Math TEXTbook

DIGITAL SAT PREP

 PART I: ALGEBRA
1.1 BASIC CONCEPTS
ORDER OF OPERATIONS What is the value of !"%×! + #)÷%! ?
!"#×% √'#"(

PGERMDAS

1. PG: Parenthesis and other grouping symbols (inside out)

2. ER: Exponents and roots (inside out)
3. MD: Multiplication and division (left to right)
4. AS: Addition and subtraction (left to right)

LAWS OF ARITHMETICS What is the value of

+(-"!)(-/%)"%+
?
-
• COMMUTATIVE LAW: When adding or multiplying, order doesn’t
matter. Example: 3 + 8 + 12 = 8 + 12 + 3.
• ASSOCIATIVE LAW: When adding or multiplying, grouping doesn’t
matter. Example: 2 + (3 + 4) + 5 = (2 + 3) + (4 + 5)
• DISTRIBUTIVE LAW: When a grouped sum/difference is being
multiplied/divided, you may “distribute” the multiplication/division.
Example: 15 (20 + 8) = 15 (20) + 15 (8)

SIMPLIFICATION OF EXPRESSIONS If x and y are positive numbers such that 3x – 2y = 7, what is

%0"1
the value of #- ?
• LAW OF SUBSTITUTION: If two things are equal, you can always
substitute one for the other.
• OPERATIONS: Every operation can be expressed in terms of its
inverse. Example: Subtracting -16 is the same as adding 16.
• FACTORING IDENTITIES:
o (𝑎 + 𝑏)% = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎% + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏%
2! /3! (
o (𝑎 − 𝑏)% = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎% − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏% If m and n are real numbers such that %2/%3 = %, what is the
o (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎% − 𝑏% value of m + n?

ABSOLUTE VALUE What is the distance between d and -10 on the number line?
The absolute value of a number a (|a|) is the distance from a to 0 on
the number line.

The absolute value of the difference between two numbers (|a-b|) is

the distance between a and b on the number line, regardless of which
number is greater.

ROUNDING WHOLE PART DECIMAL PART

The process of rounding implies adjusting the digits to make rough

Hundred-Thousandths
Hundred Thousands

calculations easier.
Ten-Thousandths
Ten Thousands

Decimal Point

Thousandths
Hundredths
Thousands

Hundreds

Millionths

• If the unit of the number is less than five, the number needs
Millions

Tenths
1,000,000

0.000001
100,000

0.00001
Ones
Tens
10,000

0.0001
1,000

0.001
0.01
100

0.1
10

to be rounded down.
.

• If the unit of the number is 5 or above, the number needs to

be rounded up.

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SCORE – Test Prep and College Counseling. This document may not be distributed or reproduced 1
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 PART I: ALGEBRA
1.2 Linear Equations
WORD PROBLEMS The Horizon Resort charges $150 per night for a single room,
The easiest way to solve word problems is by breaking them down and a one-time valet parking fee of $35. There is a 6.5% state
following these steps: tax on the room charges, but no tax on the valet parking fee.
1. Identify the relevant quantities. What equation would represent the total charges in dollars, C,
2. Represent those quantities with algebraic expressions. for a single room, valet parking, and taxes, for a stay of n nights
3. Translate the facts into equations. at the Horizon Resort?
4. Solve the equations for the relevant quantities.

CONSTRUCTION AND INTERPRETATION The graph of the line 𝑙 in the xy-plane passes through the point
• Linear equations can be written in any of the following forms: (2, 5) and has an x-intercept of 7. Which of the following gives
Linear form Equation Slope Y-intercept X-intercept the equation of a line that is perpendicular to line 𝑙 and passes
Slope-intercept y = mx + b m b - through the point (4, 2)?
Standard ax + by = c -a/b c/b - a. 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 6
Point-slope y - y1 = m(x - x 1) m - - b. 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 4
Intercept x / a+y / b =1 - b a c. 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2
*The intercept form cannot be used for horizontal lines or lines passing through the origin. d. 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2
a. The slope of a linear equation shows how much a line goes up or
down when you take one step to the right along the line. It can be
calculated using the following formula:
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑦# − 𝑦!
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = =
𝑟𝑢𝑛 𝑥# − 𝑥!
b. Parallel slopes have equal values: 𝑚! = 𝑚#
!
c. Perpendicular slopes are opposite and reciprocal: 𝑚! = −
%!
d. A line with a positive slope goes up as you move to the right.
e. A line with a negative slope goes down as you move to the right.
f. A horizontal line has a 0 slope.
g. A vertical line has an undetermined slope.
h. Distance between two points on a line: 1(𝑥! − 𝑥# )# + (𝑦! − 𝑦# )#
" &" ' &'
i. Midpoint: ( " # ! ; " # !)

ALGEBRAIC MANIPULATION ()%

For 𝐹 = *!
, find G in terms of F, M, m and r2.
“What is m in terms of p and q” is another way of saying “solve for m”
or “use algebra to get m alone”.

LAWS OF EQUALITY ! #
If + = 4, what is the value of x?
" $"
1. Whatever you do to change the value of one side of an equation,
you must also do to the other side.
2. You may add, subtract, or multiply anything you want on both sides
of any equation at any time.
3. You may divide both sides of any equation by any number except 0.
4. If you want to take the square root of both sides of an equation,
remember that every positive number has two square roots: one
positive and one negative.

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 PART I: ALGEBRA
1.3 Inequalities
LAWS OF INEQUALITY
! !
If − " < −2𝑥 + 1 < − # , what is one possible value of x?
1. Whatever you do to change the value of one side of an inequality,
you must also do to the other side.
2. You may add or subtract anything you want from both sides of an
inequality, or multiply or divide by any positive number without
changing the direction of the inequality.
3. You may not perform undefined operations to an inequality
(dividing by 0) or operations that have more than one possible
result (taking a square root).
4. If you multiply or divide both sides by a negative number, you must
switch the direction of the inequality.

GRAPHING INEQUALITIES Graph the following inequalities:

• For inequalities in the form 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎, the expression can be drawn on a. 𝑦 > −3
the number line. Example: 𝑥 ≥ −3. b. 𝑦 ≥ −𝑥 + 1
c. 𝑦 ≤ 2𝑥 + 3
d. 𝑦 < 12
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

• For inequalities on the xy-plane, follow these steps:

1. Change the symbol to “=” and draw the inequality as an
equation.
2. Choose a point that does not lie on the line of the
inequality.
3. Substitute the coordinates of the chosen point in the
inequality.
4. Check if the values comply with the inequality.
5. If the values comply, the inequality contains all points to
that side of the line.
6. If the values do not comply, the inequality contains all
points to the other side of the line.

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 PART I: ALGEBRA
1.4 Linear Systems
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 12
A system of equations is a set of two or more equations that must be 2𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 60
true simultaneously.
In the system of equations above, a and b are constants. If the
Systems can have different types of solutions: system has infinitely many solutions, what is the value of a/b?
a. No solution: The equations do not intersect. In the case of
linear systems, the lines are parallel. Equal slopes, different
y-intercepts.
b. Infinite solutions: The equations lie on the same line, so they
are coincidental. Equal slopes, same y-intercept.
c. One solution: The lines intersect at one point. Different 𝑘𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 4
slopes, y-intercept may be the same or different. 4𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 7
d. Multiple solutions: The lines intersect at multiple points. This
does not apply to linear systems. In the system of equations above, k is a constant and x and y
are variables. For what value of k will the system of equations
have no solution?

