Modal Forms: Active and Passive | bitty or possibly in the present or future 3. request (informal) . permission (forma) . Inabity something impossible or hard to believe _ 3. abilly in the past (past form of can) possiblity in the present / future (less certain than can) . polite request suggestion Inabilty in the past impossibilty in the present “EXAMPLES ot ‘Jessica can play the guitar well | Can you pass me that pen? | Of course you can borrow my bike, | can't understand these instructions, ‘You can't be tired ~ you've just got up Ham could walk when he was a yoar xj “Tho shopping centre could be open unt 1, bat 'm not sure Could | speak to you in private, please? Yu could paint your beckoom pupe,_ 3 ‘The students couldn't answer the question | That couldn't be Tom: he's abroad. might | e present or future possiblity b. polite request (for/ and we only) giving / refusing permission (formal) ‘a. present or future possibilty (ess certain than may) past form of may . future certainty or a prediction wilingness / spontaneous decision request refusal or impossibility (negative) apse polite request b. past habit or repeated action cc. past form of wil Liam may come to the party on Saturday. May | ask you a question? | You may not leave the exam room. We might go to Spain next year, ‘The shops might not be open yet. ‘The doctor said | might need an X-ray. Don't worry. Max will solve the problem, ‘The bags are heavy. I'll carry them. Will you turn off the lights, please? | Lwon't apologize to Sue. | Would you send me the fle today? Every surnmer, they would visit thei cous We knew the flm would make money Shall we go to the cinema on Saturday? | ! shall arrange the meeting for tomorrow. should /ought to | a. obligation We ought to thank Ryan for his git | |b. advice ‘You shouldn't miss your doctor's appointment i «palit svageston when unsure ofthe | We, shoul we tell Chat the revs? | | ___| 4. what we expect tohappen The food at that café ought to be g00% | rust ‘a. strong necessity or obligation | have to /don't have to| bb, almost certainty «. strong recommendation prohibition 2. abilly, instead of can (used in al tenses and after may, might, should, etc.) b. specitic past abilly / managing to do Something despite itfculty 42 cite neceny tnt aes | We must try to cut down on our spend | Leo's won the race! He must be delighted! _The flm’s great! You must seit! | won't be able to hip you next week Jack might be able to pick you UP. They were able to put out the fre beta" They could put out... 7”USE certainty about a past action (positive statements) (MODAL PERFECTS must have + past participle when we are sure that something did not can't have + past participle happen or was not rue when we had the opportunity to do something in the past but did not do it could have + past participle EXAMPLES “There's no pizza lft Mla must have eaten ital put them in your pocket. We could have gone to the football maton bbut wo didn't bother. When we are guessing about what happened in the @. when advice was not folowed ‘Sarah hasn't arrived. She might have taken a ‘You shouldn't have spent that money. 1g turnin town, | You can't have forgotten your keys: you | | | past participle . when obigations or expectations were | it was after midnight! You ought to have not flled phoned us to say you were alight “would have + past participle | wiingness to do something which wasnt | | would have visited you but! dicn'thave_ | | done time. | | cortain time in the future started my new jo. k b. cortinty about something which has | \am sure Jake will have fixed the TVby | akeady happened ow. | needn't have + past participle | when something was done that wasn't | You needn't have bought any milk \ | necessary because | got some yesterday. Notes 1. Modals, semi-modals and modal perfects can also be used in the: «passive: | think they will show the game on television. —» | think the game will be shown on television, You don't have to deliver the parcel. -» The parcel doesn’t have to be delivered. ‘They should have cleaned the rooms this morning. —» The rooms should have been cleaned this morning. * continuous form: Julie is siting at her desk. She might be studying for her test. saw Tom outside the cinema. He could have been waiting for a friend. 2. For list of irregular verbs, see page 210. Holy: You locked the house, right? Dylan: | oh’t know | had to fock it! thought {YoU were supposed to do that! Holy 1 knew I should have done it mysel!UNIT 7 ON Grammar Practice ‘A. Match each sentence to its meanin It wasn't necessary. 