Signals and Systems Sampling Theorem

UNIT SAMPLING
 THEOREM
U  j
ONE MARK QUESTIONS

1. Increased pulse width in the flat top

sampling, leads to (EC-GATE-94)   2f
(a) Attenuation of high frequencies in 0 1 f  in kHz 
reproduction
a  U   j 
(b) Attenuation of low frequencies in
reproduction
(c) Greater aliasing errors in 1
f
0
reproduction
b
(d) No harmful effects in reproduction
2. A 1.0 kHz signal is flat top sampled at
f
the rate of 1800 samples/sec and the 0
samples are applied to an ideal c
rectangular LPF with cut-off frequency
of 1100Hz, then the output of the filter
contains (EC-GATE-95)
f
0 1
(a) Only 800 Hz components
(b) 800 Hz and 900 Hz components d
(c) 800 Hz and 1000 Hz components
(d) 800Hz, 900 Hz and 1000 Hz
components
f
0 1
3. Flat-top sampling of low pass signals 5. A band limited signal with a maximum
(EC-GATE-98) frequency of 5 kHz is to be sampled.
(a) Gives rise to aperture effect According to the sampling theorem, the
(b) Implies over sampling sampling frequency in kHz which is not
(c) Leads to aliasing valid is
(EE-GATE-13)
(d) Introduces delay distortion
(a) 5 (b) 12 (c) 15 (d) 20
4. The frequency spectrum of a signal is 6. For the signal f  t   3sin 8t 
shown in the figure. If this signal is 6sin12t  sin14t the minimum
ideally sampled at intervals of 1ms, sampling frequency (in Hz) satisfying
then the frequency spectrum of the the Nyquist criterion is _____
sampled signal will be (EE-GATE-07) (EE-GATE-14/3)
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Signals and Systems Sampling Theorem

7. A modulated signal is y t   m t  15  
(a) cos  40t  
cos  40000t  , where the base band 2  4

signal m  t  has frequency components 15  sin  t    

(b)   cos 10t  
2  t   4
less than 5 kHz only. The minimum
required rate (in kHz) at which y  t  15  
(c) cos 10t  
2  4
should be sampled to recover m  t  is _
15  sin  t    
(EC-GATE-14) (d)   cos  40t  
2  t   2
8. Let x  t   cos 10t   cos  30t  be
12. Suppose the maximum frequency in a
sampled at 20 Hz and reconstructed
using an ideal low pass filter with cut- band limited signal x  t  is 5 kHz.
off frequency of 20 Hz. The Then, the maximum frequency in x  t 
frequency/frequencies present in the
cos  2000 t  , in kHz is _____
reconstructed signal is/are
(EC-GATE-14) (EE-GATE-16/2)
(a) 5 Hz and 15 Hz only 13. Consider the signal x  t   cos  6t  
(b) 10 Hz and 15 Hz only sin  8t  , where t is in seconds. The
(c) 5 Hz, 10 Hz and 15 Hz only
Nyquist sampling rate (in sample/s) for
(d) 5 Hz only
the signal y  t   x  2t  5 is
9. Consider two real valued signal, x  t 
(EC-GATE-16)
band limited to  500Hz,500Hz  and (a) 8 (b) 12 (c) 16 (d) 32
y  t  band limited to  1kHz,1kHz  . 14. A sinusoid of 10 kHz sampled at 15 k
samples/s. The resulting signal is passed
For z  t   x  t  .y  t  , the Nyquist through an ideal low pass filter (LPF)
sampling frequency (in kHz) is _____ with cut-off frequency of 25 kHz. The
(EC-GATE-14) maximum frequency component at the
10. The highest frequency present in the output of the LPF (in kHz) is _____.
signal x  t  is f max . The highest TWO MARK QUESTIONS
frequency present in the signal 1. A signal containing only two frequency
y  t   x 2  t  is (IN-GATE-15) components (3 kHz and 6 kHz) is
1 sampled at the rate of 8 kHz, and then
(a) f max (b) f max passed through a low pass filter with a
2
cut-off frequency of 8 kHz. The filter
(c) 2 f max (d) 4 f max
output (EC-GATE-88)
  (a) Is an undistorted version of the
11. The signal cos 10   is ideally original signal
 4
(b) Contains only the 3 kHz
sampled at a sampling frequency of 15
Hz. The sampled signal is passed component
through a filter with impulse response (c) Contains the 3 kHz component and
a spurious component of 2 kHz
 sin  t    
  cos  40t   . The filter (d) Contains both the components of
 t   2 the original signal and two spurious
output is (EC-GATE-15) components of 2 kHz and 5 kHz
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Signals and Systems Sampling Theorem
2. A signal has frequency components 8. Consider a continuous time signal
from 300 Hz to 1.8 kHz. The minimum defined as
possible rate at which the signal has to   t  
be sampled _____ (fill in the blank)  sin  2   
  