METHODS FOR SOLVING SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS Solve the following system using substitution:
3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3𝑦 + 4
Solving a system of equations means finding all the values that make
𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 6
all of the equations true at the same time. There are several methods
that can be used to solve these systems:
a. Substitution: If one variable is isolated or can be easily isolated
in one of the equations, the law of substitution can be used to
Solve the following system using combination:
solve the system.
3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3𝑦 + 4
b. Combination: In a system of equations it is possible to add or
𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 6
subtract the corresponding sides of the equation together to
get a new equation while trying to eliminate variables.
c. Graphing: If a system of equations can be graphed, the
solution to the system is the intersection of the graphs.
Solve the following system using graphing:
Systems of inequalities are usually solved graphically, as it is easier to 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3𝑦 + 4
𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 6
visualize the intersection of two or more inequalities on a graph. To
graph a system of inequalities, plot each inequality individually and find
the common area shaded by all inequalities.

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SCORE – Test Prep and College Counseling. This document may not be distributed or reproduced 4
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 PART II: Problem Solving and Data Analysis
2.1 Data Analysis
AVERAGE OR ARITHMETIC MEAN The average of four numbers is 15. If one of the numbers is 18,
what is the average of the remaining three numbers?
The average or arithmetic mean of a set of numbers can be calculated
with the following formula:
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠

The weighted average is the average of two or more groups that do not Ms. Aguilar’s class, which has 20 students, scored an average
have the same number of elements. of 90 points on a test. Mr. Bowle’s class, which has 30 students,
scored an average of 80 points on the same test. What was the
combined average score, in points, for the two classes?

MEDIAN
The median of 1, 6, 8 and k is 5. What is the average of these
The median of a set of numbers is the value of the number located in four numbers?
the middle when the numbers are ordered increasingly or decreasingly.

When the number or values is odd, the median can be calculated using
the following formula:
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 + 1
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 =
2
When the number of values is even, the median will be the average of
the two middle values. Divide the number of values by two to find the
first middle term. The second middle term will be the next consecutive
term.

MODE If a set of numbers contains 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 5, 4.

The mode of a set of numbers is the number that appears the most What is the mode of the set?
frequently. If all numbers occur equally, then the set does not have a
mode.

A set of numbers can have more than one mode and be multimodal. For
two modes, the set is called bimodal; for three modes, the set is called
trimodal.

DATA SPREAD The range of a set of data is defined as the absolute difference
Data spread refers to how a set of data is distributed, focusing on how between the least value and the greatest value in the set. If five
far the values are from the mean or median. Outliers are values that are positive integers have an average of 10, what is the greatest
much larger or smaller than the rest of the values in the set. They possible range of this set?
generally affect the mean more than the median.

Measures of spread:
• Range: The difference between the highest and lowest values in a
data set.
• Standard deviation: The average distance of each element from the
mean. The more spread out the data is on a graph, the larger the
standard deviation.

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SCORE – Test Prep and College Counseling. This document may not be distributed or reproduced 5
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 PART II: Problem Solving and Data Analysis
2.1 Data Analysis
CORRELATION
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CORRELATION
• Positive correlation: If one variable increases, the other variable has a tendency to also increase (direct variation).
• Negative correlation: If one variable increases, the other variable has a tendency to decrease (inverse variation).
• No correlation: If one variable increases, the other variable does not tend to either increase or decrease.

STRONG AND WEAK CORRELATION

• Strong correlation: If one variable increases or decreases, there is a higher chance of the second variable increasing or decreasing.
In a graph, the points tend to form a line at an angle.
• Weak correlation: If one variable increases or decreases, there is a lower chance of a relationship between the variables. In a
graph, the points tend to spread or form a very flat or vertical line.

DATA INFERENCE AND SURVEY INTERPRETATION

• Population parameter: A numerical value that describes a characteristic of a population (for example, the percentage of
registered voters who would vote for a certain candidate). We often do not know the value of this parameter, and
statistics are used to estimate it based on a sample from the population.
• Selection of a sample: In order for a sample to be representative, subjects must be selected at random, and a significant
part of the total population must be considered.
• Margins of error: The value of the margin of error is affected by the variability of the data (the larger the standard deviation,
the larger the margin of error; the smaller the standard deviation, the smaller the margin of error) and the sample size
(increasing the size of the random sample provides more information and typically reduces the margin of error). Also, the
margin of error applies to the estimated value of the population parameter only, but it does not inform the estimated value
for an individual.
• Generalization:

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 PART II: Problem Solving and Data Analysis
2.2 Rates and ratios
RATES A water pump for a dredging project can remove 180 gallons
Rate expresses a measure, quantity or frequency between two elements. of water per minute, but it can only work for 2.5 consecutive
The formula for rate is given by the units in a problem. For example, if hours, at which time it requires 20 minutes of maintenance
the unit used is kilograms per second: before it can be brought back online. While it is offline, a
smaller pump is used in its place, which can pump 80 gallons
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 per minute. Using this system, what is the least amount of time
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 it would take to pump 35,800 gallons of water?

Rates provide conversion factors that can be used to solve the problem.
For example, if the exercise states that a rocket burns fuel at a rate of 15
kilograms per second, two conversion factors can be identified:

!" $%&'()*+, ! ,-.'/0

! ,-.'/0
or !" $%&'()*+,

RATIOS Bronze is an alloy consisting of copper and tin. If 50 kg of a

A ratio is a mathematical relationship between two quantities bronze alloy of 20% tin and 80% copper is mixed with 70kg of
expressed as the quotient of those quantities. a bronze alloy of 5% tin and 95% copper, what fraction, by
weight, of the combined alloy is tin?
Ratios can be:
• Part-to-whole: They compare a part to the whole. For
example, the number of female students in a class compared
to the total number of students in the class. These can also be
expressed as percentages of the whole.
• Part-to-part: They compare one part to another part. For
example, the number of female students in a class compared At the Andromeda Book Store, the ratio of self-help titles to
to the number of male students in the class. fiction titles is 3:10, and the ratio of biography titles to fiction
titles is 2:7. What is the ratio of biography titles to self-help
Probabilities can also be expressed as ratios, where a subset of equally titles?
likely events is compared to a larger set of equally likely events.

UNIT CONVERSIONS Niko is 27 inches shorter than his father, who is 5 feet 10 inches
A conversion factor is a fraction in which the numerator and the tall. How tall is Niko? Express your answer in feet (1 foot = 12
denominator are equal. For example, 1 mile equals 1.609 kilometers: inches).

1 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝑘𝑚 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑖):
1.609 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠

1.609 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝑚𝑖 𝑡𝑜 𝑘𝑚):
1 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒 If a factory can manufacture b computer screens in n days at a
cost c dollars per screen, then which of the following
When using conversion factors, units must cancel properly to yield the represents the total cost, in dollars, of the computer screens
unit needed in each case. that can be manufactured, at that rate, in m days?
1.+
a.
/
1+/
b. .
+.
c. 1/
1.
d. +/

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SCORE – Test Prep and College Counseling. This document may not be distributed or reproduced 7
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 PART II: Problem Solving and Data Analysis
2.3 Percentages and Proportions
PERCENTAGES
What percent of 150 is 93?
• TRANSLATING PERCENT PROBLEMS: Translation key for word
problems:
o “is” means equal ( = )
o “of” means multiplication ( * ) On the day it was issued, one share of a stock in Consolidated
o “what” means an unknown ( x ) Energy was priced at $50. If the share price increased by 120%
o “per” means division ( / ) in its first five years and by 150% in its next five years, what was
o “percent” means division by 100 ( /100) the share price, in dollars, after 10 years?
• COMMUTATIVE LAW OF PERCENTAGES: x% of y = y% of x. For
example, it is easier to calculate 25% of 80 than 80% of 25.
• CHANGING BY PERCENTAGES:
o To increase a number by a%, multiply by (100 + a)% or by
(1 + a%). If a population of bacteria increases from 80 cells to 220 cells,
o To decrease a number by a%, multiply by (100 – a)% or by what is the percent increase in this population?
(1 – a%).
• PERCENT CHANGE: To find a percent change, use the following
formula:
𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 − 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕
%𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 How many liters of a 40% saline solution must be added to 4
liters of a 10% saline solution to make a 20% saline solution?