1. He must not go over the speed tint ia 2. He ought to call his doctor. b. It was wrong to do that. 38. He doesn't have to take the exam. a. ©, It hard to believe, 4, He wasn't able to get a fight ad. I's advisable. 5. He needn't have bought me a gif. @. It's certain 6. He will arive 6n Friday morning, cau fe ItS not necessary. 7. He may have forgotten his keys. dun. lt was possible but he dln’. 8. He shouldn't have been so rude. he He didn’t manage to do it 8. He can't be leaving the country! sou i Its forbidden, 10. He could have gone to the wedding. J. It possible he cc. B. Circle the correct answers. It isn’t a good idea to go skating on the lake because the ice could / might not be thick enough. Luke ought to have / will have called me but | haven't heard from him. ‘That can’t / mustn't be Joe over there! He flew to Japan this morning, | will have / would have bought the tickets but the box office was closed. Ly wil fix your computer ~ she must / can fix anything! Surely they couldn't / mustn't buld a car park right here in our street. ‘Shall / Would you buy a few things for me while you're at the shops, please? ‘Stop throwing all your plastic bottles in the bin. You had to / should recycle them instead PNOFAODPH C. Read the information about the swimming pool and for each gap (1-8) choose the best option (A-l). Use each option only once. There is one option you do not need. FE rag aut Sold check ea fasiobeshom | Boca be eccorparied [EE] canbe aranged Teoncthwetory | {wil have been posted must be worn fice be taken rez Ana POOL + Swimming classes are available for all age groups, Individual coaching (1)... For detals, ask atthe office + Swimming caps (2)... ata times in the pool + Running next to the pool is strictly forbidden, as this @) nnn injuries, ‘+ The pool is closed to the public during competitions, Members (4). the noticeboard, where dates of competitions (6)... Well in advance. © Members of Chelsea Gym (6)... 10 use the pool, but a membership card (7)... when you ave, ‘+ Children under eight years of age are not allowed inthe ool without an adult. Children over eight years old, who axe good swinmers, (8)... by an adult| bp, Read the questions. Then complete the responses using a modal perfect from A with the correct form of an ending from B. o ‘scan'thave * would have sgpayhave + should have suet have» needn't have ‘make it 4. "WWhy is Luke angry?” 1 don't know. Tommy 2. “Icéai't know how get to the sports stadium.” sWiny didn't YOU aK? Fs os 3, “Everyone was quite thirsty, weren't they?" "Yes, they - sonninns 4, “Las stung by a bee!” “Ouch! That sn so 5, “hear Elle baked that delicious cake," “But she's a terrible cook! She 6, “took a taxi home at the end of the day YOU nas taken you in our car” E. Complete the sentences using the words in colour. 1 2. 3 4 5. 6 7. 8 Ws a py they did't tell us earlier. ought to itis possible the money was stolen. might | expect Jenny wil be artving soon. ought to ‘We need to send the application form today. has to Its necessary to pay this bil by Friday, must Perhaps Micheel was driving too fast. may By now, 'm sure Alison has heard the news. will itis possible Adam is fling i. Could © | wmy didn’t Rob invite you to Mis party? I haven‘t scen you with Andrew lately. Kave you split up? Jack took me for pizza and what id he do? tte forgot his wallet! Dad made that driver pay for the damage to my scooter. Ws raining. Shall we Just stay at home and watch this DvD? * bring more soft chinks. + give you directions may. have. made. fun af bis running..." My parents could have LANE KAOW ANA ornare W's not like he’s a close friend of mine. hurt a lot ‘s waste your money They ought te. nave, tald.us. earlier. The money Jenny “The application FOAM romani a This bil... a Micha conan sn Alison . Adam os might have guessed we wight as well” IGoUlai'F care lest + 1 should Hope so « if you must know ! Typical of Jack! it was his fault! There’s nothing 45UNIT 7 a ATTACKY 46 Read the text and circle the correct answers. we SHARK Inher free time, 14-year-old Shelley Mason {(1) might / would often go surfing with her friend Dave near her home in Australia. One day, hile surfing, she caught sight of a great white shark and knew she (2) had to / must have get away before it attacked, But it was too late! ‘The shark bit Shelley on