(EC-GATE-91) x t       t  10n  .
  t   n 
3. The Nyquist sampling frequency (in   2 
   
Hz) of a signal given by
Where  denotes the convolution
16  104 sin c 2  400t  106 sin c3 100t  operation and t is in seconds. The
is (EC-GATE-99) Nyquist sampling rate (in samples/sec)
(a) 200 (b) 300 (c) 500 (d) 1000 for x  t  is _____ (EC-GATE-15)
4. The Nyquist sampling interval, for the
9. Let x1  t   X 1    and
signal sin c  700t   sin c  500t  is
x2  t   X 2    be two signals whose
(EC-GATE-01)
1  Fourier Transforms are as shown in the
(a) sec (b) sec
figure below. In the figure, h  t   e
2 t
350 350
1  denotes the impulse response
(c) sec (d) sec
700 175 (EE-GATE-16/2)
5. The Nyqyist sampling rate for the signal X1   
sin  500t  sin  700t 
s t    is
t t
given by (EC-GATE-10)
(a) 400 Hz (b) 600 Hz 
 B1  B1 B1 B1
(c) 1200 Hz (d) 1400 Hz
2 2
6. A sinusoid x  t  of unknown frequency
X 2  
is sampled by an impulse train of period
20ms. The resulting sample train is next
applied to an ideal low pass filter with a
cutoff at 25Hz. The filter output is seen

to be a sinusoid of frequency 20 Hz.  B2 0 B2
This means that x  t  has a frequency of x1  t 
(EE-GATE-14/3)
(a) 10 Hz (b) 60 Hz yt
h t  e
2 t
(c) 30 Hz (d) 90 Hz
x2  t 
7. A modulated signal is y  t   m  t 
For the system shown above, the
cos  40000t  , where the base band
minimum sampling rate required to
signal m  t  has frequency components sample y  t  , so that y  t  can be
less than 5 kHz only. The minimum uniquely reconstructed from its
required rate (in kHz) at which y  t  samples, is (EE-GATE-16/2)
should be sampled to recover m  t  is _ (a) 2B1 (b) 2  B1  B2 

(EC-GATE-14) (c) 4  B1  B2  (d) 

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Signals and Systems Sampling Theorem
10. A continuous time filter with transfer X  t   X   yt
2s  6 sin 1500t 
H  s  2 h t 
function s  6s  8 is t