PROPORTIONS AND SCALING

𝒂 𝒃&𝒄
If a, b and c are real numbers such that 𝒃%𝒄 = 𝒂
, which of the
• PROPORTIONS:
following must also be true?
o A proportion is a statement that two ratios are equal.
𝒂 𝒄 a. 𝑎' + 𝑏' − 𝑐 ' = 0
= b. 𝑎' − 𝑏' − 𝑐 ' = 0
𝒃 𝒅
o Law of cross-multiplication: In any proportion, the cross- c. 𝑎' − 𝑏' + 𝑐 ' = 0
products must be equal. d. 𝑎' + 𝑏' + 𝑐 ' = 0
𝒂 𝒄
If 𝒃 = 𝒅 , then 𝒂𝒅 = 𝒃𝒄
o Law of cross-swapping: Cross-swapping can be done in any
proportion.
𝒂 𝒄 𝒅 𝒄 𝒂 𝒃
If 𝒃 = 𝒅 , then 𝒃 = 𝒂 and 𝒄 = 𝒅

• SCALING: Scaling represents the relationship between a On a scale blueprint, the drawing of a rectangular patio has
measurement on a model and the corresponding measurement dimensions 5 cm by 7.5 cm. If the longer side of the actual patio
on the actual object. measures 21 feet, what is the area, in square feet, of the actual
• RULE OF THREE: The Rule of Three is a Mathematical Rule that patio?
allows you solve problems using proportions. Knowing three
values and the relationship between them allows to calculate the
value of a fourth unknown value. For direct proportions, direct
Rule of Three is used. For inversed proportions, Inverse Rule of
Three is used.

DIRECT RULE OF THREE INVERSE RULE OF THREE

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 PART II: Problem Solving and Data Analysis
2.4 Probabilities
CONDITIONAL PROBABILITIES
A B C C Inc. Total
A conditional probability is the probability that something is true given Test 1 10 11 2 1 1 25
that something else is also true. Test 2 12 8 3 0 2 25
Test 3 7 12 6 0 0 25
Test 4 10 9 3 0 3 25
Solving conditional probability problems often require finding
Total 39 40 14 1 6 100
population fractions, where the numerator of the fraction is the
required population and the denominator of the fraction is the total The letter grades on four tests for Ms. Hartman’s 25 students
universe being considered. (including incomplete grades marked “Inc.”) are tabulated
above. Five students in the class received an A on both test 3
and test 4. If one of the students who received an A on either
test 3 or 4 is chosen at random, what is the probability that
he or she received an A on test 4?

If the incomplete grades are excluded from the statistics for

each test in the table above, for which of the tests was the
median grade higher than b?
a. None of the tests
b. Test 2 only
c. Tests 1 and 2 only
d. It cannot be determined from the given information.

ARRANGEMENTS
A cafeteria has a lunch special consisting of soup or salad; a
• ARRANGEMENTS: Arrangements are used to determine how many sandwich; coffee, tea, or a non-alcoholic beverage; and a
arrangements of something are possible. For items of different dessert. If the menu lists 2 soups, 3 salads, 6 sandwiches, and
categories, the number of options in each category are multiplied. 10 desserts, how many different lunches can one choose?
• FACTORIALS: The factorial of n is the number of ways in which the
n elements of a group can be ordered. It is expressed as n!, where
n! = 1 * 2 * … * (n – 2) * (n – 1) * n.

In how many ways can 4 letters be combined?

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SCORE – Test Prep and College Counseling. This document may not be distributed or reproduced 9
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 PART II: Problem Solving and Data Analysis
2.5 Tables and graphs
TABLES
! ! "!
Plot the graph for 𝑓(𝑥) = #!"!.
Tables are useful when analyzing information that falls into non-
overlapping categories.

Tables can be useful for analyzing functions because they help to

plot graphs and identify important patterns. For any equation
expressing y in terms of x, a table of ordered pairs can be created.

VENN DIAGRAMS In a poll of 250 college students, 137 said that they attended at
Venn diagrams are useful when analyzing information that falls into least one athletic event in the past year, and 115 said that they
overlapping categories. attended at least one career services event in the past year. If
82 of these students attended both an athletic event and a
career services event in the past year, how many students
attended neither an athletic event nor a career services event
in the past year?

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SCORE – Test Prep and College Counseling. This document may not be distributed or reproduced 10
without the express written consent of its authors.
 PART II: Problem Solving and Data Analysis
2.5 Tables and graphs
SCATTERPLOTS The scatterplot to the left shows 40 readings for particulate
matter (a pollutant) concentration, in micrograms per cubic
Scatterplots are graphs of ordered pairs of data. They can show meter, in a metropolitan area over 9 years. Based on the line
relationships between variables that don’t vary in a highly predictable of best fit shown as a solid line, which is closest to the average
way. yearly decrease in particulate matter concentration?
a. 0.32 mcg/m3 per year
A line of best fit is a line that englobes these points optimally, showing b. 0.64 mcg/m3 per year
the basic relationship between the variables. To draw a line of best fit, c. 3.2 mcg/m3 per year
you must roughly estimate that there are the same number of points d. 6.4 mcg/m3 per year
above and below the line.

According to the line of best fit to the data to the left, which
of the following is closest to the percent decrease in average
particulate matter concentration for 2007 to 2012?
a. 9%
b. 18%
c. 36%
d. 60%

PIE GRAPHS
Maria is constructing a pie graph to represent the expenses
A pie chart is a circular statistical graph that is divided into slices to for her project. Here, expenses fall into three categories:
illustrate numerical proportion. marketing, design, and development. She knows that the
marketing expenses are $12,000 and the design expenses are
When analyzing graphs, the following formula is essential: $30,000, but the development expenses could range
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 anywhere from $30,000 to $48,000. Based on this
= information, which of the following could be the measure of
𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 360
the central angle of the sector representing marketing
expenses.
a. 45°
b. 54°
c. 62°
d. 65°

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 PART II: Problem Solving and Data Analysis
2.5 Tables and graphs
OTHER GRAPHS

Bar graphs: They compare numeric values of any type and can be either horizontal or vertical. One axis represents the categories
being compared and the other axis represents the value of each category.

Histograms: They are a specific type of bar graph that illustrated the distribution of numeric data across categories.

Line graphs: They show how related data changes over a period of time.

Maps: They usually show a geographical area.

BOXPLOTS
A sample of 10 boxes of raisins has these weights in grams:
A boxplot is a standardized way of displaying the distribution of data
based on a five-number summary: 25, 28, 29, 29, 30, 34, 35, 35, 37, 38
• Minimum
• First quartile (Q1): The middle number between Make a box plot of the data.
the smallest number and the median.
• Median: The middle value of the data set. Note that
the median does not need to be in the middle of
the box.
• Third quartile (Q3): The middle number between
the largest number and the median.
• Maximum

To draw a boxplot, follow these steps:

• Order the data from smallest to largest.
• Find the median.
• Find the quartiles.
• Complete the five-number summary by finding the min and
max.

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 PART IiI: Advanced Math
3.1 Functions
BASIC CONCEPTS Find the extraneous solution: √−𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2
• Function: A function is a recipe for turning any input number
(usually x) into an output number (usually y or f(x)).
• Extraneous or spurious solutions: Solutions that emerge from
the process of solving a problem but are not valid solutions to
the problem.
• Undefined functions: Functions are said to be undefined at
! ! $%
points outside of their domain. Pay special attention to For what value is undefined?
&!
expressions with polynomials in the denominator.

