World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology

International Journal of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering

Vol:11, No:6, 2017

Study of Rayleigh-Bénard-Brinkman Convection

Using LTNE Model and Coupled, Real
Ginzburg-Landau Equations
P. G. Siddheshwar, R. K. Vanishree, C. Kanchana

Abstract—A local nonlinear stability analysis using a eight-mode such circumstances the local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE)
expansion is performed in arriving at the coupled amplitude equations
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effects are to be taken into consideration in which case the

for Rayleigh-Bénard-Brinkman convection (RBBC) in the presence single energy equation has to be replaced by two, one for
of LTNE effects. Streamlines and isotherms are obtained in the
two-dimensional unsteady finite-amplitude convection regime. The each phase.
parameters’ influence on heat transport is found to be more The LTNE effects on convective flows in a porous medium
pronounced at small time than at long times. Results of the have been studied by many authors. Banu and Rees [8]
Rayleigh-Bénard convection is obtained as a particular case of have studied the criterion for onset of convection in a
the present study. Additional modes are shown not to significantly Darcy porous medium using LTNE model. Free convection
influence the heat transport thus leading us to infer that five minimal
modes are sufficient to make a study of RBBC. The present problem in a square porous cavity using LTNE was considered by
that uses rolls as a pattern of manifestation of instability is a needed Baytas and Pop [9]. Nield [10] has made a note on the
first step in the direction of making a very general non-local study of modelling of LTNE in a structured porous medium. The
two-dimensional unsteady convection. The results may be useful in onset of DarcyBrinkman convection in a porous layer using
determining the preferred range of parameters’ values while making a thermal nonequlibrium model for stress-free boundaries
rheometric measurements in fluids to ascertain fluid properties such
as viscosity. The results of LTE are obtained as a limiting case of was analysed by Postelnicu and Rees [11]. Malashetty et.
the results of LTNE obtained in the paper. al.[12]-[13] studied the onset of convection in an anisotropic
porous layer and LapwoodBrinkman convection using a
Keywords—Rayleigh-Bénard convection, heat transport, porous
media, generalized Lorenz model, coupled Ginzburg-Landau model. thermal non-equilibrium model. Explicit conditions for LTNE
in porous media heat conduction were obtained by Vadasz
[14]. Rees and Pop [15] studied the LTNE in porous medium
convection. The effect of mechanical and thermal anisotropy
I. I NTRODUCTION on the stability of gravity driven cinvection in a rotating

T HE onset of thermoconvective instability in a horizontal

fluid saturated porous layer heated from below has been
extensively studied. This is due to the fact that it finds wide
porous media in the presence of LTNE was analysed by
Govender and Vadasz [16]. Rees et. al. [17] have made an
analysis on the LTNE effects arising from the injection of a
variety of applications because of its interdisciplinary nature hot fluid into a porous medium. The effect of a horizontal
ranging from geophysical research to biophysical applications pressure gradient on the onset of a Darcy-Bénard convection
as well as petroleum and heat transfer engineering. The study in thermal non-equilibrium conditions was investigated by
of natural convection in a porous medium has been understood Postelnicu [18]. Kuzentsov and Nield [19] studied the effect
and well documented in the works of Vadasz [1], Crolet of LTNE on the onset of convection in a porous medium
[2], Kaviani [3], Straughan [4], Ingham and Pop [5], Vafai layer saturated by a nanofluid. Malashetty and Mahantesh
[6] and Nield and Bejan [7]. In most of the situations it Swamy [20] used LTNE model to study the effect of rotation
is observed that temperature fields of solid and fluid phase on the onset of thermal convection in a sparsely packed
of the porous medium are assumed to be identical such a porous layer. Boundary and thermal non-equilibrium effects
situation is generally known as local thermal equilibrium on convective instability in an anisotropic porous layer was
(LTE). However in many practical situations involving porous investigated by Shivakumara et al. [21]. Barletta and Celli
material and also media in which there is a large temperature [22] studied the local thermal non-equilibrium flow with
difference between the fluid and the solid phases, it has been viscous dissipation in a plane horizontal porous layer. Effects
realized that the assumption of LTE model is inadequate of thermal non-equilibrium and non-uniform temperature
for proper understanding of the heat transfer problems. In gradients on the onset of convection in a heterogeneous
porous medium was investigated by Shivakumara et al. [23].
P. G. Siddheshwar is with the Department of Mathematics, Lee et al. [24] have considered a LTNE to study the effect
Bangalore University, Bengaluru-560056, Karnataka, India (e-mail:
mathdrpgs@[Link]). of nonuniform temperature gradient on thermogravitational
R. K. Vanishree is with Department of Mathematics, Maharani’s convection in a porous layer. Convective transport in a
Science College for Women, Bangalore 560 001, India (e-mail: nanofluid saturated porous layer with thermal non-equilibrium
vanirkmscw@[Link]).
C. Kanchana is with the Department of Mathematics, Bangalore University, was analysed by Bhadauria and Agarwal [25]. Saravanan
Bengaluru-560056, Karnataka, India (e-mail: [Link]@[Link]). and Sivakumar [26] studied the onset of thermovibrational

