Pozzolans are silicate-based materials that react with (consume)

the calcium hydroxide generated by hydrating cement to form

.additional cementitious materials

Supplementary cementitious materials. From left

to right, fly ash (Class C), metakaolin (calcined clay), silica
.fume, fly ash (Class F), slag, and calcined shale
 Fly Ash

Fly ash, a powder resembling cement, has been

.used in concrete since the 1930s
Fly ash, the most widely used supplementary cementitious material in concrete, is a byproduct of the
combustion of pulverized coal in electric power generating plants .

- Specifications and Classes of Fly Ash :

Class N
Raw or calcined natural pozzolans including:
Diatomaceous earths
Opaline cherts and shales
Tuffs and volcanic ashes or pumicites
Calcined clays, including metakaolin,
and shales
Class F
Fly ash with pozzolanic properties
Class C
Fly ash with pozzolanic and cementitious properties

Fly ash, slag, and calcined clay or calcined shale are used in general purpose construction, such as (left to right)
walls for residential buildings, pavements, high-rise towers, and dams
Features:
1) Increases concrete resistance to cold weather
2) Produces high resistance concrete
3) High operation
4) Reduces the resulting heat during the reaction
Disadvantages:
1) Slow in gaining resistance
2) Seasonal restrictions
3) Increase the need for air-trapped inserts
 Slag

Ground granulated blast-furnace slag , also called slag cement, is made from iron blast-
furnace slag; it is a nonmetallic hydraulic cement consisting essentially of silicates and
aluminosilicates of calcium developed in a molten condition simultaneously with iron in a
blast furnace. The molten slag at a temperature of about 1500°C (2730°F) is rapidly
chilled by quenching in water to form a glassy sandlike granulated material.

Features:
- High resistance to acids and salts and all harmful media

- Non-permeability of water

- Clog the pores and strengthen the structure of the concrete and its round shape makes the
components of the mixture move smoothly

Within the mixture texture and thus use less water

- Good suitability when used in large installations such as dams, tunnels, etc., where concrete is
used in the form of large blocks

Specifications and Classes of

Ground granulated iron blast-furnace slags—ASTM C 989
(AASHTO M 302)
Grade 80
Slags with a low activity index
Grade 100
Slags with a moderate activity index
Grade 120
Slags with a high activity index
 Cilica Fume

Silica fume, also referred to as microsilica or condensed silica fume, is a byproduct material that is used as a pozzolan. This byproduct
is a result of the reduction of high-purity quartz with coal in an electric arc furnace in the manufacture of silicon or ferrosilicon alloy.
Silica fume rises as an oxidized vapor from the 2000°C (3630°F) furnaces. When it cools it condenses and is collected in huge cloth
bags. The condensed silica fume is then processed to remove impurities and to control particle size. Condensed silica fume is
essentially silicon dioxide

Specifications and Classes of Silica fume—ASTM C 1240

Chemical Analysis and Selected Properties of Typical Fly Ash, Slag, Silica Fume, Calcined Clay, Calcined Shale, and
Metakaolin
The most important characteristic of silica dust:
     1) that the granules of this material with a diameter is a hundred times smaller
          Of ordinary Portland cement granules
 
     2) The spherical shape of the silica dust granules increases the effect
           Sliding in cement

     3) Glass silica granules (non crystallized) increase

    Of the reaction of silica dust with normal Portland cement

      4) Finally, the high content of silica (at least 90%)

       In silica dust, an excellent pozzolonic substance is produced

EFFECTS ON FRESHLY MIXED CONCRETE

Water Requirements :
Concrete mixtures containing fly ash generally require less water (about 1% to 10% less at normal dosages) for
a given slump than concrete containing only portland cement. Higher dosages can result in greater water
reduction .
crease water demand up to 5% (Gebler and Klieger 1986). Fly ash reduces water demand in a
manner similar to liquid chemical water reducers (Helmuth 1987). Ground slag usually
decreases water demand by 1% to 10%, depending on dosage. The water demand of concrete
containing silica fume increases with increasing amounts of silica fume, unless a water reducer
or plasticizer is used. bleed water is primarily due to the reduced water demand in fly ash
concretes. Gebler and Klieger (1986) correlate reduced bleeding of concrete to the reduced water
requirement of fly ash mortar. Concretes containing ground slags of comparable fineness to that
of the cement tend to show an increased rate and amount of bleeding than plain concretes, but
this appears to have no adverse effect on segregation. Slags ground finer than cement reduce
bleeding. Silica fume is very effective in reducing both bleeding and segregation; as a result,
higher slumps may be used. Calcined clays, calcined shales, and metakaolin have little effect on
bleeding.

Air Content :
The amount of air-entraining admixture required to obtain a specified air content is normally greater when fly
ash is used. Class C ash requires less air-entraining admixture than Class F ash and tends to lose less air during
mixing . Ground slags have variable effects on the required dosage rate of air-entraining admixtures. Silica fume
has a marked influence on the air-entraining admixture requirement, which in most cases rapidly increases with
an increase in the amount of silica fume used in the concrete. The inclusion of both fly ash and silica fume in
non-air-entrained concrete will generally reduce the amount of entrapped air.