the leg and pulled her under the water. She began to panic and realized she (8) couldn't / can't survive for long. However, she (4) ought not to / needn't have worried because hor friond Dave (6) was able to / could hit the shark on the nose, causing it to open its jaws So that Shelley (6) will / could free herselt. ‘She immediately pulled herself onto his surfboard. Dave, realizing that the shark (7 might / can try to follow them, went straight for the beach. He knew the water near the shore (8) would be / could have been too shallow for a great white shark. ‘Shelley (9) had to / must be rushed to hospital where she needed 150 stitches in her lag. She was lucky ~ she (10) could have been / might be kiled, She hones that by next summer, she (11) can recover / will have recovered ‘enough to go surfing again. Some people say sharks that attack people (12) had to kill / should be killed ~ 4 but Shelley feels diferenty. “We (13) must consider / shall consider the shark's needs. Perhaps we (14) shouldn't be surfing / are not able to surf here. Afterall, the ocean is the shark's territory. | think this particular shark (15) ought to be / will have been. Jeft alone to swim in its natural surroundings.” Key Word Transformations Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first Tey once, using the word given. Do not change the word given, You must use between two and five wordS, including the word given. 4. 1d not try hard enough to learn the new vocabulary. OUGHT Veen snemnnnnnnnnnn semennininnsns Marder to learn the new vocabua’ 2. Excuse me, but would you mind speaking more quietly? COULD Excuse me, BU inna - mere st? 8. Alex is stil locking for a job. ABLE Alex. cue ion. ee eee gaa 44, There's nothing to do here so let's go home, MIGHT “There's nothing to do here $0 we .. oo tn ‘5, Perhaps Tom has gone to sleep already. MAY TOM venenatis oe ete norett 6. You needn't contact the lawyer after all, HAVE YOU ern ee aie 7, Talking during the lecture Is not allowed, TALK YOU erent mone ‘8, I'm not interested in the class trip at all LESS I os +I touch with the lawyer ate 3 . during the lect soon the cass tl ae| 4, might guess 1. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence, % 1. YoU wn. ever leave the front door unlocked. a mustr't ». shouldn't have c. don't have to <¢. ought 10 not sm stating Russian lessons next weak” 2 “Te heard that you... frit fica at frst.” a. shal b. would c. might 4. must 13, The children wore so excited they ... sleep the night betore their tip. a. can't ’b couldn't «, nat able 10 4. couldn't have 44, "Your brother never paid back that money, you know.” Tr « He's $0 unreliable.” ‘a. might have been guessing ', might be guessing ©, might have quessed 5, ‘Do you think Ellen got the package?” Yes, it... by now.” 1, has delvered ’b. willhave been delivered . will have delivered j ¢. wilbe delivered 6. The flowers wore lovely but you ..... bothered. 4 ‘a. would not have bought to not have ©. didn't have to 4. needn't have 7. When Bila was younger, she er brother. 2. would often have . used to have often | ©. would to often have 6, offen have used to . arguments with 8. Id love to go to the wedding but | make it 8. might not », can't be ©. wil not 4d. may not be able to ‘is that your cousin over there?” "NO, be him. Michaels much tale.” 8 cant b. might not ©. shouldn't 4. may not 10. Why are the pene chkten wating TV at ts tie of ‘8. have been sleeping ®. have sept ©. to have sept 4. to be sloeping NSLS Sana SETS " 12, 13, 14, 18. 16. 17 18. 19. 20. "leant find my purse." "suit at hore by mistake?" ‘a. Can you have left , Could you leave ©. You could be left d_ Could you have let for the missing oimbors, “The rescue workers ‘a, must look stil must stil have looked C. stl must be looked . must stil be looking “Mfnished reading the book yesterday.” “ne ive it to me then?” ‘a. Could you b. Shall you c. You would J. You can It's almost lunchtime. ‘a. I should make | will make c, Would | make 6. Should | make . you a sandwich? Joshua ..... part in the parade but he was sick. fa. should take b. was able to take ‘©. would have taken 4d, must have taken ‘The people responsible for the graffi... 