Unit#4 Structure Of Molecules
Prepared by: Rashid CheMophil Lecturer of Chemistry
Sadat Public School and Collage kattan Payeen Dir Upper
+923025231260
Answer briefly the following questions.
i. What is electron-sea model of metallic bonding?
Ans:
The electron-sea model:
This model (electron-sea model) was developed by Paul Drude.
According to this model Positive atomic nuclei surrounded by a sea of delocalized electrons. The electrons
on the surface of a metal being free to move from one atom to another due to the very low ionizations
energy and very low electronegativity of most metals the electrons are not held tightly by the metallic
atoms and form metallic bond.
Explanation:
In metallic bonding there are no atoms with higher electronegativities for the electron density to be
transferred to. This means that in metallic bonding for the metal atom to become more stable it must
release its electron density without the electrons being transferred to another atom. This leaves the
electrons free to move between atoms without being bonded to any particular atom. These "free"
electrons form the so called "sea of electrons" The model of freely moving electrons explains the
properties of electric conductivity, mailability, luster, and heat conductivity in metals
Note:
The electron sea model is a model of metallic bonding in which cations are considered to be fixed points
within a mobile 'sea' of electrons.
ii. Why most atoms are chemically bonded to other atoms in nature?
Ans:
Reason for the bond formation:
Every system in universe tends to lower its energy, in order to attain stability. For example water flows
from higher level to lower level. Similarly, electricity flows from higher potential to lower potential. Why
is it so? This happens because both water and electricity are trying to decrease their energy.
In the case of Atoms:
Atom, In the same way have tendency to decrease their energy. Atoms form bonds to decrease their
energy. Isolated atoms have higher energy and are unstable due to the incomplete shell. They form
chemical bond to gain stability just like noble gases and compete their valance shell.
iii. Identify and define the four major types of chemical bonding.
Ans:
Identification:
There are four types of bond,
Unit#4 Structure Of Molecules
Prepared by: Rashid CheMophil Lecturer of Chemistry
Sadat Public School and Collage kattan Payeen Dir Upper
+923025231260
1. Ionic bond
2. Covalent bond
3. Dative bond or co-ordinate covalent bond
4. Metallic bond
Definition of all bonds:
1. Ionic bond:
•
Occur when there is a large difference in electronegativity.
•
Consist of positive and negative ions.
•
The electrostatic force of attraction between positive charge and negative charge form
ionic bond.
• Positive ions are formed by the loss of electrons.
• Negative ions are formed by the gain of electrons.
Example: NaCl
2. Covalent bond:
• Occur when there is a small difference in electronegativity.
• Usually form between similar atoms, for example, nonmetal to nonmetal.
• Bonds are formed from the sharing of electrons.
• Usually, strong.
Example: 𝐻2
3. Dative bond or co-ordinate covalent bond:
• Occur when there is a small difference in electronegativity.
• The covalent bond in which only one atom donates the shared pair of electrons is
called co-ordinate covalent bond or dative bond.
• The atoms, which donates the shared pair of electrons, is called donor.
• The atoms, which accepts the share pair of electrons is called donor.
• An arrow (→) represents the co-ordinate covalent bond and its direction from the
donor to acceptor.
Unit#4 Structure Of Molecules
Prepared by: Rashid CheMophil Lecturer of Chemistry
Sadat Public School and Collage kattan Payeen Dir Upper
+923025231260
• A compound which has co-ordinate covalent bond are known as the co-ordinate
covalent compound.
Example: Ammonium ion (𝑁𝐻4+ )
4. Metallic bond:
• A metallic bond is a type of chemical bond in which a ‘cloud’ of free moving valence
electrons is bonded to the positively charged ions in a metal.
• It occurs only between metal and metal atoms.
• The structure of metallic bonds is entirely different from that of ionic and covalent bonds.
Example: Na , Mg and Al.
Unit#4 Structure Of Molecules
Prepared by: Rashid CheMophil Lecturer of Chemistry
Sadat Public School and Collage kattan Payeen Dir Upper
+923025231260
iv. Arrange the following from strongest to weakest attraction:
a. Covalent bond b. Dipole-dipole interaction
c. Hydrogen bond d. Ionic bond
Ans:
Order of Bond strength from strongest to weakest is as follows:
a) Ionic bond
b) covalent bonds
c) Hydrogen bonds
d) Dipole-dipole interaction
Covalent bond forms when two atoms share electrons. Ionic bond formation is gain or lose of electron
(opposites attract). Ionic bond is the strongest bond as they are formed by complete transfer of electrons.
Covalent bond is weaker than the ionic bond as they are formed by the sharing of electrons. Hydrogen
bond is weaker than ionic and covalent which are formed by the partial electrostatic attraction between
a hydrogen atom which is bound to a more electronegative atom such as nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, and
other adjacent atom bearing a lone pair of electrons. d) Dipole-dipole forces are the sum of attractive
and repulsive electrical forces between atoms and molecules. As a result, they are the weakest forces.
v. why ionic compounds are good electrolyte is molten and solution form not in solid form.
Ans:
Unit#4 Structure Of Molecules
Prepared by: Rashid CheMophil Lecturer of Chemistry
Sadat Public School and Collage kattan Payeen Dir Upper
+923025231260
Ionic compounds are good electrolyte and good conduct electricity when molten (liquid) or in aqueous
solution (dissolved in water), because their ions are free to move from place to place. Ionic compounds
cannot conduct electricity when solid, as their ions are held in fixed positions and cannot move.
vi. What types of elements/atoms tend to form the following types of bonding?
a. Ionic b. Covalent c. Metallic
Ans:
a. Ionic bond:
This type of bond is formed between metal and non-metal elements. Metals always
lose electron to form cation and non-metals always gain electron to form anions.