converted to a discrete time filter with cos 1000t 

transfer function (a) 1000 samples/s
2
2 z  0.5032 z
G  z  2 (b) 1500 samples/s
z  0.5032 z  k so that the
(c) 2000 samples/s
impulse response of the continuous time
(d) 3000 samples/s
filter, samples at 2 Hz, is identical at the
sampling instants to the impulse 13. A signal having a bandwidth of 5 MHz
response of the discrete time filter. The
is transmitted using the Pulse Code
value of k is ____ (EC-GATE-16)
Modulation (PCM) scheme as follows.
11. Consider the signal x  t   cos  6t  
The signal is sample at a rate of 50%
sin  8t  , where t is in seconds. The
above the Nyquist rate and quantized
Nyquist sampling rate (in sample/s) for
into 256 levels. The binary pulse rate of
the signal y  t   x  2t  5 is
the PCM signal in M bits per second is
(EC-GATE-16)
_____. (IN-GATE-21)
(a) 8 (b) 12 (c) 16 (d) 32
14. Consider a real-valued base-band signal
12. The output y  t  of the following x(t), band limited to 10 kHz. The
system is to be sampled, so as to Nyquist rate for the signal
reconstruct it from its samples uniquely.
 t
The required minimum sampling rate is y(t)  x(t)x  1   is
(EE-GATE-17/2)  2

X  
(EC-GATE-21)

1
(a) 30 kHz
(b) 60 kHz
(c) 15 kHz
 (d) 20 kHz
1000 0 1000

ANSWER KEY
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
1 a 2 c 3 a 4 b 5 a
6 14 to 14 7 10 8 a 9 3 10 c
11 a 12 6 13 c 14 25
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
1 d 2 3.6 khz 3 b 4 c 5 c
6 c 7 10 8 0.4 9 b 10 0.05
11 c 12 b 13 120 14 a
*****

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Signals and Systems Sampling Theorem

SOLUTIONS
ONE MARK QUESTIONS 3. Answer: (a)
1. Answer: (a) Solution:
Solution: Distortion in reconstructed signal
Flat-top signal (rectangular pulse) and known as aperture effect.
its spectrum are shown as:
In impulse and natural sampling if the
f t 
signal is over sampled then it will not
1 lead to aperture effect but in flat top
sampling even an over sampled signal
t have distortion so it gives rise to
 / 2 0  /2
aperture effect.
F f 
4. Answer: (b)
  sin c  f  
Solution:
Highest frequency of the input signal,
f
1/  0 1/  f h  1kHz as shown in its spectrum of
Now, as we increases the pulse width  fig. 1
in time domain corresponding spectrum
U  j  or U  f 
in frequency is compressed. Therefore,
in reproduction the high frequencies in
M
signal get attenuated.
2. Answer: (c)
Solution:
The input signal x  t  has spectrum f  in kHz 
0 1
Fig. 1
with impulses at f m   1kHz
Sampling interval, Ts  1 ms , f s  1kHz
f s  1.8 kHz
, fs  fh .
Samples signal X s  f  spectrum is
Therefore, Aliasing or overlap of the
given as

adjacent spectra occurs in the sampled
Xs  f   f  X  f  nf 
n 
s
spectrum because f s  2 f h

The sampled spectrum,

So, Xs  f  spectrum will have

frequency component at 1kHz, U   j   U   f   f o  U  f  nf  o
 0.8kHz,  2.8kHz,  2.6 kHz, . Now, n 

as shown in fig.2
as the cutoff frequency of a LPF is 1.1
kHz, therefore all components above The resultant spectrum, U   j is
1.1 kHz will be filtered out. Therefore, constant for all ‘f’ as shown in fig.3
output of the filter will contain 800 Hz which is the same figure given in option
and 1000 Hz components. (b)
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Signals and Systems Sampling Theorem

U *  j   U *  f 
Then, m  t   M  f 

Mf
fs M

f  Hz 
2 1 0 1 2 3 f  in kHz  5k 5k
Fig.  2 
y  t   m  t  cos  40000 t 
U 
 j 
Let y  t   Y  f 
fs M
1
Y  f   M  f     f  20k     f  20k  
2
0 f  in kHz 
1
Fig.  3  Yf   M  f  20k   M  f  20k  
2
5. Answer: (a)
Y  f  can be represented as
Solution:
y f 
According to sampling theorem.
Sampling frequency
f  Hz 
 f s   2  maximum signal frequency 25k 20k 15k 15k 20k 25k