10 ‘lean the walls. ‘, should make ’b, must have made cc. should be made 4d. must be making “How wil | pay for pais to my house?” "Well, you... ask Dad to lend you the money.” a, woukd b. have ©. could 4. may ‘The mechanic sald he .... time to fh my car {eday, 80 I'l need a ride tomorrow. ‘a. may have not had b- might not have c. would have not . couldn't have ‘The painting of the bedroom has .... before the children get back from thelr trip. a, ben doing to be doing ©. todo d. tobe done | didn’t spend ail the money you gave me because | ain’ think | a. should b. must cc. have to would 47Work and Employment Ad the correct order. Jhunting Look at the pictures of Elle Brown applying for a job. Then put the sentences below ing ‘ob Aplin Fil of work Postion — Locaon >) You wil be inited to attend an interview with a human resources officer \When looking for a job, go oniine and google recruitment or employment agencies. ‘Then you wil be invted to sign a contract of employment. Fr in an online application form on tye of work and location. Look atthe job advertisements that come up. tt there is @ postion you are interested in, you have to forward your CV. 1. you are successful, you may decide to accept a job offer. B. Read the statements about jobs a. Its afulltime job. b. The perks of this job are excelent. ©, It's a part-time job, ‘and match to the job advertisements. 4d. There's no need to commute anymore. 9. I's a temporary ob, It @ permanent job, h. You would have te relocate ‘The school has a vacancy for i. You will have to do shift wok Soporte st | JOBS \ oO) ae fie Storemanagers | | teaching position SECURITY + good conditions males GUARDS Semper ee wwoncine usu HOUR + mobile phone eee vawreon cava, | 4 Poa _ i lesperson | | i required | oa Spores I organizer 9-5 Monday to Friday Purses Wanted | Nurses Wan: Tired of travelling to Cg work every day? Prt Eston hospital offers eee | accommodation — | {or International Schoo! | in Europe Manto wg tn ens |c. Compl Vocabulary lete the job advertisement with the words below. epics «overime » experience «salary «references «IT sli supersion » quali Technician Location: London £10,000 - £20,000 a year. a ~ - £20,000 a ye = | Technician to provide help with computer problems. Previous (2) ina similar postion | necessary. (3) must be highly (4). have excellent 6 and be able 10 work without (6) Must be wiling to do from two previous employers. in the evening, Please include (8) 1. Read the text and circle the correct answers. A Successful Young Businessman \Wmen Fraser Doherty was just 14 years old, he started his own (1) business / ‘workplace, making jam in his parents’ kitchen in Edinburgh, Scotland, He sold his jam locally with great success, but keeping up with the orders was hard (2) work /job. By the time he was 16, Fraser was making hundreds of jars ofan a week! Having no {3} employees / employers to help him, Fraser decided to produce his jam at a local factory. Later, he came up with a jam recipe that didn't need any sugar. Today, Fraser's healthy, sugar-free jam is sold In supermarkets all over Britain. He is even planning to (4) Import / export it because he wants 10 (5) make / do business with stores abroad. Although he has (6] won / earned a great deal of money from his jam, Fraser is not ready to (7 retire / resign yet. His (8) career / profession as a food manufacturer is too important a part of his ite. EE ae 2. Use the words you did not choose in Exercise D1 to complete the sentences below. 1, Fraser Doherty ansnnnnsennnnans the Enterprising Young Brit Award for his business idea. 2. though Im a teacher By .u.-—n---nensn » Working in a bookshop at the moment 8. In our company, we sesso Siv@rjowelery from Aslan counties, 4. Mia was unhappy at work and decided to + 80 she's looking for a new 6. 6. ‘Town counels a6 9004 wnawen ‘They pay well and provide pleasant conditions in the - Sometimes students take parttime jobs to -vn 80me pocket money during their studies. B Phrasal Verbs: take / turn Choose the correct meaning of the phrasal verbs inthe sentences below. "Department stores often take on extra staff at Ovistmas a. employ b. rete : a manager going on holiday and tm taking over. a. leaving . doing his job ao nage my duties but | couldn't take it all in. @. understand b. find time to do Aloe down my name and address. 