 Δ 5
? :; Δ 6
H :; = (68)
Δ
? :<
Δ 5
:<
? := Δ 6
:=
 The Newton-Raphson Power-Flow Solution
Voltage-controlled buses:
• In the polar form of power-flow equations voltage controlled buses
are easily taken into account

• If bus (4) is voltage-controlled, then 6 has a specified constant

? :=
value, i.e.,
:=
= 0 is always true

• Sixth column of the jacobian of Eq. (68) is always multiplied by 0, and

it may be removed

• Furthermore, since 6 is not specified, the mismatch Δ 6 cannot be

defined, so we must omit the sixth row of the Eq. (68)
– Off course, 6 can be calculated after the power-flow solution become available
 The Newton-Raphson Power-Flow Solution
Considering bus (4) as a voltage-controlled bus:

Δ
d d5 d6 f +2 −f 5 Δ Δ
5
d5 d55 d56 −f5 f55 + 2 5 Δ
55 Δ 6 5
d6 d65 d66 −f6 −f65 ? :; = Δ 6
f f5 f6 −d −2 d5 :; Δ
f5 f55 f56 d5 −d55 − 2 ? :< Δ 5
5 55
:<

• In general, if there are Ng voltage-controlled buses (besides the slack

bus), a row and column for each such bus is omitted
– Which then has (2N-Ng-2) rows and (2N-Ng-2) columns consistent with Table 9.1