1.

IMAGE PRODUCTION & EVALUATION

2. Prepared by: Prof. Roberto D. Yumul, RRT

3. July 2018 Radiologic Technology Licensure Examinations

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5. INSTRUCTION: Select the correct answer “for each of the following questions. Mark only one answer for each item by
marking the corresponding letter of your choice on the answer sheet provided. STRICTLY NO ERASURES. Use pencil no.
2 only.

6. MULTIPLE CHOICE:

1. The best method for controlling motion when the patient

is unable to cooperate is to _____.
A. increase kVp 10. It is defined as the ability of an x-ray beam to pass
B. maintain mAs, while decreasing time through tissue.
C. maintain mAs, while decreasing mA A. penetrability
D. decrease kVp B. attenuation
C. reduction
2. Distortion is a misrepresentation of _____. D. oxidation
A. size only
B. shape only 11. If the mAs of a radiograph is increased from 10 to 20, the
C. size and shape resulting radiograph will exhibit _____.
D. detail A. Decreased radiographic density
B. Decreased radiographic contrast
3. As size distortion decreases, the resolution of recorded C. Increased radiographic density
detail ____. D. Increased radiographic contrast
A. increases
B. decreases 12. The relationship between mAs and exposure is ______.
C. is not affected A. Exponential
D. is lost B. Direct Proportional
C. Indirect Proportional
4. Examination of body parts with a large inherent OID, use D. Sinusoidal
____ whenever possible.
A. small SID 13. If the mAs used to create one image is the same as the
B. large SID mAs used to create a second image of the same structure,
C. small SOD then both images should have the same ______.
D. none of the above A. Detail
B. Distortion
5. It is considered the major factor for magnification. C. Density
A. FFD D. Contrast
B. OFD
C. FSS 14. Increasing the energy of an incident electron will result in
D. IR the production of an x-ray photon with ______.
A. Greater energy
6. Unequal magnification of different portions of the same B. Less energy
object is called C. Greater charge
A. Size distortion D. Less charge
B. Distortion
C. Shape distortion 15. The relationship between the intensity of radiation and
D. Magnification distance is the _____.
A. Reciprocity Law
7. The optimal kVp must ensure _____. B. Inverse Square Law
A. sufficient penetration of the subject C. Direct Square Law
B. acceptable radiographic contrast D. 15% Rule
C. the availability of diagnostic information
D. all of the above 16. If you have a patient for femur x-ray, which part is located
on the anode side?
8. The use of maximum kVp as optimal causes a A. Hip
corresponding decrease in ____. B. Knee
A. mA only C. Leg
B. time only D. Pelvis
C. mAs
D. none of the above 17. It is a combination of image contrast and subject contrast.
A. radiographic contrast
9. It is the relationship between the focal spot and the film- B. contrast
screen system. C. optical density
A. FFD D. density difference
B. OFD
C. Central ray 18. Principal contributory of noise in many radiologic
D. Object plane imaging.
A. Focal spot blur
 B. Geometric unsharpness C. mAs
C. Quantum mottle D. SID
D. Film graininess
29. Which of the following influences geometric unsharpness?
19. The use of low-kVp will result to which of the following 1. OID
in relation to optical density. 2. Focal-object distance
1. x-ray beam is less penetrating 3. SID
2. higher mAs is required
3. higher patient dose A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
A. 1 only C. 1 and 3 only
B. 1 and 3 D. 1, 2, and 3
C. 2 and 3
D. all of these 30. Distortion can be caused by
1. tube angle.
20. Magnification is reduced by which of the following? 2. the position of the organ or structure within the
A. increasing kVp body.
B. increasing screen speed 3. the radiographic positioning of the part.
C. increasing SID and OID
D. increasing SID and reducing OID A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
21. Which of the following has the greatest effect on C. 2 and 3 only
radiographic density? D. 1, 2, and 3
A. Aluminum filtration  
B. Kilovoltage 31. The variation in photon distribution between the anode and
C. SID cathode ends of the x-ray tube is known as
D. Scattered radiation A. the line focus principle.
B. the anode heel effect.
22. In a radiographic examination of the lumbar spine, which C. the inverse square law.
of the following techniques would result in greatest D. Bohr's theory.
exposure to the patient?
A. 70 kVp/200 mAs 32. An increase in kilovoltage will serve to
B. 80 kVp/100 mAs A. produce a longer scale of contrast.
C. 95 kVp/50 mAs B. produce a shorter scale of contrast.
D. 110 kVp/25 mAs C. decrease the radiographic density.
D. decrease the production of scatter radiation.
23. Which photons primarily interact with the radiographic  
film? 33. Which of the following is (are) associated with subject
A. x-ray contrast?
B. heat 1. Patient thickness
C. light 2. Tissue density
D. sound 3. Kilovoltage
24. Which of the following does not affect image blur?
A. 1 only
A. Focal-spot size
B. 1 and 2 only
B. kVp
C. 1 and 3 only
C. OID
D. 1, 2, and 3
D. SID
 
34. Foreshortening can be caused by
25. Using contrast media principally affects which of the
A. the radiographic object being placed at an
following?
angle to the film.
A. Blur
B. excessive distance between the object and the
B. Contrast resolution
film.
C. Mass density
C. insufficient distance between the focus and the
D. Optical density
film.
D. excessive distance between the focus and the film.
26. Which of the following is most influenced by focal-spot
 
size?
35. Which of the following will contribute to the production of
A. Absorption blur
longer-scale radiographic contrast?
B. Contrast resolution
1. An increase in kVp
C. Geometric blur
2. An increase in grid ratio
D. Motion blur
3. An increase in photon energy
27. Ensuring good screen-film contact also ensures reduced:
A. Blur A. 1 only
B. Contrast resolution B. 1 and 2 only
C. Magnification C. 1 and 3 only
D. Patient dose D. 1, 2, and 3
 
28. An x-ray beam can be made harder by increasing which of 36. Misalignment of the tube-part-film relationship results in
the following? A. shape distortion.
A. Filtration B. size distortion.
B. mA
 C. magnification. properly aligned?
D. blur. A. Elongation
  B. magnification
C. foreshortening
37. Recorded detail can be improved by decreasing D. minification
1. the SID. 47. Which occurs when the part is improperly aligned?
2. the OID. A. elongation
3. motion unsharpness. B. magnification
C. foreshortening
A. 1 only D. minification
B. 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only 48. Shape distortion is influenced by the relationship between
D. 1, 2, and 3 the
  1. x-ray tube and the part to be imaged
38. Short scale contrast is defined by: 2. part to be imaged and the IR
A. More contrast 3. IR and the x-ray tube
B. Less contrast
C. A product of secondary radiation A. 1 only
D. Product of high kilovoltage B. 1 and 2
C. 1 and 3
39. Which would principally reduce the production of scatter D. 1, 2 and 3
radiation?
A. A decrease in kVp 49. A lateral radiograph of the lumbar spine was made using
B. Use a grid 200 mA, 1 s exposure, and 90 kVp. If the exposure
C. A decrease in SID factors were changed to 200 mA, 1/2 s, and 104 kVp,
D. Use of a filter there would be an obvious change in which of the
following?
40. Inaccurate central ray will lead to 1. Radiographic density
A. Shape distortion 2. Scale of radiographic contrast
B. Size distortion 3. Distortion
C. Magnification
D. Distortion A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3 only
41. Elongation and Foreshortening can be minimized by C. 2 only
ensuring the proper CR alignment of the following: D. 1, 2, and 3
1. X-ray tube
2. Part 50. What is Quantum mottle?
3. Image receptor A. something used in Narvaez's class 
4. Entry or exit point of the CR B. a type of cassette 
C. loss in density
A. 1 and 2 D. a blotchy or mottled image
B. 2 and 4
C. 2 and 3 51. Differential absorption of the x-ray beam is a function of:
D. 1, 2, 3 and 4 A. Compton interaction
B. Atomic mass of anatomic structures
42. Radiographic film/screen system resolution is generally C. mAs
controlled by ____. D. Photoelectric interaction
A. intensifying screen crystals
B. film emulsion crystals 52. Which of the following is the principal reason for using
C. bucky oscillation direct-exposure radiography?
D. SID A. Better resolution of low-contrast tissues
B. Better spatial resolution
43. Distortion is a misrepresentation of _____. C. Higher contrast
A. size only D. Less motion blur
B. shape only
C. size and shape 53. In the geometric aspects of image formation,
D. detail magnification will increase if
A. mAs will added
44. Size distortion in radiography can be ____ only. B. Definition is constant
A. foreshortening C. OFD will increase
B. magnification D. SID increases
C. elongation
D. distortion 54. With other factors constant, optical density will increase
with increasing:
45. As size distortion decreases, the resolution of recorded A. Focal-spot size
detail B. Grid ratio
A. increases C. mAs
B. decreases D. SID
C. is not affected
D. is lost 55. Radiographic contrast is increased by which of the
following?
46. Which occurs when the tube or the image receptor is not A. Increasing grid ratio
B. Raising kVp
 C. Reducing the air gap image
D. Reducing the heel effect B. reduce radiographic contrast
C. reduce exposure to the patient
D. there is no particular effect

56. When radiographic technique factors are adjusted to obtain

an acceptable image, patient dose will increase as which of 66. Focal spot blur can be reduced by:
the following increases? A. increasing focal-spot size
A. Film speed B. increasing processing time or temperature
B. Grid ratio C. Reducing OID
C. SID D. Reducing SID
D. SOD
67. As film-screen system sensitivity decreases
57. Focal spot blur can be reduced by which of the following? A. radiographic density decreases
A. Increasing kVp B. radiographic density increases
B. Increasing mAs C. radiographic contrast decreases
C. Increasing OID D. recorded detail decreases
D. Using the small focal spot
68. The use of filtration:
58. Which of the following have no impact on contrast?  A. greatly reduces radiographic density because of
A. photon energy. the absorption of short-wavelength x-rays
B. grid ratio. B. greatly reduces radiographic density because of
C. OID. the absorption of high-energy x-rays
D. focal spot size. C. increases radiographic density by removing long-
wavelength x-rays
59. A decrease in recorded detail may be expected with a D. has little effect on density because x-rays removed
decrease in from beam are not image-producing rays
1. SID.
2. focal spot size. 69. The chest represents high-contrast anatomy (high subject
3. screen speed. contrast). Therefore, which of the following is most
appropriate?
A. 1 only A. High kVp
B. 1 and 2 only B. High mAs
C. 2 and 3 only C. Long SID
D. 1, 2, and 3 D. Low kVp

60. If 5 mm Al filtration is added to the x-ray tube: 70. Film resolution is determined by ____.
A. Contrast resolution will improve A. silver halide crystal size
B. Motion unsharpness will decrease B. processor time
C. Optical density will decrease C. processor temperature
D. Radiographic contrast will increase D. speed point

61. An x-ray beam filter has the greatest effect on dose 71. Radiographic film/screen system resolution is generally
reduction to the: controlled by ____.
A. Gonads A. intensifying screen crystals
B. Lens B. film emulsion crystals
C. Skin C. bucky oscillation
D. Thyroid D. SID

62. The ability of film to stop light is termed ____. 72. Film sensitivity is affected by the ____.
A. incidence A. size of the silver halide crystals
B. lucency B. number of sensitivity specks
C. opacity C. thickness of the emulsion layer
D. neutrality D. all of the above

63. A radiograph that shows a relative lack of focal spot blur 73. The difference between adjacent densities is ___.
would be: A. resolution
A. high in contrast B. speed
B. low in distortion C. definition
C. low in optical density D. contrast
D. sharp in detail
74. When a phosphor is struck by an x-ray photon, it will emit
64. Which of the following is most responsible for light _____.
radiographic spatial resolution? A. parallel to the angle of incidence
A. Film graininess B. perpendicular to the angle of incidence
B. Focal-spot size C. at a 45 degree angle to the angle of incidence
C. Screen mottle D. in all directions
D. SID
75. The active layer of the intensifying screen is the ____.
A. base
65. The purpose of adding blue dye to the base of radiographic
B. reflective layer
film is to:
C. protective layer
A. reduce glare and enhance contrast for viewing the
D. phosphor layer
 D. Focal spot size

76. The ability of the phosphor to emit as much light per x-ray 85. Which of the following would maintain radiation exposure
photon interaction as possible is a measurement of the to the image receptor when the kilovoltage is decreased by
A. brilliance 15%?
B. spectral emission A. Increase mAs 15%
C. atomic number B. Increase mAs 50%
D. screen speed C. Double the mAs
D. Halve the mAs
77. Poor screen/film contact can produce ____.
A. increased density 86. A quality image is produced using 70 kVp and 25 mAs at
B. lack of detail a 40-inch SID. What calculated change in exposure
C. lack of contrast technique is necessary to maintain radiation exposure to
D. increase detail the image receptor when the SID is increased to 56 inches?
A. 60 kVp at 25 mAs
78. The adjustment in technical factors required when using B. 70 kVp at 12.5 mAs
beam restriction is: C. 70 kVp at 50 mAs
A. increase kVp D. 60 kVp at 50 mAs
B. decrease kVp to reduce the number of compton’s
interactions taking place 87. Which one of the following increases as collimation
C. decrease mAs to reduce the number of compton’s increases?
interactions taking place A. Patient exposure
D. increase mAs to compensate for the number of B. Scatter production
rays removed from the primary beam C. Fog
D. Contrast
79. Which film type is least sensitive to the rare-earth
phosphors? 88. It filters balance intensity of the x-ray beam so as to
A. blue sensitive deliver a more uniform exposure to the image receptor.
B. yellow sensitive A. added filtration
C. green sensitive B. inherent filtration
D. all of the above C. compensating filters
D. total filtration
80. Which of the following is not affected by kilovoltage?
A. Compton interactions 89. Which of the following controls optical density?
B. Spatial resolution 1. mAs
C. Film density 2. SID
D. Radiation quantity 3. OID

81. Beam restriction has the following effect on contrast A. 1 and 2

A. decreases contrast by focusing the x-ray beam B. 1 and 3
B. decreases contrast because of higher kVp level C. 2 and 3
used D. all of these
C. increases contrast by focusing the x-ray beam
D. increases contrast because of reduction in the 90. If green sensitive film is matched with the blue sensitive
number of Compton’s interactions that occur intensifying screen, what is the effect on the finished
radiograph?
82. Which of the following factors would affect beam 1. film will not respond properly
attenuation? 2. patient may receive more radiation
1. Tissue atomic number 3. film will have more contrast
2. Beam quality 4. film will have less contrast
3. Fog
A. 1, 2 and 4
A. 1 and 2 B. 1 and 3
B. 1 and 3 C. 2 and 3
C. 2 and 3 D. 3 and 4
D. 1, 2 and 3
91. Which of the following refers to recorded detail?
83. A radiographic film image has excessive density. Which of 1. clarity
the following is best in order to correct the exposure error? 2. resolution
A. Decrease kVp by 50% 3. sharpness
B. Increase mAs by 15%
C. Decrease mAs by 50% A. 1 and 2
D. Decrease mAs by 15% B. 1 and 3
C. 2 and 3
84. What exposure factor affects both quality and the quantity D. all of these
of the x-ray beam?
A. kVp 92. Changing from a slower screen to a faster screen (and
B. SID making no other changes) will have what effect on
C. mA density?
 A. it will decrease it B. spatial resolution
B. it will increase it C. contrast resolution
C. it will remain D. wire mesh
D. no change

93. The higher the grid ratio 101. Simplest type of beam-restricting device.
1. higher bucky factor A. Cone
2. higher patient dose B. Aperture diaphragm
3. more scatter radiation C. Cylinders
4. decrease exposure factors D. Collimator

A. 1, 2 and 3 102. If a radiographer used 40 mAs with 12:1 grid ratio, what
B. 2 and 3 mAs should be used with a 6:1 ratio grid to produce the
C. 1 and 3 same exposure to the IR?
D. all of these A. 32 mAs
B. 28 mAs
94. In imaging the chest what technique factor is required? C. 24 mAs
A. low kVp and high mAs D. 80 mAs
B. high kVp and high mAs
C. high kVp and low mAs 103. Most common type of compensating filter.
D. low kVp and high mA A. wedge filter
B. trough filter
95. Which of the following will occur with use of intensifying C. penetrometer
screen? D. sensitometer
A. long scale of contrast
B. short scale of contrast 104. Most sophisticated, useful and accepted type of beam-
C. low contrast restricting device.
D. less contrast A. Cone
B. Aperture diaphragm
96. Which of the following will occur if there is an increase in C. Cylinders
kVp? D. Collimator
1. increase quality of the beam
2. more x-rays that penetrate the anatomical part 105. Which compensating filter is used for AP projection of
3. greater number of image-forming x-rays the thorax?
4. increase contrast A. wedge filter
B. trough filter
A. 1, 2 and 3 C. penetrometer
B. 2, 3 and 4 D. sensitometer
C. 1, 3 and 4
D. all of these 106. It refers to the size of the area on the anode target that is
exposed to electrons from the tube current.
97. A change in kVp affects A. Effective focal spot
1. penetration B. Focusing cup
2. scatter radiation C. Actual Focal spot size
3. patient dose D. Focal spot
4. contrast
107. It refers to focal spot size as measured directly under the
A. 1, 2 and 4 anode target.
B. 2, 3 and 4 A. Effective focal spot size
C. all of these B. Focusing cup
D. 1, 3 and 4 C. Actual Focal spot size
D. Focal spot
98. Contrast refers to
1. make anatomy more visible 108. Which of the following affects the exposure to the IR
2. difference in OD between adjacent anatomical because it alters the amount and penetrating ability of the
structures x-ray beam?
3. variation in OD on a radiograph A. mAs
4. important factor in radiographic quality B. Filtration
C. kVp
A. all of these D. Distance
B. 2, 3 and 4
C. 1, 2 and 3 109. What happen to the exposure if the kVp is increased?
D. 1, 3 and 4 A. decreased
B. increased
99. Collimation will result to C. no change
A. long scale of contrast D. increased four times
B. short scale of contrast
C. low contrast 110. The relationship between the distance and x-ray beam
D. less contrast intensity is best described by
A. inverse square law
100. Sharpness of image detail is measured by B. direct square law
A. differential absorption C. line focus principle
D. reciprocity law