2. wiote b. looked for eveoas wn the job at the farm as he doesn't like animals. a. accepted b. refused ae oe Up late for a job interview? a. arrive b getup See ‘Many applicants that they had to turn people away. a. accept b. reject ‘any help at work, ‘tur to one of your colleagues. a. find b. ask for help from 49 aUNIT 8 F1, Collocations Look at the collocations below. Add another word / phrase to each one. experience » a living + a promising career + sacked + Of a training course 4, -make money / a profit / 5. havea steady job / . ‘, 1. goon strike / 2, gain qualifications / nen 3. be promoted / made redundant / F2. Complete the collocations in the sentences below. Use the collocations from Exercise F1- When a factory is closed down, many people are Chloe makes... .. 88 @ personal fitness trainer. “The postal workers ar@ going 0 9 .r..minomnnnnsenenne BaCaUse they Want higher salaries. You gain... .«. 88 a journalist by reporting on local news fist For the last 10 years, James has had... as a chef ina large hotel oR eee G. Collocations Replace the underlined words in the sentences with the phrases below. Make any necessary changes ‘be entitled to + be out of work « be based in « take a day off « rate of pay 1. As | amunemployed, | don't have much money, 2. 1am not going ta be at work tomorrow. 3. Allemployees have the right to 14 days holiday a year 4, The amount of money paid for this kind of work isk 5. Jessica worked and lived in Germany for a year. H. Word Formation Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. OTe Lisa Kelly has @ dangerous job. She makes a (1) -ttvig huge tucks ~ daoross the frozen wilderness of Alaska. The roads Lisa travels ae made of ice that has frrned on ‘the surtace of lakes. Therefore, they are NOt (2)... vermmnes BON fOr tatfic, but only PERMANENT forthe thvee coldest months ofthe winter. Tis means that Lisa May Be (8) sncseae BPO {or ine months every year. But during the winter, she works non-stop, 4) . 7 Transport supplies to towns in rural arees. When driving, she faces the risk that the ice could crack. causing her ‘ruck to fal nto te freezing water bedow. ‘Many people think that this nota Job for]a woman. Infact, when Lisa interviewed for jobs, nobody 00k the young female (5) «Selous, and she went to many companies Apply asking about () belore being teken on by a dolvery fim. She proved ‘VACANCY t0.b0.4 good driver EN & 7) or rmothated worker Detericed te bocemne vac truck diver, Lisa went on various (8) nn OOlisea Al vad a hard to gain the necesbaF (2). o--mrer - Her efforts pad off when she was QUALIFY fray (10) orem -- fom van chive to ruck diver and her excting career begen, pROMOTE Lea has elnce appeared in a TV series about truck drivers and has her own website BD )4. tthe nurses .... on strike, there will be chaos In the hospitals. a tum b, start ©. 90 4. put 2, Some students had trouble .. in everything the lecturer said a. wring », taking c. understanding d, learning 3. ttl find a better job, Ii... from the bank. a. retire , resign . refuse 4. reject 4. When the factory closed down, many people were out of a jod , career . profession 4. work 5. Being on the main street, this café .... a good Prof 2. takes ». oats ©. does 4. makes 6. My nisce is staying with me for a few months but it only 2... arrangement, a. shift b. part-time ©. temporary 6. permanent 7. The company .. 2. exports », advertises © imports 4. relocates & Liam its products to Europe and Asia, experience working in hs father's store. a. won . took to a refund if we cancel the 10. Postal workers mod ncerts ra sats wth tha 8. rates ranks ‘. ermounts | 4. sizes of pay 1" 12, 13, 14. 16. 16, 7 18, 19. 20. Vocabulary choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence, 4 In this company, every new employee must sign a. course b. reference ©. form d. contract I'm taking @ course to learn how to .... business in Japan, a. do b, make ©. open d. work. Ryan will be the movie. a. located ». situated . based d. centered «in Chicago while he is making Noah promised he'd be on time but he .... UP late, as usual a. turned b. arrived c. came d. appeared ‘You need permission from your a. employee », agent . employer d. applicant 10 leave early. Mary gets a high ..... 