APPLIED ENGLISH

LANGUAGE
SKILLS
MRS MARINELA MAGHIAR
IUM COASTAL CAMPUS
[email protected]
REFERENCING
APA STYLE
REFERENCING
➤ Plagiarism - When you use somebody else's work and claim it is your own.
➤ Citations - Whether paraphrasing, quoting the author directly, or describing an idea that influenced
your work, you must credit the source. E.g. (Shilongo, 2011, p. 3).
➤ In – text Citations - An in-text citation acknowledges to the readers of your work that you took the
information from someone else. It briefly identifies the source and allows readers to locate this source
in your Reference List.
➤ Reference List – A Reference List consists of fuller bibliographic information/details for all works
cited in-text. It assists readers to identify, find and access items. Each source is cited in-text must be
included in the Reference List. Must have first been cited in-text.
➤ Bibliography – Unlike the Reference List which only includes items cited in-text, a Bibliography
includes the details of works cited in –text as well as for works merely consulted and /or
recommended for further reading.
➤ Citation styles/ Referencing Styles - There are a number of styles used by various disciplines,
subjects, institutions and/ or departments. Such as the American Psychological Association (APA),
Harvard, MLA, Turabian etc.
o American Psychological Association . (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
TWO COMPONENTS OF A CITATION: IN-TEXT & IN THE REFERENCE LIST
TWO COMPONENTS OF A CITATION: IN-TEXT & IN THE REFERENCE LIST
The in-text and reference list citation should match.
IN-TEXT CITATION
➤ The in-text citation is made up of two to three elements.
➤ Author’s surname
➤ Date
➤ Page or paragraph number if available
➤ There are two possibilities for a in-text citation
➤ Parenthetical citation
➤ E.g. E-cigarettes have been shown to damage brain cells (Zahedi,
2019).
➤ Narrative citation
➤ E.g. According to Zahedi (2019), e-cigarettes damage brain cells.
➤ Zahedi's study (2019) showed that e-cigarettes causes brain cell
damage.
IN-TEXT CITATION
➤ If you're quoting the exact words of someone else, introduce the quote with an in-text
citation in parentheses. Any sentence punctuation goes after the closing parenthesis.
➤ According to Brown (2019), "direct quote" (p. 1021).
➤ Brown (2019) found that "direct quote" (p. 1021).
➤ [Some other introduction] "direct quote" (Brown, 2019, p. 1021).
➤ If you're directly quoting more than 40 words, use a block quote. Block quotes do not
need quotation marks. Instead, indent the text 1/2" as a visual cue that you are citing.
The in-text citation in parentheses goes after the punctuation of the quote.
Shavers (2007) study found the following:
While research studies have established that socioeconomic status influences
disease incidence, severity and access to healthcare, there has been relatively
less study of the specific manner in which low SES influences receipt of
quality care and consequent morbidity and mortality among patients with
similar disease characteristics, particularly among those who have gained
access to the healthcare system. (p. 1021)
RULES FOR REFERENCE LIST OR BIBLIOGRAPHY
➤ References are inserted at the end of the text, on a new page, separate from the
rest of the text.
➤ References at the end of your work should always be alphabetically arranged
( letter by letter) starting with the surname or the first word of a title that is not an
article (e.g. a, an, the)
➤ The heading REFERENCES or BIBLIOGRAPHY is typed at the top of the page,
in the centre. It is NOT underlined or put within quotation marks; references are
always double-spaced
➤ Reference List/REFERENCES use a HANGING INDENTATION, e.g. The
second and subsequent line for each reference is indented by half an inch from
the left margin. This helps to show clearly where each new citation begins.
E.g.
Titus, M.S. (2001). Arranged marriages in underdeveloped countries in Africa.

Windhoek, Namibia: Zebra.

BOOK
Capitalise only the first letter of the
Invert names so that the last first word. For a two-part title,
name comes first, followed by Place the copyright
capitalise the first word of the
a comma and the initials. year in
second part of the title. Also
Leave a space between initials. parentheses.
capitalise proper nouns. Italicise
Retain the order of authors’ End with a period. the title. End with a period.
names.

Does the book have an

Does the book have a DOI?
edition or volume number? If
Include the name of the Include a DOI if available.
so, include the number in
publisher, followed by a Do not include a URL or
parentheses after the title but
period. Do not include the database information for works
before the period. If both,
publisher location. Are there from academic research
show edition first and volume
multiple publishers? databases. Include a URL for
second, separated by a
If so, separate them with a ebooks from other websites.
comma. Do not put a period
semicolon. Do not put a period after the
between the title and the
DOI or URL.
parenthetical information.
 JOURNAL ARTICLE
Invert names so that the last Capitalise only the first letter of the
Place the copyright
name comes first, followed by first word. For a two-part title,
year in
a comma and the initials. capitalise the first word of the
parentheses.
Leave a space between initials. second part of the title. Also
Retain the order of authors’ End with a period. capitalise proper nouns. Do not
names. italicise the title. End with a period.