 fs  2 fm , Given, f m  5 kHz Now Y  t  has a bandwidth of 10 kHz,

 f s  2  5 kHz if y  t  is sampled with a frequency f s

then the received signal is a periodic
 f s  10 kHz
extension of successive replica of y  t 
6. Answer: 14 to 14 with a period of  f s  . Now 10 kHz and
Solution: 20 kHz are two sampling frequencies
1  8, 2  12 , 3  14  which causes a replica of M  f  which
can be filtered out by LPF.
f1  4, f 2  6, f 3  7
8. Answer: (a)
f m  max(4,6,7)  7 Hz
Solution:
Nyquist rate   f s  min  2 f m  2  7
x  t   cos 10t   cos  30t 
 14 Hz
 f m1  5 Hz, f m2  15 Hz
7. Answer: 10
f a  20 Hz, f c  20 Hz (given)
Solution:
After sampling, frequencies present are
m t  is a baseband signal with
maximum frequency at 5 kHz. Let nf s  f m1 and nf s  f m 2
M  f  represents its spectrum. n  0,1, 2,.....

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Signals and Systems Sampling Theorem

 20n  5  5,15, 25, 35, 45,.....  Hz  Filter impulse response

20n  15  5,15, 25,35,.......  Hz   sin t   

h(t)   cos  40t  
 t   2
When these frequencies pass through
low pass filter with cut-off frequency of   sin ct  sin  40t 
20 Hz. The frequencies present are 5,
1   f  20  
15 Hz.  H(f) = rect  f    
2 j    f  20  
9. Answer: 3
1
Solution:   rect  f  20   rect  f  20  
2j
z t   x t  . y t 
X s  f  can be shown as
Multiplication in time domain 
Convolution in frequency domain Xs  f 
15 / 2

 Nyquist sampling frequency of z  t 

F  Hz 
is 20 15 10 5 5 10 15 20

f s  2  f x  f y   2  500  1000   3kHz

10. Answer: (c)

20
Solution: 20

Given f m for x  t 

y  t   x 2  t   x  t  .x  t  15
Xs  f H  f  
 4j
 2 f max for x  t   n f 
n
m
   f  20     f  20  
11. Answer: (a)
15
Solution: X r t   sin  40 t 
2
 
Given, x  t   cos 10t   
15  
cos  40t  
 4 2  2
The phase shift can be directly added to

filter output at later stage. Add the input phase shift  
4
Let x1  t   cos 10t 
15   
 X r t   cos  40t   
x1  t   X 1  f  2  2 4

1 15  
Then, X 1  f     f  5    f  5   cos  40t  
2 2  4

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Signals and Systems Sampling Theorem
12. Answer: 6 Now, the frequency component present
Solution: are
f m1  6, f m2  8
Given, x  t  is a band – limited signal
 Nyquist sampling rate: f s  2 f m2
x  t  with 5 kHz
 f s  2  8  16
Xf
 f s  16 samples/second
K 14. Answer: 25
Solution:
Ideal LPF
f 1 H(f)
5kHz 5kHz Sampler Output
fs = 15 kHz frequencies
x  t  cos  21000t   FT
25 25kHz
1 Frequencies at output of sampler is
 X  f  1000   X  f  1000  
2 fm  nfs
1  10  n(15)
 X  f  1kHz   X  f  1kHz 
2 n=0 n=1 n=2 n=3
10 kHz 25 kHz 1030 1045
1/ 2
5 kHz 40 k 20 k 55k 35k

Maximum frequency component at the

1
X  f  1kHz  
output of LPF is 25 kHz.
2
4 kHz 6 kHz
TWO MARK SOLUTIONS
1/ 2 1. Answer: (d)
Solution:
The spectrum of sampled signal
contains
1
X  f  1kHz    f1 ,  f 2 ,   f s  f1  ,   f s  f 2 
2
6 kHz 4 kHz   f s  2 f1  ,   f s  2 f 2 
From the above frequency response the
maximum frequency present in
x  t  cos  2000t  is 6 kHz. f  in kHz 
11 6 5 3  2 2 3 5 6 11
13. Answer: (c)
Low pass filter cut-off is 8 kHz so it
Solution:
would contain 2 kHz, 3kHz, 5kHz and
Given 6kHz or original signal and two
x  t   cos  6t   sin  8t  spurious components 2 kHz and 5 kHz.
2. Answer: 3.6 kHz
Now, t  2t  5
Solution:
x  2t  5   cos  6  2t  5  Given, f L  300 Hz

 sin  8  2t  5   f H  1.8 kHz
 x  2t  5   cos 12t  30   sin 16t  40  BW  1.8  0.3 kHz  1.5kHz

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Signals and Systems Sampling Theorem
Now, minimum sampling frequency of Fourier transform of a sin c function
a band pass. Signal is given by results in rectangular pulse.
2f
fs  H
r
1/ 700
 f 
r H  FT
sin c  700t  

 BW  f
350 0 350
r  integer value
r  represents number of BW
1/ 500
available in f H
FT
sin c  500t  

1.8  f
r    1
250
1.5  0 250

2 1.8 Now, in X  f  , the highest frequency

fs  kHz
1 component will be 350 Hz.
f s  3.6 kHz
So, Nyquist sampling rate
3. Answer: (b)
fs  2 fm
Solution:
Maximum value of frequency in x  t  f s  2  350  Hz  700 Hz

f max x  t   min  f max  x1  t   , f max  x2  t    Sampling interval, Ts 

1
fs
 Min  2  200, 2  50
1
 Ts  sec
 sin 400t  
2
700
sin c  400t   
2
 
  400t  
5. Answer: (c)
2
 sin100t 
sin c 2 100t    
Solution:
 100t 
sin  500 t  sin  700 t 
f max  150 Hz Given s  t   
t t
Nyquist sampling frequency,
s  t  is the multiplication of two sinc
f N  2 f max
functions
f N  300 Hz
sin 500t
Now, s1  t  
4. Answer: (c) t
Solution: S1  f 
Given signal
x  t   sin c  700t   sin c  500t  FT
  f
x  t   X  f 
FT 250 0 250

109 Prepared by: MY (B.E.) (Hons.) BITS Pilani OHM Institute – Hyderabad GATE|ESE|PSUs
Signals and Systems Sampling Theorem
sin  700 t  Consider ‘a’ option f m  10 then
Now, s2  t  
t output frequencies are
S2  f   10,  10, 40,60,90,110,.... output is 10
Hz
FT
  Consider ‘b’ option: f m  60 Hz then
f
350 0 350 output frequencies are  60,  60,  10,
Now, s  t   s1  t  s2  t  110,40,160, … No output
Consider ‘c’ option: f m  30 Hz then
s  t  
FT
S f 
output frequencies are  30,  30, 20,80,
S  f   S1  f   S2  f  70,130, …… The output of low pass
Multiplication in time domain leads to filter  20 Hz
convolution in frequency domain.
7. Answer: 10
When we convolve S1  f  and S2  f 
Solution:
the frequency range of S  f  is from
m t  is a baseband signal with
600 Hz to 600 Hz.
maximum frequency at 5 kHz. Let
Now, f max  600Hz
M  f  represents its spectrum.
As we know the Nyquist sampling rate
Then, m  t   M  f 
fs  2 fm
f s  2  600  1200 Hz Mf

6. Answer: (c)
Solution:
f  Hz 
Ts  20 m sec 5k 5k
1 1 1000 y  t   m  t  cos  40000 t 
fs   3
  50 Hz
Ts 20 10 20
Assume the frequency of the input Let y  t   Y  f 
signal is then 1
Y  f   M  f     f  20k     f  20k  
n  0, f m1  f m 2

n  1, f s  f m , f s  f m 1
Y  f    M  f  20k   M  f  20k  
2
n  2, 2 f s  f m1 , 2 f s  f m
Hf Y  f  can be represented as

y f 

f  Hz 
f 25k 20k 15k 25k
25 0 25 15k 20k

110 Prepared by: MY (B.E.) (Hons.) BITS Pilani OHM Institute – Hyderabad GATE|ESE|PSUs
Signals and Systems Sampling Theorem

Now Y  t  has a bandwidth of 10 kHz, Y   

1
 X 1    X 2    H  
2 
if y  t  is sampled with a frequency f s
4
then the received signal is a periodic H   
 4 2
extension of successive replica of y  t 
The maximum frequency
with a period of  f s  . Now 10 kHz and 1
 X1     X 2    H   is band
20 kHz are two sampling frequencies 2 
which causes a replica of M  f  which limited with B1  B2
can be filtered out by LPF. Hence, the minimum sampling rate is
8. Answer: 0.4
2  B1  B2  (Since, minimum sampling
Solution:
rate means Nyquist rate)
 t 
sin    10. Answer: 0.05
 2 
x t      t  10n 
 t  n  Solution:
  Given,
2
2s  6 2s  6
Let x  t   x1  t   x2  t  H s  
s  6s  8  s  2  s  4 
2

X  f   X1  f  X 2  f 
By partial fraction,
(Convolution in time domain becomes 1 1
multiplication in frequency domain) H  s 
s2 s4
x1  t   X1  f 
h  t   L1  H  s 
x f 
 e 2t u  t   e4t u  t 
 t  1/ 4
sin  
 2 
 t 
Sampling frequency,
  f
 2 1/ 4 1/ 4 f s  2 Hz
x1  t   X 2  f  1
 Sampling period, Ts   0.5
fs

   t  10n   Hence,
n  f
0.2 0.1 0 0.1 0.2
h  nTs   e2 nTs u  nTs   e4 nTs u  nTs 
So, from multiplication of X 1  f  and
 e nu  n   e2 nu  n 
X 2  f  , maximum frequency would be
z z
0.2 Hz. H z  
z  1/ e  z  1 / e 2 
Therefore, Nyquist rate  2 f m
z  2 z  1/ e  1/ e2 
 2  0.2  samples/sec 
 z  1/ e   z  1/ e2 
 0.4 samples/sec
9. Answer: (b) 2 z 2  0.5032 z
 2
Solution: z   0.5032  z   0.04978 
y  t   x1  t  x2  t   h  t  k  0.04978  0.05

111 Prepared by: MY (B.E.) (Hons.) BITS Pilani OHM Institute – Hyderabad GATE|ESE|PSUs
Signals and Systems Sampling Theorem
11. Answer: (c) Y     X    .H   
Solution:
Given
x  t   cos  6t   sin  8t 

Now, t  2t  5 1500 0 1500
The maximum frequency in
x  2t  5   cos  6  2t  5 
 y  t   1500 
 sin  8  2t  5  
m  1500 
 x  2t  5  cos 12t  30   sin 16t  40 
f n  750
Now, the frequency component present
are  f s min  2 fn  1500 Hz
f m1  6, f m2  8  1500 samples/sec
 Nyquist sampling rate: f s  2 f m2 13. Answer: 120
 f s  2  8  16 Solution:
 = 5 MHz
 f s  16 samples/second
Nyquist rate = 10 MHz
12. Answer: (b) Sampling rate
Solution:
1
X   =  1.5  10 MHz  15 MHz
Ts
1
L = 256 = 2m
m=8
So, the bit rate

1000 0 1000 1
=  m  15  8 Mbits/sec
Output of multiplier is Ts
 x  t  .cos 1000 t  Rb = 120 Mbps
1 1 14. Answer: (a)
    1000      1000  Solution:
2 2
Output of multiplier x(t)

x(t)

2000 0 2000
 10 kHz 10 kHz f
sin 1500t 
h t  
t
H  

x(t).x(t/2 + 1)

 15 kHz 15 kHz f

Nquist rate = 2  15 kHz


1500 0 1500 = 30 kHz
112 Prepared by: MY (B.E.) (Hons.) BITS Pilani OHM Institute – Hyderabad GATE|ESE|PSUs