80 she can afford to rent a big apartment. a. pay b. profit ©. perk salary Try not to make mistakes when you ..... the ‘application form, a. make out b. get across «. take down filin ‘The staff at the shelter because it was full. a, looked over b. tured away c, did without d. made off homeless people The children can work on projacts without... a. discussion b. disobedionce cc. supervision d. management I'm glad Chice has finaly got @ a. prime b. promising . steady . reliable 51Units 7-8 Multiple Chole Cloze Read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, © or D) best fits each gap, An Elephant Keeper Working as an elephant keeper at Cnster 200 8 a satin a tot nn. aling. As heed keepar, I'm responsible fr making ig tho aophantsn my care are healthy and happy. "min charge ‘a'small team of people and together we feed, clean and check the health of the elephants. My 2)... also involves organizing ‘educational programmes at the zoo. In fact, | consider it one of ‘the (3)... of my job. | love teaching young people about these wonder eeatures. have trained the team well, and though iy (8) ae aut used to working (5)... supersion they sil (© santo me for adios whenever there's a problem. Taking care of the elephants keops | me busy, but when have some fee te, | ke to vist the chimpanzees, When | was fest sos. on atthe 200, I worked withthe chimps and (3)... ot of valuable work experience Ihave a (9)... Carer a the 200, but | woud be wing 10 (10)... 1 somewhere Ike Aca for example, if an interesting (11)... Came up. Tis is because being (12) ...... on a nature reserve would be my dream job. 1. A make B have © ot D do 2. A career B profession ob D business | 3. A sklls B perks © profs D parts | 4. A partners B candidates © colleagues D applicants 5. A above B beyond © under D without 6. A discuss Btwn © advise D ask 7. A taken B brought © sioned D put 8. A camed B gained © learnt D won 8. A popular B prime ©. promising D temporary 40. A relocate B tio © recruit D commute 11. A work B employment © workplace D> vacancy | 12. A entitled B based © promoted D accepted B. Key Word Transformations Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given. 4. To apply forthe job, you must have good qualifications, HIGHLY YOU AVEO ese oaopy ert 2. ts possble Adan refused the ob ofr. DOWN AOED se cnnenniinnnnnne the poof 2. Some students idn't manage to fish the projects. ABLE Not al he StUS608 an aii - 4, As an ett, | dont earn enough to ne on. MAKE — nee HAM nnn . consi 6. won't be at work next Monday, TAKING We . ne . ano 6. What was Harry's job when he was younger? LIVING et What bid enn i di ot 7, wasn't necessary to bing your certfctes fo he hteniow. BROUGH i Mien em YOU sr +» YOUr certificates to the inter"Review 4 choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence. GRAMMAR, VOCABULARY 4. YoU» tay out in the sun too long; I's very hot today, 11. Ifthe store dosen't start making a... it wil tnt have to close, i, ought to not a. money «. don't need to ». profit . don't have to «. business " 4. salary 2. “Why didn't Joanna go to Pete's wedding? * al don't know. She invited.” 42, Some ofthe staf... on a training course last 2a, might not be week. ', may not have been a, tuned «. can't have went d. shouldn't have been «. took . 4. followed {3 ‘tim going to miss the game today: Don't Wor. It .m. 7 TV at Seven tonight.” 18. Ifyou take this job, you'l have to... @ contract a. is shown a. make ». willbe shown . win «. wil show ©. ean 4. shows, 6. sign 4, The painters... work by now. 14, Why don't you .... this number and give the company 2. probably wil nish acai? ». wl nish probably : 2. take down «. wilhave fnished probably b. make out 4. wil probably have frished c. get on 4. look through 5. ‘John says he's going to resign!" aus TH wns He needs this ob.” 18. | congratulated Jason on being. to assistant . needn't manager. bi cant promoted ©. won't have b. resigned 4. doesn't have to ©. accepted tended 8. “Iwonder what Sam was doing outside schoo! oa He ou. fr his fiends,” 16. Asa securty guard, | often have to do shit a. must be waiting a. job '. ought to have waited b. work would wait . hour 6. could have been waiting 4. time 7. ‘Is Jackson's a good company to work for?" 17. Idon't have a a dor --- 0b; | only work thee dk "imnot sure. Ive onty been a... for a month.” a week ferro “e 2 employer . permanent . employee », temporary & employed ol pan iene ‘employment 4. tuktime 8 I don! "ont think you .... spend the money you found. 18. The students couldn't... eveything thele & must teacher said ® seus 2. rake of co bay veto ©. take in 8. Lots cat Sam atthe office." tum up os i ve at this time of night, 19. I got the job through a... agency in New York. yori a. advedisoment el b ecrutment avid «. applicant 10. We d. resources i wo tne ogamni9 ofthe movie bacause 20. Application .... must be received by Juy Stat ®. couldn't Per a. offers ©. weren't able b. references © can't .c. contracts ‘. couldn't have forms 53 Phe =