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Greek symbols
filtration convection: departure from thermal equilibrium.
α thermal diffusivity
Local thermal non-equilibrium effects in the Darcy - Bénard β coefficient of thermal expansion
instability with isoflux boundary conditions was investigated k thermometric conductivity
by Barlette and Rees [27]. Nield [28] made a note on LTNE Λ Brinkman number
in porous media near boundaries and interfaces. The effect μf dynamic viscosity of fluid
μp dynamic viscosity of fluid in a porous medium
of LTNE was considered by Patil and Rees [29] to study γ porosity-modified conductivity ratio
the linear stability analysis of a horizontal boundary layer φ porosity of the porous medium
formed by vertical throughflow in a porous medium. Celli et al. ψ dimensional stream function
[30] studied the LTNE effects in the Darcy-Bénard instability σ2 Porous parameter
in a porous layer heated from below by a uniform flux. Ψ non-dimensional stream function
Thermorheological effect on thermal nonequilibrium porous ρ fluid density
ρ0 reference fluid density
convection with heat generation was analysed by Saravanan Θ non-dimensional temperature
and Senthilnayaki [31]. Thermoconvective instability and Subscripts
b
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local thermal non-equilibrium in a porous layer with basic state


isoflux-isothermal boundary conditions was studied by Celli perturbed state
et al. [32]. Dehgan et al. [33] studied the perturbation analysis l liquid
s solid
of the LTNE condition in a fluid-saturated porous medium
bounded by an iso-thermal channel. LTNE effects in the
Horton-Rogers-Lapwood problem with a free surface was III. M ATHEMATICAL F ORMULATION
analysed by Celli et al. [34].
In the present paper we study linear and weakly nonlinear The governing equations for studying two-dimensional,
stability analyses of Rayleigh-Bénard-Brinkman convection unsteady Rayleigh-Brinkman-Bénard convection (RBBC) in
in the presence of LTNE effect using 5-mode and 8-mode the case when there is local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE)
Lorenz models. We show 8-mode Lorenz model will produce between liquid and solid phases are:
qualitatively similar result like 5-mode Lorenz model. Hence ∇.q = 0, (1)
its sufficient to use minimal modes for perform weakly  
1 ∂q 1  μl
nonlinear analysis. Later the analytically intractable 5-mode ρl0 + 2 (q · ∇)q = μl ∇2 q − q + ρlg − ∇P, (2)
Lorenz model is transformed to analytically tractable first φ ∂t φ K
order Ginzburg-Landau equation using multiscal method using ∂Tl
which we quantify heat transport. Thus the main objectives of (ρCp )l = φκl ∇2 Tl + h(Ts − Tl ) − (ρcp )l (q.∇)Tl , (3)
∂t
the present paper are the following: ∂Ts
(ρCp )s = (1 − φ)κs ∇2 Ts − h(Ts − Tl ), (4)
1) Studying the effect of additional modes on local ∂t
nonlinear stability analysis, ρ(T ) = ρ(T0 )(1 − β(Tl − T0 )). (5)
2) Deriving Ginzburg-Landau model from Lorenz model,
3) Showing the influence of parameters on onset of Considering velocity, temperature, density and pressure
convection and heat transport and fields in the quiescent basic state to be:
4) Obtaining LTE as a limiting case of LTNE. ⎫
q = qb = (0, 0), ⎪
⎬
Tl (z) = Tlb (z), Ts (z) = Tsb (z), , (6)
⎪
⎭
ρ(z) = ρb (z), P (z) = Pb (z),
II. N OMENCLATURE
we obtain the quiescent state solution for the temperature
Latin symbols
A, B, C amplitudes distributions in the form:

g acceleration due to gravity (0, 0, −g) 1 z
J jacobian Tlb (z) = T0 + ΔT − , (7)
2 d
K permeability of the porous media 
Nu Nusselt number 1 z
Tsb (z) = T0 + ΔT − . (8)
p dynamic pressure 2 d
Pr Prandtl number
q velocity vector
Ra Rayleigh number
t time We now superimpose perturbation on the quiescent basic
T temperature state quantities and so we write:
T0 reference temperature

  
u horizontal velocity q = qb + q , Tl (z) = Tlb + T (z), Ts (z) = Tsb + T (z),
w vertical velocity   ,
x horizontal coordinate ρ = ρb + ρ , P = Pb + P ,
z vertical coordinate (9)
X non-dimensional horizontal coordinate where the primes indicate a perturbed quantity. Eliminating
Z non-dimensional vertical coordinate the pressure term in (2) and introducing the stream function,

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Vol:11, No:6, 2017

ψ, as follows
∂ψ ∂ψ √ 
u=, w=− . (10) − 2δ 2 π
∂z ∂x Ψ = A(τ ) sin(κX) sin πZ + , (20)
√ πκ 2
and making (1)-(5) dimensionless using
2  π 
x z  φψ Tl Ts Θl = B(τ ) cos(κX) sin πZ +
(X, Z) = , , Ψ= , Θl = , Θs = , (11) πrl 2
d d αl ΔT ΔT 1
− C(τ ) sin(2πZ + π), (21)
the dimensionless form of the vorticity and heat transport πr
√ l 
equations can be obtained in the form 2 π
Θs = L(τ ) cos(κX) sin πZ +
1 ∂ ∂Θl π 2
(∇2 Ψ) = Λ∇4 Ψ − σ 2 ∇2 Ψ − Ra , (12) 1
P r ∂τ ∂X + M (τ ) sin(2πZ + π), (22)
π
∂Θl ∂Ψ ∂Ψ ∂Θl ∂Ψ ∂Θl
=− + ∇2 Θl + H(Θs − Θl ) + − , Raκ2
∂τ ∂X ∂X ∂Z ∂Z ∂X where rl = and the amplitudes A(τ ), B(τ ), C(τ ), L(τ )
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(13) δ6
a1 φ ∂Θs and M (τ ) are to be determined.
= ∇2 Θs + γH(Θl − Θs ) = 0, (14)
γ (1 − φ) ∂τ Substituting (20)-(22) in (12)-(14) and taking the
where orthogonality condition with the eigenfunctions associated
with the considered minimal modes, we get
μ d2 ρl (ρcp )l βgd3 ΔT
Λ = , σ 2 = , Ra = ,
μ K φκμ
1 dA
hd2 φκl = [−(Λ + σ  )A + B] , (23)
H = , γ= . P r dτ1
φκl (1 − φ)κs dB
= [rl A − (H  + 1)B + rl H  L − AC] , (24)
dτ1
The stationary convection is the preferred mode at onset. In dC
the following section we perform linear stability analysis to = [−(H  + b)C − rl H  M + AB] , (25)
dτ1
study the condition for onset of convection. dL
rl a 1 = [γH  B − rl (1 + γH  )L] , (26)
dτ1
IV. L INEAR S TABILITY A NALYSIS
dM
We make a linear stability analysis by considering minimal rl a 1 = [γH  C − (b + H  )M ] , (27)
dτ1
double Fourier series expansion as follows:
 4π 2
π
αl H
where τ1 = δ 2 τ , a1 = , H  = 2 and b = 2 .
Ψ = A sin(κc X) sin πZ + , (15) αs δ δ
 2 We now use the following regular perturbation expansion
π
Θl = B cos(κc X) sin πZ + , (16) in (23)-(27):