REPRESENTATION OF FUNCTIONS x g(x) h(x)

1 2 -9
Functions can be represented as: 2 4 -6
• Ordered pairs in a table: x y 3 6 -3
0 3 4 8 0
1 5 5 10 3
2 7 6 12 6
3 9 7 14 9
4 11 8 16 12
9 18 15
• Equations in functional notation: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3
• Graphs in the xy-plane: What would the equation of g(x) be?
QII QI
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3

What would the equation of h(x) be?

QIII QIV

COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS If 𝑓(𝑥 − 1) = 2𝑥 + 3 for all values of x, what is the value of

𝑓(−3)?
The notation 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) indicated the composition of two functions (g and
f). Composition means that an initial value x is put into the function g,
and the resulting value is put into the function f.

If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2 and 𝑓(𝑔(1)) = 6 , which of the following could be g(x)?

a. 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥
b. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3
c. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 3 If 𝑓(2𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2 for all values of x, which of the following is
d. 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 equivalent to f(x)?
!"#
a. #
!
b. #
+2
!$#
c.
#
d. 2𝑥 − 2

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 PART IiI: Advanced Math
3.1 Functions
TRANSFORMATION OF FUNCTIONS

For 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 # + 2𝑥 + 1 For 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 # − 1, what functions will yield…

a. 𝑓(𝑥) displaced one unit upwards and then reflected
• Movement in the x-axis: over the y-axis
o To the right: 𝑓(𝑥 − 1)
o To the left: 𝑓(𝑥 + 1)
• Movement in the y-axis:
o Upwards: 𝑓(𝑥) + 1
o Downwards: 𝑓(𝑥) − 1
• Reflection over an axis:
o Over the x-axis: -𝑓(𝑥)
o Over the y-axis: 𝑓(−𝑥) b. 𝑓(𝑥) reflected over the x-axis and then displaced
• Stretching and shrinking: five units to the right
o Vertical stretch: 𝑘𝑓(𝑥), when k > 1
o Vertical shrink: 𝑘𝑓(𝑥), when k < 1

c. 𝑓(𝑥) stretched by a factor of 3 and then displaced 2

units to the left

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 PART IiI: Advanced Math
3.2 Quadratic Expressions
QUADRATIC FORMS
Write 3𝑥 ! + 11𝑥 + 10 in factored form.
A quadratic expression (or second-degree polynomial) is any
expression of the form If 𝑎𝑥 ! + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐.
Quadratic equations can be expressed in three forms:
a. Standard form: 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 ! + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, where:
• a determines the orientation and width of the parabola:
o If a positive, the parabola opens upwards.
o If a is negative, the parabola opens downwards. Write (𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 − 5) in standard form.
o An increasing a narrows the parabola.
o A decreasing a widens the parabola.
• b indicates the slope of the parabola at the y-intercept.
• c indicates the y-intercept (0;c) and indicates and
upwards or downwards movement of the parabola.
"
• The vertical axis of symmetry is found at 𝑥 = − !#.
" "!
• The vertex is found at (− !# ; 𝑐 − $#). Write 2(𝑥 − 3)! − 5 in standard and factored forms.
b. Factored form: 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑝)(𝑥 − 𝑞)
• a is a real number.
• p and q are the roots or x-intercepts.
c. Vertex form: 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)! + 𝑘
• a is a real number.
• h is the x-coordinate of the vertex of the parabola.
• k is the y-coordinate of the vertex of the parabola.

SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

Which of the following is a factor of 𝑥 ! + 8𝑥 + 16?
FACTORING
a. 𝑥 − 4
1. Factor out any common factors using the distributive law.
b. 𝑥 − 8
For example, 3𝑥 ! − 12𝑥 + 12 = 3(𝑥 ! − 4𝑥 + 4). c. 𝑥 + 4
2. Apply factoring formulas. For example, 3(𝑥 ! − 4𝑥 + 4) = d. 𝑥 + 8
3(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 2).
3. If no formulas can be applied, use the product-sum method
for 0 = 𝑎𝑥 ! + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 to find two factors of the form (dx+e) Factorize 2𝑥 ! − 18 using common factors and applying
and (mx+n) where the cross product of d*n + e*m = b, and factoring formulas.
e*n = c.
4. If no factors can be found with the product-sum method, use
the quadratic formula to find the roots and apply the Factor
Theorem (if a polynomial has a zero factor at x = b, then it
must have a factor of (x – b).
Solve for x: 5𝑥 ! + 10𝑥 + 3 using the quadratic formula:
QUADRATIC FORMULA
Any quadratic equation can be solved using the quadratic formula:
−𝑏 ± √𝑏! − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
The discriminant of a quadratic equation is 𝐷 = 𝑏! − 4𝑎𝑐, and it may How many roots does 0.5𝑥 ! + 4𝑥 + 8 have? What is the
be: sum of its roots?
• D < 0, if the equation has no real roots (in this case it has two
imaginary roots).
• D = 0, if the equation has one real root.
• D > 0, if the equation has two distinct real roots. How many roots does 2𝑥 ! + 8𝑥 + 3 have? What is the
product of its roots?
%"
Additionally, the sum of the roots of an equation is , and the
#
&
product of the roots of an equation is #.

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 PART IiI: Advanced Math
3.2 Quadratic Expressions
QUADRATIC GRAPHS
The graph of a quadratic expression will always be a parabola.

Depending on the form of the expression given, it is possible to use known values to graph the expression.

Graph 2𝑥 ! + 8𝑥 + 6.

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 PART IiI: Advanced Math
3.3 Higher order equations and operations
HIGHER ORDER POLYNOMIALS
What is the degree of (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 1)?
Higher order polynomials are similar to quadratic expressions, but their
highest power is three or more.

What is the degree of 𝑥 ! 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 10?

OPERATIONS WITH POLYNOMIALS

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION (8𝑎" 𝑏# + 6𝑎# 𝑏 − 4𝑏# + 5) + (10𝑎# 𝑏 − 4𝑎" 𝑏# + 6𝑎# − 7)

To add polynomials, identify the like terms (terms with the same exact
variables raised to the same exact power) and combine them.

(8𝑎" 𝑏# + 6𝑎# 𝑏 − 4𝑏# + 5) − (10𝑎# 𝑏 − 4𝑎" 𝑏# + 6𝑎# − 7)

MULTIPLICATION
To multiply polynomials, use distribution and multiply the coefficients of (9𝑏 − 𝑎𝑏)(5𝑎# 𝑏 + 7𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏)
terms and use the rules of exponents to find the exponents for each
variable.

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 PART IiI: Advanced Math
3.3 Higher order equations and operations
DIVISION
(14𝑥 " 𝑦)/(28𝑥 % 𝑦 $ )
• To divide monomials, divide the coefficients and then use
the rules of exponents to divide the variables.
• To divide a polynomial by a monomial, distribute the
monomial as denominator for each term of the polynomial
and divide as monomials.
• To divide two polynomials:
o Write each of them in descending order, and (4𝑥 $ 𝑦 & − 2𝑥 ' 𝑦 " + 6𝑥 " 𝑦 # )/(2𝑥 # 𝑦)
complete missing terms with a coefficient of 0.
o Divide the terms with the highest powers and
multiply the answer by the divisor (the polynomial
you are dividing by).

11
o Subtract and bring down the next term.
o Repeat the process until there are no more terms
left.
o If there is a remainder, it must be written as a Use long division to divide (𝑥 " − 4𝑥 # + 2𝑥 − 3) 𝑏𝑦 (𝑥 + 2).
fraction in the final answer.

Ruffini’s rule may be used when the divisor has the form (x – a). For Use Ruffini’s rule to divide (𝑥 " − 4𝑥 # + 2𝑥 − 3) 𝑏𝑦 (𝑥 + 2).
example, to divide (𝑥 $ − 16) by (𝑥 + 2):

The Remainder Theorem calculates the remainder of a division when Use the Remainder Theorem to calculate the remainder of
the divisor has the form (x – a) by making (x – a) = 0, finding a, and (𝑥 " − 4𝑥 # + 2𝑥 − 3) /(𝑥 + 2).
replacing the value in the polynomial. If y = 0, then there is no
remainder.