Effect of Fly Ash on Air-Entraining Admixture Dosage and Air Retention

Workability
Fly ash, slag, and calcined clay and shale generally improve the workability of concretes of equal slump. Silica fume may contribute to
stickiness of a concrete mixture; adjustments, including the use of high-range water reducers, may be required to maintain workability
and permit proper compaction and finishing.

Bleeding and Segregation

Concretes using fly ash generally exhibit less bleeding and segregation than plain concretes . This effect makes the use of fly ash
particularly valuable in concrete mixtures made with aggregates that are deficient in fines. The reduction in The air-entraining dosage
and air retention characteristics of concretes containing ground slag or natural pozzolans are similar to mixtures made only with
portland cement.

Effect of Fly Ash on Bleeding of Concrete(ASTM C 232, AASHTO T 158)*

Heat of Hydration
Fly ash, natural pozzolans, and ground slag have a lower heat of hydration than portland cement; consequently their use will reduce the
amount of heat built up in a concrete structure
Effect of a slag on heat of hydration at 20°C (68°F)compared to a Type I cement
Setting Time
The use of fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag will generally retard the setting time of concrete .

Finishability
Concrete containing supplementary cementing materials will generally have equal or improved finishability compared to similar
concrete mixes without them. Mixes that contain high dosages of cementitious materials—and especially silica fume—can be sticky
and difficult to finish.
Pumpability
The use of supplementary cementing materials generally aids the pumpability of concrete. Silica fume is the most effective, especially
in lean mixtures.
Plastic Shrinkage Cracking
Because of its low bleeding characteristics, concrete containing silica fume may exhibit an increase in plastic shrinkage cracking. The
problem may be avoided by ensuring that such concrete is protected against drying, both during and after finishing. Other pozzolans
and slag generally have little effect on plastic shrinkage cracking. Supplementary cementing materials that significantly increase set
time can increase the risk of plastic shrinkage cracking.
Curing
The effects of temperature and moisture conditions on setting properties and strength development of concretes containing
supplementary cementing materials are similar to the effects on concrete made with only portland cement; however, the curing time
may need to be longer for certain materials with slow-early-strength gain.

EFFECTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE

Strength
Fly ash, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, calcined clay, metakaolin, calcined shale, and silica fume contribute to the strength gain
of concrete. However, the strength of concrete containing these materials can be higher or lower than the strength of concrete using
portland cement as the only cementing material. Figure illustrates this for various fly ashes. Tensile, flexural, torsional, and bond
strength are affected in the same manner as compressive strength.

Compressive strength development at 1, 3, 7, 28, and 90 days of concrete mixtures containing 307 kg/m3 (517 lb/yd3) of cementitious materials
with a fly ash dosage of 25% of the cementitious materials (Whiting 1989).
Compressive strengths for concretes cured at 23°C (73°F) for the first 24 hours and 4°C (40°F) for the remaining time. Control had a cement
content of 332 kg/m3 (560 lb/yd3) and w/c of 0.45. The fly ash curves show substitution for cement (S), partial (equal) substitution for cement
and sand (P), and addition of fly ash by mass of cement (A). The use of partial cement substitution or addition of fly ash increases strength
development comparable to the cement-only control, even in cold weather (Detwiler 2000).
Comparison of abrasion resistance and compressive strength of various concretes with 25% fly ash. Abrasion resistance increases with
strength
Permeability and Absorption
With adequate curing, fly ash, ground slag, and natural pozzolans generally reduce the permeability and
absorption of concrete. Silica fume and metakaolin are especially effective in this regard. Silica fume and
calcined clay can provide concrete with a chloride resistance of under 1000 coulombs using the ASTM C 1202
rapid chloride permeability test (Barger and others 1997). Tests show that the permeability of concrete decreases
as the quantity of hydrated cementing materials increases and the water-cementitious materials ratio decreases.
The absorption of fly-ash concrete is about the same as concrete without ash, although some ashes can reduce
absorption by 20% or more.

Construction Waste - ‫محمد طمان‬.‫ د‬- ‫المجموعة األولى‬

ID ‫اإلسم‬ ‫م‬
١٤٠٣٧ ‫باهى فتحى احمد القللى‬ 1
١٤٠٠٩ ‫احمد عبد اللطيف السيد أحمد طه‬ 2
١٤٠١٤ ‫اسامة محمد عز الدين الحوتى‬ 3
١٣٠٠٥ ‫محمد اشرف المحمدى الحويرى‬ 4
١٤٠٥٢ ‫رشيد السعيد مجاهد ابو العز‬ 5
١٣٠٠٤ ‫عمر هانى شاكر‬ 6
١٤٠٤٨ ‫محمود ناجي السعيد‬ 7
١٣٠٠٦ ‫محمود حسنى العطيوى‬ 8
14060 ‫محمد محمد عبد المحسن جبارة‬ 9
14039 ‫اسالم نجم عبد الفتاح‬ 10
14008 ‫احمد عادل فهمى البرقى‬ 11
13008 ‫محمد خالد االشقر‬ 12