 2
π
Θs = L cos(κc X) sin πZ + . (17) ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
2 A 0 A1 A2 A3
⎢ B ⎥ ⎢0⎥ ⎢ B1 ⎥ ⎢ B2 ⎥ ⎢ B3 ⎥
Substituting (15)-(17) in linearized version of (12)-(14) and ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ C ⎥ ⎢0⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
taking the orthogonality condition with the eigenfunctions ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ +  ⎢ C1 ⎥ + 2 ⎢ C2 ⎥ + 3 ⎢ C3 ⎥ + · · · (28)
⎢ L ⎥ ⎢0⎥ ⎢ L1 ⎥ ⎢ L2 ⎥ ⎢ L3 ⎥
associated with the considered minimal modes, we get ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎡ 2 2 ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎣M ⎦ ⎣0⎦ ⎣ M1 ⎦ ⎣ M2 ⎦ ⎣ M3 ⎦
δ (δ Λ + σ 2 ) −κc Ra 0 A 0
⎣ rl 1 0 r2 0
κc −(H + δ 2 ) H ⎦ ⎣B ⎦ = ⎣0⎦ (18)
0 γH −δ12 L 0 and we assume the time variations only at the small time scale
τ1∗ = 2 τ1 .
where δ 2 = (κ2c + π 2 ) and δ12 = κ2c + π 2 + γH. Let us now use the following notation:
The critical Rayleigh number, Rac , is given by ⎡ ⎤
 L1 1 0 0 0
δ6 H ⎢ r0 L 2 0 r0 H  0 ⎥
Rac = Λ + σ  )κ2c 1 + 2 , (19) ⎢ ⎥
( δ1 L=⎢0 ⎢ 0 L3 0 −r0 H  ⎥
⎥, (29)
σ2 ⎣ 0 γH  0 L4 0 ⎦
where σ  = 2 . In the next section we discuss the non-linear 0 0 −γH  0 L5
δ
stability analysis in order to find the amplitude equation of
Ginzburg-Landau and thereby estimate the heat transport. Tr
Vi = [Ai Bi Ci Li Mi ] , (i = 1, 2, 3) (30)
V. L OCAL N ONLINEAR S TABILITY A NALYSIS U SING F IVE   
where L1 = −(Λ + σ ), L2 = −(H + 1), L3 = −(H + b),
M ODES (M INIMAL R EPRESENTATION ) L4 = −r0 (1 + γH  ) and L5 = −ro (H  + b).
We make a local nonlinear stability analysis by considering Substituting (28) in (23)-(27) and on comparing the like
minimal double Fourier series expansion as follows: powers of  on both the sides of the resulting equations, we
get the following equations at various orders:

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First-order system:
 
P1 = P r(Λ + σ 2 )2 a1 γH 2 + (1 + γH  )2
LV1 = 0, (31)
+r0 (1 + γH  )2 ,
Second-order system:
Ra2 κ2c
LV2 = [R21 , R22 , R23 , R24 , R25 ]T r , (32) r2 = ,
η6
Third-order system: We introduce an additional mode in each of the
representations of the stream function and the temperature in
LV3 = [R31 , R32 , R33 , R34 , R35 ]T r , (33) succeeding section to verify whether the results from such a
study are qualitatively different from the results of the model
where involving the most minimal mode.
R21 = 0, R22 = A1 C1 , R23 = −A1 B1 , R24 = 0, R25 = 0,
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(34) VI. L OCAL N ONLINEAR S TABILITY A NALYSIS WITH

E IGHT-M ODES
⎫
1 dA1 ⎪ An eight-mode truncated Fourier series expansion is given
R31 = , ⎪
P r dτ1∗ ⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
by:
⎪
⎪
dB1 ⎪
R32 = − r2 A1 − r2 H L1 + A1 C2 + A2 C1 ,⎪

⎪ √ 
∗
dτ1 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ − 2δ 2 π
⎬ Ψ = A(τ ) sin(κX) sin πZ +
dC1 πκ
√ 2
R33 = − (A B + A B ),  π
1 2 2 1 . (35)
dτ1∗ ⎪
⎪ 2δ 2 
⎪
⎪ − A (τ ) cos(κX) sin πZ + , (42)
dL1 ⎪ 2
R34 = a1 r0 ∗ − r2 (1 + γH  )L1 ,⎪ ⎪
⎪ √ πκ 
dτ1 ⎪
⎪
⎪ 2 π
⎪
⎪ Θl = B(τ ) cos(κX) sin πZ +
dM1 ⎪ πrl 2
R35 = a1 r0 ∗ + r2 (H + b)M1 .⎪

⎭ √ 
dτ1 2  π
− B (τ ) sin(κX) sin πZ +
The solution of the first- and second-order systems subject πrl 2
1
to appropriate initial condition are obtained as follows: − C(τ ) sin(2πZ + π), (43)
πr
First-order solution: √ l 
2 π
Θs = L(τ ) cos(κX) sin πZ +
γH  (Λ + σ  ) π√ 2
V1 = [A1 , (Λ + σ  )A1 , 0, A1 , 0]T r , (36) 2   π
r0 (1 + γH  ) − L (τ ) sin(κX) sin πZ +
π 2
Second-order solution: 1
+ M (τ ) sin(2πZ + π), (44)
π

(Λ + σ  )(b + H  ) 2 Substituting (42)-(44) in (12)-(14) and taking the
V2 = A2 , (Λ + σ  )A2 , A , (37)
[(b + H  )2 − γH 2 ] 1 orthogonality condition with the eigenfunctions associated
T r with the considered modes, we get
γH  (Λ + σ  ) 2 −γH  (Λ + σ  ) 2
A , A , (38) 1 dA
r0 (1 + γH  ) 1 r0 [(b + H  )2 − γH 2 ] 1 = [−(Λ + σ  )A + B] , (45)
P r dτ1
where A1 and A2 are arbitrary functions of τ1∗ .
We are not
1 dA
interested in finding the solution of the third order system. = [−(Λ + σ  )A + B  ] , (46)
P r dτ1
However, for the purpose of determining the amplitude, A1 ,
dB
it is sufficient to consider the Fredholm solvability condition = [rl A − (H  + 1)B + rl H  L − AC] , (47)
and this yields the Ginzburg-Landau equation in the form: dτ1
dB 
= [rl A − (H  + 1)B  + rl H  L − A C] , (48)
dA1 dτ1
= Q1 A1 − Q2 A31 , (39)
dτ1∗ dC
= [−(H  + b)C − rl H  M + AB + A B  ](49)
,
where dτ1
dL
rl a 1 = [γH  B − rl (1 + γH  )L] , (50)
  2
dτ1
P r(Λ + σ )(1 + γH ) dL
Q1 = , (40) rl a 1 = [γH  B  − rl (1 + γH  )L ] , (51)
P1 dτ1
P r(Λ + σ  )2 (H  + b)(1 + γH  )2 dM
Q2 = , (41) rl a 1 = [γH  C − (b + H  )M ] , (52)
P1 [(H  + b)2 − γH 2 ] dτ1
Following the method adopted in Section (V) for getting

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the real, Ginzburg-Landau equation using the five mode completing the integration, we get
Lorenz model, we get the following coupled system of 2 2
Ginzburg-Landau equations in the form: N ul =1+  C2 , (62)
rl
N us = 1 −  2 M2 . (63)
dA1   
= Q1 A1 − Q2 (A31 − A21 A1 ), (53) 2 2C2 π
dτ1∗ Nu = 1 − M2 − + M2 φ (64)
π rl
dA1
= Q1 A1 − Q2 (A3 2
1 − A1 A1 ), (54)
dτ1∗ With the necessary background for analysing the results
prepared in the previous sections, in what follows we discuss
where Q1 and Q2 are defined in (40) and (41). Equations
the results obtained and draw a few conclusions.
(53) and (54) form the coupled Ginzburg-Landau model
for nonlinear convection. Equations (53) and (54) can be
combined into a single equation given by: VII. R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION
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dA Rayleigh-Bénard-Brinkman convection (RBBC) in the

= Q1 A − Q2 A|A|2 , (55)
dτ1∗ presence of LTNE effects is studied analytically in the paper.
The stationary convection is the preferred mode at onset.
where A = A1 + iA1 . The expression for critical Rayleigh number is derived using
In phase-amplitude form, A, can be written as: minimal Fourier series expansion. The influence of parameters
A = |A|eiϕ . (56) on onset of convection is explained through Rayleigh number.
Fig. 2 is a plot of Rayleigh number versus wave number
Substituting (56) in (55), we get the amplitude equation: for different values of porous parameter, σ 2 . The figure shows
d|A| 3
that as we increase σ 2 the critical Rayleigh number increases
= Q1 |A| − Q2 |A| . (57) and this means porous medium delays the onset of convection.
dτ1∗
Brinkman number, Λ, has an effect analogous to that of σ 2 .
In the next section we quantify the heat transport in terms of The effect of porosity-modified thermal conductivity ratio,
the Nusselt number at the lower boundary for the stationary γ, is explained in Fig. 4. The figure shows that as we increase
mode of convection. γ, the critical Rayleigh number decreases. After a certain range
of value of γ there is no great change in the value of the critical
A. Estimation of Enhanced Heat Transport in Nanoliquids Rayleigh number.
at Lower Boundary The result of LTE can be obtained as a limiting case of that
of LTNE by taking H → 0. Fig. 5 very clearly shows that LTE
underpredicts the onset of convection compared to LTNE.
Heat transport by (conduction+convection) The streamlines and the isotherms in the unsteady
N unl = . (58)
Heat transport by conduction finite-amplitude convective regime are shown in Figs. 6-9.
Using Fourier law for the conductive and convective fluxes, Streamline plots 6 and 7 are for time τ = 0.5 and τ =
we may write the expressions for the liquid an solid phases 1 respectively. From these plots we observe that as time
in the form: progresses the convective activity is deep into the center of
  cell. Similar observation can also be made for isotherms (see
 2π ∂Θl plots 8 and 9).
−κl 0 k
dX
∂Z Z=− 12 The influence of various parameters on heat transport is
N ul = 1 +   , (59) explained through plots of Nusselt number. Fig. 10 is a plot
 2π dΘ lb
−κl 0 k dX of Nusselt number versus time for different values of σ 2 . As
dZ Z=− 12 we increase σ 2 we observe that Nusselt number decreases.
 
 2π ∂Θs A similar effect is observed in the case of Brinkman number.
−κs 0 k dX 1 The effect of porosity modified conductivity ratio is to enhance
∂Z Z=−
N us = 1 +   2 , (60)
the heat transport. By taking small value of H the result of
 2π dΘ s LTE is obtained and comparison of the result of LTE and
−κs 0 k b
dX 1
bZ Z=−
LTNE is shown in Fig. 13. The figure reveals that LTE model
2 underpredicts heat transfer compare to that predicted by LTNE.
where N ul is Nusselt number of the liquid phase and N us is
that of the solid phase. VIII. C ONCLUSION
The weighted-average Nusselt number, N uw , for stationary
1 1) The analytically intractable Lorenz model can be
mode of convection evaluated at lower boundary Z = − for reduced to the tractable Ginzburg-Landau equation using
2
a single wavelength is given by the multiscale method, thus circumventing the need to
N uw = φN ul + (1 − φ)N us . (61) do a numerical study of the problem.
2) The 5-mode and 8-mode Lorenz models estimate heat
Substituting (6), (21) and (22) in (59) and (60) and transport identically. Hence the 5-mode Lorenz model is

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Fig. 1 Physical configuration

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Fig. 4 Plot of Ral versus κ for different value of γ and for H = 10,
σ 2 = 10, Λ = 1

Fig. 2 Plot of Ral versus κ for different value of σ and for H = 10,
Λ = 1, γ = 20

a good enough truncated model for a weakly nonlinear

study of convection.
3) The effect of porous parameter and Brinkman number
is to delay the onset of convection.
4) The effect of porous modified conductivity ratio is to
advance the onset of convection.
5) The effect of porous parameter and Brinkman number Fig. 5 Plot of thermal Rayleigh number, Ral , versus wave number, κ, for
is to diminish heat transport. different value of H and for σ 2 = 10, Λ = 1, γ = 20
6) The effect of porosity modified conductivity ratio is to
enhance the heat transport.

Fig. 6 Contour plot of Stream function for H = 10, σ 2 = 10, Λ = 1,

P r = 4, φ = 0.88, a1 = 1.4, A10 = 1 and τ = 0.5

Fig. 3 Plot of Ral versus κ for different value of Λ and for H = 10,
σ 2 = 10, γ = 20

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Fig. 10 Plot of N u versus rl for different value of σ and for H = 10,

γ = 20, Λ = 1, P r = 4, φ = 0.88, a1 = 1.4, A10 = 1 and τ = 1
International Science Index, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Vol:11, No:6, 2017 [Link]/Publication/10007290

Fig. 7 Contour plot of Stream function for H = 10, σ 2 = 10, Λ = 1,

P r = 4, φ = 0.88, a1 = 1.4, A10 = 1 and τ = 1

Fig. 11 Plot of N u versus rl for different value of Λ and for H = 10,

γ = 20, σ 2 = 10, P r = 4, φ = 0.88, a1 = 1.4, A10 = 1 and τ = 1

Fig. 8 Isotherms of unsteady convection for H = 10, σ 2 = 10, Λ = 1,

P r = 4, φ = 0.88, a1 = 1.4, A10 = 1 and τ = 0.5

Fig. 12 Plot of N u versus rl for different value of γ and for H = 10,

σ 2 = 10, Λ = 1, P r = 4, φ = 0.88, a1 = 1.4, A10 = 1 and τ = 1

Fig. 13 Plot of Nusselt number, N u, versus scaled Rayleigh number, rl , for

Fig. 9 Isotherms of unsteady convection for H = 10, σ 2 = 10, Λ = 1, different value of H and for γ = 20, σ 2 = 10, Λ = 1, P r = 4, φ = 0.88,
P r = 4, φ = 0.88, a1 = 1.4, A10 = 1 and τ = 1 a1 = 1.4, A10 = 1 and τ = 1

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 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering
Vol:11, No:6, 2017

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of thermal convection in a sparsely packed porous layer using a thermal Maharani’s Science College for Women, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. She has
non-equilibrium model”, Int. J. Heat and Mass Tran., 53(15), 3088-3011, published 7 papers in reputed journals on the topic of Analytical and numerical
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onset of convection in a heterogeneous porous medium”, Int. Commun. Mathematics, Bangalore University, Bengaluru-560056, Karnataka, India. Her
Heat Mass Transfer, 38, 906-910,2011. research topic is Constrained and unconstrained convection of nanofluids in
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temperature gradients on thermogravitational convection in a porous layer
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