For an expression “x” to be a factor of another expression “y”, the

remainder of their division must be zero.

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 PART IiI: Advanced Math
3.4 Exponents and Radicals
THE LAWS OF EXPONENTIALS
'"
1. !
If n is a positive integer, 𝑥 means x multiplied by itself n times. If 𝑎 − 3𝑏 = 6, which of the following is equivalent to ()# ?
2. If n is a negative integer, 𝑥 ! means (1/x) multiplied by itself n times. a. 3*
3. 𝑥 " = 1. + '
b. -,.
4. 𝑥 # *𝑥 ! = 𝑥 #$!
c. (3%( )(
5. 𝑥 # /𝑥 ! = 𝑥 #%!
d. 3%*
6. (𝑥 # )! = 𝑥 #!
!
7. √𝑥 # = 𝑥 #/! $
Which of the following is equal to 8%% ?
a. −2-
+
b. − (%
+
c.
+"
+
d.
($

THE LAWS OF RADICALS (√($3√+4

! Which of the following is equivalent to ?
1. √𝑥 # = 𝑥 #/! √(

2.
! ! !
( 1𝑥 )( 1𝑦 ) = 1𝑥𝑦 a. 6√10
!
./ ! /
b. 7
3. !
= 31 c. 14
01
d. 19

Radicals can be simplified by:

• Factoring out perfect squares from the radicand.
• Multiplying top and bottom by the radical (in fractions).
• Multiplying top and bottom by the conjugate of the If 𝑥 ( = 4 and 𝑦 ( = 9, and if (𝑥 − 2)(𝑦 + 3) ≠ 0, what is the
denominator (if the denominator includes a sum or a value of x + y?
difference with radicals). a. -5
*Remember that expressions must only have radicals in the numerator b. -1
(never in the denominator). Therefore, you must rationalize your final c. 1
expressions using these methods. d. 5

SOLVING EXPONENTIAL AND RADICAL EQUATIONS If

+
= √2 , solve for x.
/$(
To solve exponential and radical equations, apply the laws of
exponentials and radicals to isolate the desired expression.

+
If = 4√2 , solve for k.
(&

+ %! !
If - . = 𝑦 $ , and 𝑛 ≠ 0 , find x in terms of y.
√/

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 PART IiI: Advanced Math
3.4 Exponents and Radicals
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
An exponential function with base b is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑏 / + 𝑞,
Graph the function 𝑦 = 2(3)/ + 1 and identify:
where 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1, and x is any real number.
• Value of q:
• Effect of q:
The effect of q:
• Value of a:
• The line y = q is the horizontal asymptote (the number that
• Effect of a:
the function approaches but never reaches).
• Value of b:
• For q > 0, f(x) moves vertically upwards by q units.
• For q < 0, f(x) moves vertically downwards by q units. • Effect of b:
• Asymptote:
The effect of a and b: • Domain:
• If b > 1: • Range:

• If 0 < b < 1:

• If b ≤ 0, f(x) is not defined.

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY In 2016, the population of Town X was estimated to be
• In exponential growth and decay functions, the growth factor 35,000 people, with an annual rate of increase of 2.4%.
in the exponential function (“b”) is replaced by (1 + r) or (1 – r):
o Exponential growth: 𝑦 = 𝑎(1 + 𝑟)/
o Exponential decay: 𝑦 = 𝑎(1 − 𝑟)/ a. What is the growth factor for Town X?
• In these functions:
o a represents the initial value before measuring growth
• If b ≤ 0, f(x) is not defined.
or decay.
o r represents the growth or decay rate, and it is often
represented as a percentage and expressed as a
decimal. b. Write an equation to model future growth.
o 1+r or 1-r represents the growth or decay factor.
o x represents the number of time intervals that have
passed.

c. Use the equation to estimate the population in 2020 to

the nearest hundred people.

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 PART IiI: Advanced Math
3.5 Rational Expressions
OPERATIONS WITH RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS
! #
For !"# − ! , which of the following is equivalent to the
A rational expression is a fraction that has polynomials in both the
numerator and the denominator. expression for all positive values of x?
! ! $!$#
a.
! ! "!
To add or subtract rational expressions, find a common denominator ! ! $!"#
and add or subtract like terms in the numerator. b. ! ! "!
! ! $#
c. ! ! "!
To multiply rational expressions, multiply the numerators and the d. %
𝑥 −1
denominators.

To divide rational expressions, invert the second fraction and operate

as a multiplication.

SIMPLIFYING RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS If 𝑥 = 3𝑎 and 𝑎 ≠ 2 , which of the following is equivalent to

! ! $&'
Rational expressions, such as complex fractions, can be simplified by ?
(!$')!
cancelling common factors or by multiplying top and bottom by a a.
*"%
*$%
convenient factor. &*"%
b.
&*$%
&*"%
c. &*
+*! $&'
d. +"&'

SOLVING RATIONAL EQUATIONS # #

If x > 0 and !$# − !"# = 2, what is the value of x?
When solving equations that include fractions or rational expressions,
it may be useful to simplify the equation by multiplying both sides by
the common denominator.

The function f is defined by the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 % − 3𝑥 −

18. If the function h is defined by the equation ℎ(𝑥) =
,(!)
%!$#%
, for what value of x does h(x) = 6?

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 PART IiI: Advanced Math
3.6 Non-linear Expressions
PARENT FUNCTIONS
In order to understand how to manipulate non-linear expressions, it is essential to know the types of functions and equations that exist.

A parent function is defined as the simplest function that satisfies all requirements for a specific type of function.

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 PART IiI: Advanced Math
3.6 Non-linear Expressions
MANIPULATION OF NON-LINEAR EXPRESSIONS !
Leaf’s Law states that 𝐿 = √2𝑥 "#!, where p represents price per
To manipulate non-linear expressions, respect the order of operations SAT book, q represents quantity of books purchased in bulk, and
and use the properties you have learned so far. x represents the number of years after 2016. What is p in terms
of L, q, and x?

$%
For 𝐼 = , find R in terms of P, T and I.
√'()

SOLVING NON-LINEAR SYSTEMS Find x and y if:

When solving non-linear systems, you can use the same methods 𝑦 = 𝑥* − 𝑥
used for linear systems: substitution, combination, and graphing. 𝑦 =𝑥−1
However, if the system has equations of different degrees or forms,

11it is better to use substitution instead of combination.

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 PART Iv: Geometry and Trigonometry
4.1 Angles and PArallel Lines
THE INTERSECTING LINES THEOREM If two lines cross forming angle A with a measure of 35°, what
When two lines cross, the vertical angles that are formed are congruent is the measure of angles B, C, and D?
(they are the same), while the adjacent angles that are formed are
supplementary (their sum is 180 degrees).
C

A = 35°
B

THE PARALLEL LINES THEOREM

When two parallel lines are crosses by a third line, they form either eight
right 90° angles, or four acute angles and four obtuse angles, where:
a. All acute angles are congruent,
b. All obtuse angles are congruent,
c. And any acute angle is supplementary to any obtuse angle.

In the figure above, ABCD is a parallelogram, and point B lies

#### . If x = 40, what is the value of y?
on 𝐴𝐸

THE “ZCUF” ANGLES

When two parallel lines are crosses by a third line, and the diagram gets
too complicated, the “ZCUF” angles can be used.

If lines l and m are parallel in the figure above, what is the

value of x?

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 PART Iv: Geometry and Trigonometry
4.2 Triangles
INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR ANGLES
Triangle ABC has three angles (A, B and C). If A measures 60° and
• In any triangle, the sum of the interior angles is 180°. B measures 90°, what is the measure of C?