Example: NaCl
Na is metal atom and Cl is non-metal atom.
b. Covalent bond:
This type of bond is formed between two non-metal elements. Both non-metal
elements sharing their own electron with each other.
Example: H2
Both hydrogen atoms are non-metal atom.
c. Metallic bond:
This type of bond is formed between two metal atoms.
Example:
vii. Give an example of a non-polar molecules with polar bonds. Give reason.
Ans:
Example of non-polar molecules with polar bonds:
Carbon tetrachloride (𝐶𝐶𝑙4 ) is a non-polar molecules with polar bond.
Reason:
Unit#4 Structure Of Molecules
Prepared by: Rashid CheMophil Lecturer of Chemistry
Sadat Public School and Collage kattan Payeen Dir Upper
+923025231260
In carbon tetrachloride the C-Cl bonds are polar due to high electronegativity of chlorine atom. The
chlorine atom attracts the shared pair of electron towards itself. But carbon tetrachloride as a whole non-
polar molecules because the bond moments of C-Cl bonds cancel out the effect of each other and the net
dipole moment is zero. Thus, Carbon tetrachloride (𝐶𝐶𝑙4 ) is non-polar molecule with polar bond.
Note: The dipole moment of individual bonds of C-Cl in carbon tetrachloride is not zero. Only the net
dipole moment of the molecule is zero.
Example # 2
Carbon dioxide (𝐶𝑂2 ):
Carbon dioxide (𝐶𝑂2 ) has the structure as O=C=O in which there is bond dipole moment (C-O bond). But,
as the dipole moment of one bond is cancelled by other, the structure of Carbon dioxide (𝐶𝑂2 ) is a linear.
So, Carbon dioxide (𝐶𝑂2 ) has zero dipole moment because it is a linear molecule.
viii. Predict the bond type (ionic, polar covalent, non-polar covalent) in each of the following:
a. 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 b. 𝐻2 𝑂
c. 𝐶𝑂2 d. 𝐶2 𝐻4
Ans:
a. 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 :
Calcium chloride is created from the ionic bonds that form between calcium cations and
chloride anions. Calcium ions have a charge of +2, while chloride ions have a charge of -1. Calcium
is metal and chlorine is non-metal.
b. 𝐻2 𝑂:
Unit#4 Structure Of Molecules
Prepared by: Rashid CheMophil Lecturer of Chemistry
Sadat Public School and Collage kattan Payeen Dir Upper
+923025231260
Covalent bond and intermolecular Hydrogen bond are present in a water molecule. The
chemical bond present in a water molecule is covalent bond because one oxygen atom shares
its two electrons with two hydrogen atoms. Both elements are non-metal so that why it forms
covalent bond.
The electron-dot structure of a water molecule is represented as:
c. 𝐶𝑂2 :
In 𝐶𝑂2 , polar covalent bonds are present. because polar covalent bond is formed between
non-metals in which one will be high electronegative. In 𝐶𝑂2 , Carbon and oxygen are non-metal
atoms, in which oxygen is high electronegative atoms.
d. 𝐶2 𝐻4:
In 𝐶2 𝐻4, non-polar covalent bond is present. Because non-polar covalent bond is formed
between two similar non-metal atoms or different non-metals of same electronegativity. Carbon and
hydrogen both are non-metals however, they have nearly same electronegativity. Thus, 𝐶2 𝐻4 contains
non-polar covalent bond.
ix. Why ionic compounds are good conductor compared to covalent compounds?
Ans:
Ionic compounds are good conductor compared to covalent compounds because:
Ionic compounds are good conduct electricity when molten (liquid) or in aqueous solution (dissolved in
water), because their ions are free to move from place to place. Ionic compounds cannot conduct
electricity when solid, as their ions are held in fixed positions and cannot move.
And covalent compound are bad conductors of electricity because of absence of free ions or electrons in
them.
x. Give the reason that why dative bond is always polar?
Ans:
A coordinate covalent bond or dative covalent bond is always polar because it is always formed between
unlike atoms. The atom which shares the pair of electrons is donor and usually carries lone pair of
electrons thus acting electronegative specie. While the atom which accepts electron is electron deficient
and acts as acceptor. This electronegativity difference creates polarity in the bond. A partial positive
charge is developed on donor atom when it gives an electron pair, while a partial negative charge is
developed on acceptor atom. Thus, two poles are formed, therefore, coordinate covalent bond or dative
bond is always polar.
Unit#4 Structure Of Molecules
Prepared by: Rashid CheMophil Lecturer of Chemistry
Sadat Public School and Collage kattan Payeen Dir Upper
+923025231260
Long questions
(i) Describe the octet rule in terms of noble-gas configuration and stability.
Ans:
(ii) (a) What is the main distinction between ionic and covalent bonding? Explain your answer
with suitable examples.
(b) How is electronegativity used in determining the ionic or covalent character of the
bonding between two elements?
Ans:
(iii) Draw the Lewis structure for each of the following compounds:
a. CO b. HCl c. 𝑆𝑂2
d. 𝐶𝐶𝑙2 e. 𝐵𝐹3 f. 𝑁𝐻3
Ans:
(iv) Explain why most metals are malleable and ductile but ionic crystals are not.
Ans:
(v) a. What is the meaning of the term polar, as applied to chemical bonding?
b. Distinguish between polar-covalent and non-polar-covalent bonds.
Ans:
