Total Derivative

Total Derivative
• Total derivative of a function f of three variables x, y, z is defined by
df and is defined as

f f f
df  dx  dy  dz
x y z

• Where or not x,y and z are independent of each other.

• Several types of dependence among x,y and z are considered.
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Total Derivative - 1
• Let u  f x, y  and x and y are themselves functions of a single
independent variable t.
• Then the dependent variable f may be considered as truly a function of
the one independent variable t via the intermediate variable x, y.
• Now the derivative of f w.r.t. t is written as

df f dx f dy
 
dt x dt y dt

• Where or not x,y and z are independent of each other.

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Total Derivative - 1
• Let u  f x, y, z  and x, y and z are themselves functions of a single
independent variable t.
• Then the dependent variable f may be considered as truly a function of
the one independent variable t via the intermediate variable x, y and z.
• Now the derivative of f w.r.t. t is written as

df f dx f dy f dz
  
dt x dt y dt z dt

• Where .x  xt , y  y t , z  z t ,
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Total Derivative - 2
• Let u  f x, y, z  and y and z are functions of x.
• Then the dependent variable f may be considered as truly a function of
the one independent variable x
• Now the derivative of f w.r.t. x is written as

df f dx f dy f dz
  
dx x dx y dx z dx

• Where . y  y  x , z  z x ,

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 du
Example 1: Find as a total derivative and verify the result by direct
dt
substitution if u  x 2  y 2  z 2 and x  e 2 t , y  e 2 t cos 3t , z  e 2 t sin 3t.

Solution: here u is a function of x, y, z and x, y, z are in turn function of

t. thus u is a function t via the intermediate variable x, y, z. then
du u dx u dy u dz
  
dt x dt y dt z dt
du
dt
  
 2 x.2e 2t  2 y. 2e 2t cos 3t  3e 2t sin 3t  2 z. 2e 2t sin 3t  3e 2t cos 3t 
 2 x.2.x  2 y.2. y  3.z   2 z.2.z  3. y 
du
dt du

 4 x2  y2  z 2  Answer dt
 8e 4t
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Example 2: Find the total differential coefficient of x 2 y w. r. t. x when x, y
connected by f  x 2  xy  y 2  1
u u
Solution: du  dx  dy
x y
du u u dy du 2 dy
   2 xy  x
dx x y dx dx dx

From the function f  x 2  xy  y 2  1 we have

dy fx 2x  y
 
dx fy x  2y
du 2 2x  y 
 2 xy  x   
dx  x  2y 
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Partial Differentiation of Composite
Functions: Change of Variable

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Partial Differentiation of Composite Functions: Change of Variable

u u
Example 1: If u  x  y , x  2r  3s  4, y  r  8s  5 find
2 2
and
r s

Solution: here u is a function of x, y which are functions of s, t. so by

chain rule u u x u y
   2 x.2   2 y  1  22 x  y 
r x r y r

u u x u y
   2 x. 3   2 y 8   6 x  16 y
s x s y s

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Partial Differentiation of Composite Functions: Change of Variable

 
Example 1: If wx, y, z   f x 2  y 2  z 2  f u 
w w
where x  r cos  cos  , y  r cos  sin  and z  r sin  find and
 
Solution: here u is a function of x, y and z which are functions of r, θ
and ϕ. so by chain rule
w w u w  u x u y u z 
     
 u  u  x  y  z  
w
 2 x. r sin  cos    2 y r sin  sin    2 z r cos 
u
Substituting the value of x, y and z we get,
w
2
u
 r 2 sin  cos  cos 2   r 2 sin  cos  sin 2   r 2 sin  cos  

2 w
 2r  sin  cos  sin  cos   0 Anwser
u 10
Partial Differentiation of Composite Functions: Change of Variable

Similarly we have
w w u w  u x u y u z 
     
 u  u  x  y  z  

w
 2 x. r cos sin    2 yr cos cos    2 z 0
u
Substituting the value of x, y and z we get,
w
2
u

 r 2 sin  cos  cos 2   r 2 sin  cos  cos 2  
w
 2r 2
0  0 Anwser
u
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Partial Differentiation of an Implicit Functions

Implicit Function: An implicit function of x and y is an equation of the form

f  x, y   0
Which can not necessarily be solved for one of the variables say x in terms of the
other variable say y.
Example: x2  y2  a2  0 ………….. (1)
is an implicit function which can not be solved for say x in terms of y explicitly.
If (1) defines y as function of x, the derivative of y w. r. t. x can be calculated in
terms of f, without solving (1) explicitly for x in the form y  y  x  ,

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Partial Differentiation of an Implicit Functions

By differentiating (1) partially w. r. t. x as

f dx f dy …………… (2)
 0
x dx y dx
Solving (2) we get
f
dy
  x 
fx
………….. (3)
dx f fy
y
Higher derivative of (1) can be obtained by differentiating (3) on both sides.

fx x  fy   2 fx y fx fy  fy y  fx 
2 2
if f y  0
2
d y

dx 2
f 
y
3

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Partial Differentiation of an Implicit Functions
dy
Example 1: Find from the given implicit function f connecting x and y.
dx
f  x, y   x sin  x  y    x  y 
f
 sin x  y   x. sin  x  y .1  1
Solution:
  x
dy

dx f x cosx  y .(1)  1
y

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Partial Differentiation of an Implicit Functions
dy
Example 1: Find from the given implicit function f connecting x and y.
dx
xy  yx

Solution: taking log f  y log x  x log y  0

f y
 log y
  x
dy
 x
dx f x
log x 
y y

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Partial Differentiation of an Implicit Functions
dy
Example 1: Find from the given implicit function f connecting x and y.
dx
y  sin x
xy

Solution: taking log f  x , y   x y

log y  log sin x  0 ……….(1)
Now put z  x y so log z  y log x ……….(2)
Differentiating (2) w. r. t. x and y, we get
1 1 y y y y 1
z x  y. so z x  . z  . x  y x …………(3)
z x x x
1
z y  log x so z y  z log x  x log x
y
…………(4)
z
Now differentiating (1) partially w. r. t. x and y, we get

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Partial Differentiation of an Implicit Functions

Solution: Now differentiating (1) partially w. r. t. x and y, we get

f  y
x
 fx 
x
 y 1

x log y  log sin x  yx log y  cot x ….(5)

f x y
 f y  x y log x. log y  0 ….(6)
y y

Substituting (5) and (6) in

f
yx y 1 log y  cot x
  x
dy
 y
dx f x log x. log y  x yy 1

y
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Homogeneous Function
Euler’s Theorem

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Homogeneous Functions

A polynomial in x and y is said to be homogeneous if all its terms are of the same
degree.
A function f x, y  in two variables x and y is said to be a homogeneous function of
degree n if for any positive number λ .

f x, y   n f x, y 
OR

 y x
f x, y   x   
n
OR f x, y   y   
n

x  y
Here n could be positive, negative or zero.

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Homogeneous Functions

Example:

1 2
(1) 3x  2 xy  y is homogeneous of degree 2.
2

3
x y
(2) is homogeneous of degree ½.
x y
 y 1  x 
(3) sin    tan   is homogeneous of degree zero.
x  y

1 2 2 1
 
(1) x y 3 3
x y
3 3 is not homogeneous.

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Euler’s Theorem

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Euler’s Theorem

1. If u(x, y) be a homogeneous function of x and y of

degree n, then
u u
x y  nu
x y

2. If z is a homogeneous function of x, y of degree n and

z = f(u), then

u u f u 
x y n
x y f ' u 

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Euler’s Theorem
x 1  y 
Ex.1 If u  x, y , z   sin 
1
 y
  tan  x 
   
u u
Prove that x y 0
x y

Solution: differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

u 1 1 1  y 
 .
 y
 .  2
2 
x  2
    y   x 
 x  1  
1  
  
  y   x
 

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Euler’s Theorem

u 1 1 1  y 
 .
 y
 .  2
2 
x  2
    y   x 
 x 1  
1  
  
  y
  x
 

u 1 y
   2
x y 2
 x2  x  y2

u x xy
  2
y 
x
x 2
 x2 x  y 2 …….(1)

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Euler’s Theorem

u 1 x 1 1
 .
 y2 
 2 
. 
y  2
    y   x
 x 1  
1  
  
  y
  x
 

u x x
   2
y y y 2
 x2  x  y2

u x xy
  2
y 
y
y 2
 x2 x  y2 ……. (2)

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Euler’s Theorem

u x xy
  2 ……… (1)
y 
x
x 2
x 2 x  y2

u x xy
  2
y 
y
y 2
 x2 x  y2 ……. (2)
By adding (1) and (2) we get

u u
x y 0
x y

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Euler’s Theorem
x 1  y 
Ex.1 If u  x, y   sin 
1
 y
  tan  x 
   
u u
Prove that x y 0
x y
log x  log y
f  x, y   2 
1 1
Ex.2. If 
x xy x2  y2

f f
Show that x y  2 f  x, y   0
x y

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Euler’s Theorem
 x 2
 y 2

Ex.3 If 1
u  tan   

 x  y 

Prove that x u  y u  1 sin 2u

x y 2
 x 14  y 14 
Ex.4. If u  sin 1  1 
 x 5  y 15 
 
u u 1
Show that x y  tan u
x y 20

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Euler’s Theorem

Ex.5 If u  tan 1 x 2  2 y 2 
Prove that x u  y u  sin 2u
x y
 2
u  2
u  2
u
x 2
 2 xy y 2
 2 sin u cos 3u
x 2
xy y 2

Ex.6. Verify Euler’s theorem for

x
1 1  y 
(a) u  sin 
 y
  tan  x 
   

(b) f x, y   4 x 3  3x 2 y  2 xy 2  5 y 3

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Euler’s Theorem

1. If u be a homogeneous function of x and y of degree n,

then
 2
 2
 2
 nn  1u
u u u
x 2
 2 xy y 2

x 2
xy y 2

2. If z is a homogeneous function of x, y of degree n and

z = f(u), then

 2
 2
 2
 g u g ' u   1
u u u
x2  2 xy  y 2

x 2
xy y 2

f u 
where g u   n
f ' u 

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Euler’s Theorem

Ex.7 If  x2  y2 
u  sec 
 x y 
1

 
Find the value of
 2
u  2
u  2
u
x 2
 2 xy y 2

x 2
xy y 2
Ans:
 
 cot u cot 2 u  2

31
Euler’s Theorem

Ex.8 If  y  y
z  xf    g  
x  x

Then show that

 2
u  2
u  2
u
x 2
 2 xy y 2
0
x 2
xy y 2

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Thank You

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