B C
a + b + c = 180°

• In any triangle, if any side is extended, it makes an exterior If side BC was extended, what would the measure of exterior
angle with the adjacent side. The measure of any exterior angle angle C be?
equals the sum of the two remote interior angles.

SIDES AND ANGLES

• Side-Angle Theorem: The biggest interior angle in a triangle will
always be opposite the biggest side, and the smallest interior
angle will always be opposite the smallest side.

In the figure above, point D is on side AC of triangle ABC. If AD =

DB = DC, what is the value of x + y?

• Types of triangles based on the length of the sides:

o Equilateral: All three sides have the same measure, and
consequently all three internal angles have the same
measure.
o Isosceles: Two sides have the same measure and two angles
have the same measure. According to the Isosceles Triangle
Theorem, the two congruent angles will always be opposite
the two congruent sides.
o Scalene: All sides and all angles have different measures.

THE TRIANGLE INEQUALITY

The sum of any two sides of a triangle must always be greater than the third side.
Therefore, the length of any side must be between the sum and the difference of the
other two sides.

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 PART Iv: Geometry and Trigonometry
4.2 Triangles
CONGRUENCE AND SIMILARITY
• Congruence means that two figures have the same shape and size.
• Similarity means that two figures have the same shape but not the
same size.
• If two figures are similar, all corresponding angles are congruent,
and all corresponding sides are proportional.
• Dilation is a technique used to create similar triangles, where each
point is stretched outwards from the center point by multiplying In the figure above, 𝐴𝐵#### and ####
𝐶𝐷 are line segments that
distances by the scale factor. intersect at point P. What is the value of m?
• The Angle-Angle (AA) Theorem: If two triangles have two
congruent pairs of corresponding angles, then the triangles are
similar, and all corresponding sides are proportional.
• Perimeters: If two similar polygons have corresponding sides in a If two triangles have corresponding sides in a ratio of 1:2,
ratio of a:b, then their perimeters have a ratio of a:b. what is the ratio of their perimeters, areas and volumes?
• Areas: If two similar polygons have corresponding sides in a ratio
of a:b, then their areas have a ratio of a2:b2.
• Volumes: If two similar solids have corresponding sides in a ratio of
a:b, then their volumes have a ratio of a3:b3.

THE PITHAGOREAN THEOREM

• The Pythagorean Theorem: If a, b and c are the lengths of the sides

of a right triangle, where c is the longest side, then 𝑎! + 𝑏! = 𝑐 ! .
• Special Right Triangles:

What is the perimeter of quadrilateral ABCD in the figure

above?

• The Distance Formula: The Pythagorean Theorem can be used to

calculate distance:
o In two dimensions:
The figure above shows a rectangular box with a length of
𝒅 = ,(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐
24, a width of 10, and a height of x. If AB = √712 , what is
the volume of the box in cubic units?
o In three dimensions:
𝒅 = ,(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 )𝟐

AREA If the sides of an equilateral triangle measure 2 cm, use both

• The area of any triangle can be calculated by multiplying its formulas to calculate the area.
base by its height and dividing the product by two.
𝒃∗𝒉
𝑨=
𝟐
• The area of an equilateral triangle can be calculated using the
length of its side:
√𝟑 𝟐
𝑨= 𝒂
𝟒

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 PART Iv: Geometry and Trigonometry
4.3 Circles
EQUATIONS
Since a circle is defined as the set of all points in a plane that are at a Which of the following equations represents a circle in the xy-
fixed distance r from the center (h, k), the Pythagorean Theorem can plane that passes through the point (1, 5) and has a center of
be used to find the equation of the circle: (3, 2)?
a. (𝑥 − 3)! + (𝑦 − 2)! = √13
(𝑥 − ℎ)! + (𝑦 − 𝑘)! = 𝑟 ! b. (𝑥 − 3)! + (𝑦 − 2)! = 13
c. (𝑥 − 1)! + (𝑦 − 5)! = 13
d. (𝑥 − 3)! + (𝑦 − 2)! = 25

CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREA

What is the area, in square centimeters, of a circle with a
• Circumference: Since π is defined as the ratio of the
circumference of 16π centimeters?
circumference of any circle to its diameter,
𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝜋= =
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 2𝑟

𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 2𝜋𝑟

• Area: If a circle is cut into tiny sectors and rearranged as

shown, a parallelogram-like shape with a height of r and a
length of half the circumference is created. Since the area of a
parallelogram equals its base time its height,
𝐴 = (𝜋𝑟)(𝑟) = 𝜋𝑟 !

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 PART Iv: Geometry and Trigonometry
4.3 Circles
TANGENTS TO A CIRCLE
In the figure below, AAAAA
𝑀𝑄 is tangent to the circle at point P,
A line is tangent to a curve if it touches the curve at only one point and 𝑀𝑂 = √269, and 𝑂𝑄 = √244. If the circle has an area of
is perpendicular to the radius at the point of tangency. 100π, what is the area of triangle MOQ?

RADIANS
What is the degree measure of an angle that measures 4.5
A radian is a unit for measuring angles, and it represents the ratio of an
radians?
arc to a radius.

"#$ !)#
For 360°, since 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 2𝜋, 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 = #"%&'( = #
= 2𝜋.

CHORDS
A chord is a line segment that connects two points on a circle. The
perpendicular segment from the center of the circle to a chord will
always bisect the chord.

The circle above has an area of 100π square centimeters. If

AAAA from the center of the circle?
AB = 8, how far is 𝐴𝐵

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 PART Iv: Geometry and Trigonometry
4.3 Circles
ARCS *Not to scale.
In the figure below, AC is a diameter of the circle with center O,
An arc is a portion of a circumference that has a corresponding central OB = 12, and the length of arc AB is 7π. What is the value of x?
angle. The ratio of an arc length to the circumference equals the ratio
of its central angle to 360°.
𝑚𝐴𝐵 𝑥
=
2𝜋𝑟 360

A minor arc is less than 180° and is equal to the central angle. A major
arc is greater than 180°. Minor arcs are named with two letters (its
endpoints), and major arcs are named with three letters (its endpoint
and any other point in between).

SECTORS *Not to scale.

A sector is a “pie slice” of a circle. The ratio of a sector area to the In the figure below, AC is a diameter of the circle with center O
area of the circle is equal to the radio of its central angle to 360°. and OB = 7. If the measure of ACB is 20°, what is the area of the
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑥 shaded sector?
!
=
𝜋𝑟 360

INSCRIBED AND CIRCUMSCRIBED ANGLES AND POLYGONS The measure of the inscribed angle ACD is x, and the measure of
• Inscribed vs. circumscribed: the central angle CAB is y. Find CAB in terms of x.

Inscribed Circumscribed
• Inscribed Angle Theorems:

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 PART Iv: Geometry and Trigonometry
4.4 PERIMETERS, Areas, and Volumes
BASIC FORMULAS

Right circular cone Rectangular pyramid

Right rectangular Right circular Sphere
prism cylinder

What is the area, in square units, of the triangle?

THE STRANGE AREA RULE

If you need to find the area of a figure that does not have a fixed formula,
think of the area as the sum of simpler shapes.

What is the area, in square units, of the quadrilateral?

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 PART Iv: Geometry and Trigonometry
4.5 Trigonometry
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS (SOH CAH TOA) In the triangle below, x represents the measure in radians of
the smallest angle. What is the tangent of 2x?
√(
a.
QII QI (
Students √'
All b. '
Sin and cosec All positive √'
positive c. (

Take Calculus d. √3
Tan and cot Cos and sec
positive positive

QIII QIV

When working with trigonometric functions, the lengths of the sides If sin x = 4/5 and BC = 9, what is the length of AC?
are not necessarily the same as expressed by the trigonometric
function, as this could be a simplified ratio. Side lengths are always
A
proportional to the values of the functions.

x
B C

UNIT CIRCLE ! !
Which of the following is equivalent to 𝑐𝑜𝑠 " − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 # ?
$%√'
a. (
√(%√'
b.
(
√(%$
c.
(
√'%√(
d.
(

For any ordered pair (x;y), 𝑐𝑜𝑠Θ = x and 𝑠𝑖𝑛Θ = y.

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 PART Iv: Geometry and Trigonometry
4.5 Trigonometry
THE PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITY !
If ( < 𝑥 < 𝜋 and sin x = 0.8, what is the value of cos x?
For all values of x, 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝑥 = 1.

According to the Pythagorean Theorem,

(𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒)( + (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡)( = (ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒)(

If both sides are divided by (ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒)( ,

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 ( 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 ( ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 (
( ) +( ) =( )
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒

Which is equivalent to:

𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝑥 = 1.

COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES If sin x = a and x + y = π/2, what is the value of sin y?

The two acute angles in a right triangle are always complements of one a. 𝑎
another (their sum is 90° or π/2 radians). If one angle measures x, the b. 1 − 𝑎(
other measures π/2 – x. c. √1 − 𝑎
d. √1 − 𝑎(
As a result, the sine of an angle equals the cosine of its complement,
and the cosine of an angle equals the sine of its complement.

𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛 = − 𝑥@ = cos 𝑥
2
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 = − 𝑥@ = sin 𝑥
2

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 PART v: TIPS AND STRATEGY
5.1 Graphing AND SCIENTIFIC Calculator
RECOMMENDED CALCULATORS
As in most standardized examinations, you will only be allowed to use
one calculator. Therefore, you must be familiar with the calculator you
choose to bring on test day.

The best option is to use a graphing calculator. However, if you don’t

have one, you can use a scientific calculator with equation-solving
functions. If your calculator does not have this option, you will be at a
disadvantage during the exam. If you decide to borrow a calculator from
a friend, make sure to get it with anticipation so that you can learn how
to use it.

SCORE recommends the Casio fx-CG50 graphing calculator (USD 90 on

Amazon) or the Casio fx-991LAX scientific calculator (S/. 100 in Tailoy).

If you have another calculator, make sure to check the list of acceptable
calculators: https://collegereadiness.collegeboard.org/sat/taking-the-
test/calculator-policy.

WHEN TO USE THE CALCULATOR

The SAT has two math sections:
• Section 3: Math – No Calculator
• Section 4: Math – Calculator

Even though a calculator is allowed for all questions in section 4, not all questions can be answered using it. Many questions can only be
solved without a calculator. Make sure to read each question carefully before deciding to use your calculator.

Read the following questions and decide whether you would solve it manually (M) or with your calculator (C).

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without the express written consent of its authors.
 PART v: TIPS AND STRATEGY
5.1 Graphing AND SCIENTIFIC Calculator
MAIN MENU
The graphing calculator has 20 different menu options. To perform well
in the SAT, you must know how to use 4 functions:

Run-Matrix: Arithmetic calculations.

Statistics: Regression (to find equations from a table of values).

Graph: Graphs of functions and equations.

Equation: Systems of equations and polynomial equations.

RUN-MATRIX

Use this option to perform arithmetic calculations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division).

Battery status

SHIFT à MENU (SET UP).

Choose “Deg” for Angle.

Activates options in yellow

Activates options in red

Fractions
Exponents

Fraction/Decimal

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 PART v: TIPS AND STRATEGY
5.1 Graphing AND SCIENTIFIC Calculator
STATISTICS

Use this function to find equations from a table of values.

GRAPH

Use this function to graph functions and equations, and to solve non-linear systems of equations or inequalities.

Vz
Press SHIFT

Press EXE

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without the express written consent of its authors.
 PART v: TIPS AND STRATEGY
5.1 Graphing AND SCIENTIFIC Calculator
ZOOM

Press EXE
Press SHIFT

TRACE
Press SHIFT

Use arrows to
move around

Press EXE
G-SOLVE
Press SHIFT

TYPE

*Choose type before inserting the function.

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 PART v: TIPS AND STRATEGY
5.1 Graphing AND SCIENTIFIC Calculator
EQUATION

Use this function solve systems of equations, polynomial equations, and other equations.
SIMULTANEOUS

POLYNOMIAL

SOLVER

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 PART v: TIPS AND STRATEGY
5.2 CHEAT SHEET
PART I: HEART OF ALGEBRA
FACTORING IDENTITIES: LINEAR EQUATIONS:
• (𝑎 + 𝑏)! = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 ! + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 !
Linear form Equation Slope Y-intercept X-intercept
• (𝑎 − 𝑏)! = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎 ! − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 !
Slope-intercept y = mx + b m b -
• (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎 ! − 𝑏 !
Standard ax + by = c -a/b c/b -
Point-slope y - y1 = m(x - x 1) m - -
ROUNDING:
Intercept x / a+y / b =1 - b a
WHOLE PART DECIMAL PART
"#$% (! )("
• Slope formula: 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = =
Hundred-Thousandths "&' *! )*"
Hundred Thousands

• Slope interpretation:
Ten-Thousandths
Ten Thousands

Decimal Point

Thousandths
Hundredths
Thousands

Positive slope: The line goes up as you move to the right.

Hundreds

Millionths
o
Millions

Tenths
1,000,000

0.000001
100,000

0.00001
Ones
Tens
10,000

0.0001
1,000

0.001
0.01
100

Negative slope: The line goes down as you move to the right.
0.1
10

o
1

o Zero slope: The line is horizontal.

o Undefined slope: The line is vertical.
o Parallel slopes have equal values: 𝑚+ = 𝑚!
+
o Perpendicular slopes are opposite and reciprocal: 𝑚+ = −
,!
LINEAR SYSTEMS: • Distance between two points on a line: /(𝑥+ − 𝑥! )! + (𝑦+ − 𝑦! )!
* -* ( -(
a. No solution: The equations do not intersect. In the case of linear • Midpoint: ( " ! ; " !)
! !
systems, the lines are parallel. Equal slopes, different y-
intercepts.
b. Infinite solutions: The equations lie on the same line, so they are INEQUALITIES:
coincidental. Equal slopes, same y-intercept. • If you multiply or divide both sides by a negative number, you must switch the direction
c. One solution: The lines intersect at one point. Different slopes, of the inequality.
y-intercept may be the same or different. • Systems of inequalities must be solved by graphing.

PART II: Problem Solving and Data Analysis

DATA ANALYSIS: PERCENTAGES:
.&, 01 '&,2%"$
• 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = • CHANGING BY PERCENTAGES:
# 01 '&,2%"$
# 01 '&,2%"$-+ o To increase a number by a%, multiply by (100 + a)% or by (1 + a%).
• 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 (𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠) =
! o To decrease a number by a%, multiply by (100 – a)% or by (1 – a%).
• Standard deviation: The average distance of each element from • PERCENT CHANGE: To find a percent change, use the following formula:
the mean. The more spread out the data is on a graph, the larger 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 − 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕
the standard deviation. %𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕

ARRANGEMENTS:
• ARRANGEMENTS: Arrangements are used to determine how many arrangements of something are possible. For items of different categories, the number of options in
each category are multiplied.
• FACTORIALS: The factorial of n is the number of ways in which the n elements of a group can be ordered. It is expressed as n!, where n! = 1 * 2 * … * (n – 2) * (n – 1) * n.

PART III: Passport to Advanced Math

TRANSFORMATION OF FUNCTIONS: QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS:
• Movement in the x-axis: • Standard form: 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 ! + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, where:
o To the right: 𝑓(𝑥 − 1) o a determines the orientation and width of the parabola:
o To the left: 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) § If a positive, the parabola opens upwards.
• Movement in the y-axis: § If a is negative, the parabola opens downwards.
o Upwards: 𝑓(𝑥) + 1 § An increasing a narrows the parabola.
o Downwards: 𝑓(𝑥) − 1 § A decreasing a widens the parabola.
• Reflection over an axis: o b indicates the slope of the parabola at the y-intercept.
o Over the x-axis: -𝑓(𝑥) o c indicates the y-intercept (0;c) and indicates and upwards or downwards
o Over the y-axis: 𝑓(−𝑥) movement of the parabola.
2
• Stretching and shrinking: o The vertical axis of symmetry is found at 𝑥 = − .
!4
o Vertical stretch: 𝑘𝑓(𝑥), when k > 1 2 2!
o The vertex is found at (− ;𝑐 − ).
o Vertical shrink: 𝑘𝑓(𝑥), when k < 1 !4 54
• Factored form: 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑝)(𝑥 − 𝑞)
o a is a real number.
RUFFINI’S RULE AND REMAINDER THEOREM: o p and q are the roots or x-intercepts.
• Ruffini’s rule may be used when the divisor has the form (x – a) (for • Vertex form: 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)! + 𝑘
example, to divide (𝑥 5 − 16) by (𝑥 + 2)). o a is a real number.
• The Remainder Theorem calculates the remainder of a division o h is the x-coordinate of the vertex of the parabola.
when the divisor has the form (x – a) by making (x – a) = 0, finding o k is the y-coordinate of the vertex of the parabola.
a, and replacing the value in the polynomial. If y = 0, then there is
no remainder.

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 PART v: TIPS AND STRATEGY
5.2 CHEAT SHEET
QUADRATIC FORMULA: LAWS OF EXPONENTS:
• Any quadratic equation can be solved using the quadratic formula: • If n is a positive integer, 𝑥 ' means x multiplied by itself n times.
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 ! − 4𝑎𝑐 • If n is a negative integer, 𝑥 ' means (1/x) multiplied by itself n times.
𝑥= • 𝑥 7 = 1.
2𝑎
• 𝑥 , *𝑥 ' = 𝑥 ,-'
• The discriminant of a quadratic equation is 𝐷 = 𝑏 ! − 4𝑎𝑐, and it • 𝑥 , /𝑥 ' = 𝑥 ,)'
may be: • (𝑥 , )' = 𝑥 ,'
#
o D < 0, if the equation has no real roots (in this case it has • √𝑥 , = 𝑥 ,/'
two imaginary roots).
o D = 0, if the equation has one real root.
LAWS OF RADICALS:
o D > 0, if the equation has two distinct real roots. #
)2 • √𝑥 , = 𝑥 ,/'
• Sum of the roots of an equation: # # #
4
6
• ( /𝑥 )( /𝑦 ) = /𝑥𝑦
• Product of the roots of an equation: #
9* # *
4
• #
= a
:( (

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS:
• An exponential function with base b is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑏 * +
SIMPLIFICATION OF RADICALS:
𝑞, where 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1, and x is any real number.
• Radicals can be simplified by:
• The effect of q: The line y = q is the horizontal asymptote (the
o Factoring out perfect squares from the radicand.
number that the function approaches but never reaches).
o Multiplying top and bottom by the radical (in fractions).
• For q > 0, f(x) moves vertically upwards by q units.
o Multiplying top and bottom by the conjugate of the denominator (if the denominator
• For q < 0, f(x) moves vertically downwards by q units.
includes a sum or a difference with radicals).
• The effect of a and b:
• Remember that expressions must only have radicals in the numerator (never in the
o If b > 1:
denominator). Therefore, you must rationalize your final expressions using these methods.

GRAPHING FUNCTIONS:

o If 0 < b < 1:

o If b ≤ 0, f(x) is not defined.

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY:

• In exponential growth and decay functions, the growth factor in
the exponential function (“b”) is replaced by (1 + r) or (1 – r):
o Exponential growth: 𝑦 = 𝑎(1 + 𝑟)*
o Exponential decay: 𝑦 = 𝑎(1 − 𝑟) *
• In these functions:
o a represents the initial value before measuring growth
or decay.
o r represents the growth or decay rate, and it is often
1. If b ≤ represented
0, f(x) is not defined.
as a percentage and expressed as a
decimal.
o 1+r or 1-r represents the growth or decay factor.
o x represents the number of time intervals that have
passed.

PART IV: ADDITIONAL TOPICS

INTERSECTING LINES THEOREM: PARALLEL LINES THEOREM: “ZCUF” ANGLES:

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 PART v: TIPS AND STRATEGY
5.2 CHEAT SHEET
INTERIOR ANGLES: EXTERIOR ANGLES: SIDE-ANGLE THEOREM: TRIANGLE INEQUALITY:

CONGRUENCE AND SIMILARITY: THE PITHAGOREAN THEOREM:

• The Pythagorean Theorem: If a, b and c are the lengths of the sides of a right
CONGRUENCE: triangle, where c is the longest side, then 𝑎 ! + 𝑏 ! = 𝑐 ! .
• Congruence means that two figures have the same shape and size. • Special Right Triangles:

SIMILARITY:
• Similarity means that two figures have the same shape but not the
same size.
• If two figures are similar, all corresponding angles are congruent,
and all corresponding sides are proportional.
• The Angle-Angle (AA) Theorem: If two triangles have two congruent
pairs of corresponding angles, then the triangles are similar, and all
corresponding sides are proportional.
• Ratios: If two similar polygons have corresponding sides in a ratio of
a:b, then:
o Perimeters: a:b
o Areas: a2:b2
o Volumes: a3:b3 • The Distance Formula: The Pythagorean Theorem can be used to calculate distance:
o In two dimensions:
𝒅 = /(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐
AREA OF A TRIANGLE:
o In three dimensions:
• The area of any triangle can be calculated by multiplying its base by
its height and dividing the product by two. 𝒅 = /(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 )𝟐
𝒃∗𝒉
𝑨=
𝟐
• The area of an equilateral triangle can be calculated using the length CHORD:
TANGENT TO A CIRCLE:
of its side:
√𝟑 𝟐
𝑨= 𝒂
𝟒

CIRCLES:
• Equation: (𝑥 − ℎ)! + (𝑦 − 𝑘)! = 𝑟 ! , where:
o h is the x-coordinate of the center of the circle.
o k is the y-coordinate of the center of the circle.
o r is the radius of the circle. ARC: SECTOR:
• Circumference: 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 2𝜋𝑟
• Area: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜋𝑟 !
• Units: 360° = 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠

INSCRIBED AND CIRCUMSCRIBED ANGLE THEOREM:

𝑚𝐴𝐵 𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑥

= =
2𝜋𝑟 360 𝜋𝑟 ! 360

INSCRIBED AND CIRCUMSCRIBED ANGLES AND POLYGONS:

Inscribed Circumscribed

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 PART v: TIPS AND STRATEGY
5.2 CHEAT SHEET

Sphere Rectangular pyramid

Right rectangular Right circular Right circular cone
prism cylinder

VALUE OF SINE AND COSINE: TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS (SOH CAH TOA):

For any ordered pair (x;y), 𝑐𝑜𝑠Θ = x and 𝑠𝑖𝑛Θ = y.

QII QI
Students All
Sin and cosec All positive
positive

Take Calculus
Tan and cot Cos and sec
positive positive
QIII QIV

COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES:
THE PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITY:

𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛 s − 𝑥t = cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛! 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ! 𝑥 = 1.
2
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 s − 𝑥t = sin 𝑥
2

This document has been created for educational purposes only and meant to be used exclusively by
SCORE – Test Prep and College Counseling. This document may not be distributed or reproduced 41
without the express written consent of its authors.