Does the
Do not italicize the
Capitalise all major Include the article have a
Italicise the volume issue number or
words in the article page DOI? Include
number. Do not put parentheses. Follow
periodical name. range. Use an a DOI for all
a space between the parentheses with
Follow with a en dash; do not works that
the volume number a comma. No issue
comma. Italicize the put spaces have one. Do
and the number? That’s okay.
periodical name (but around the en not put a
parentheses around Follow the volume
not the comma dash. End with a period after
the issue number. number with a
after). period. the DOI.
comma.
 CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK Capitalise only the first letter of the
Place the copyright first word. For a two-part title,
Invert names so that the last name
year in capitalise the first word of the
comes first, followed by a comma
parentheses. second part of the title. Also
and the initials. Leave a space
between initials. Retain the order of End with a period. capitalise proper nouns. Do not
authors’ names. italicise. End with a period.

Does the book have a DOI? Include a

DOI if available. Include the chapter page range.
Do not include a URL or database End with a period. Does the
information for works from academic book have an edition or
Write the word “In” and research databases. Include a URL for volume number? If so, include
the initials and last ebooks from other websites. Do not the number in parentheses
name (not inverted) of put a period after the DOI or URL. before the page range. If both,
each editor. Use “(Ed.)” show edition
Include the name of the publisher first and volume second,
for one editor or
followed by a period. Do not include separated by a comma, before
“(Eds.)” for multiple
the publisher location. If there are the page range. Do not put a
editors. End with a
multiple publishers, separate them with period between the title and the
comma.
a semicolon. parenthetical information.
 WEB PAGE/ARTICLE
Invert names so that the last name comes first, Place the publication date in
followed by a comma and the initials. Leave a parentheses. Provide as
space between initials. Retain the order of specific a date as is available,
authors’ names. Always use the & before the but may be only the year. If
last author. If there is no author, spell out the there is no date use (n.d.). End
name of the organisation or site. with a period.

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year, Month Date).

Title of the work. Source. URL The direct link to the web
page should be provided,
starting with https://…….
Capitalise all major
words in the title of Usually the official name of the
the page/article. website. If the source would be
Italicise only if the the same as the author, you can
Source (i.e. the omit the source to avoid
official name of the repetition. If there is no ‘source’,
website) is omitted. the title of the work gets to be
italicised.
 NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
Place the date of publication in
Only the first word of the
parentheses. Provide as
Invert names so that the last name title and subtitle and
specific a date as is available,
comes first, followed by a comma proper nouns are
but may be only the year. If
and the initials. Leave a space capitalised. Do not
there is no date use (n.d.). End
between initials. italicise.
with a period.

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Date). Title of the work.

Name of newspaper, Pages.
Provide the page or pages of the
article after the newspaper title. Do
not include the abbreviations “p.”
Italicise and capitalise each word or “pp.” before the page(s).
in the publication, followed by a
comma. For online publications, the direct
link to the web page should be
provided, starting with
https://…….
REFERENCES

Alvesson, M., & Skoldberg, K. (2000). Reflexive methodology new vistas for qualitative research. London, UK: Sage.

Atchison, M., Pollock, S., Reeders, E., & Rizzetti, J. (1999). Guide to WIL. Melbourne, Australia: RMIT.

Davis, M. (2003). Barriers to reflective practice: The changing nature of higher education. Active Learning in

Higher Education, 4(3), 243-255.

Doherty, M., Larkings, M., Roberts, J., & Shinnick, P. (2008). Work Integrated Learning Project Working Group

Committee Paper. Newcastle, Australia: The University of Newcastle.

Gaddefors, J. (2007). Metaphors use in the entrepreneurial process. International Journal of Entrepreneurial

Behaviour Research, 13(3), 173 – 193. 

REFERENCES (cont.)

Heerde, J., & Murphy, B. (2009). Work-Integrated Learning: An annotated bibliography

of recently published refereed journal articles. Deakin University.

Inns, D. (2002). Metaphors in the literature of organisation analysis: A preliminary

taxonomy and a glimpse at a humanities-based perspective organisation.

English Journal, 9(2), 305 - 330.

O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender role journeys: A metaphor for

healing, transition, and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues

across the life cycle (pp. 107-123). New York, NY: Springer.
Work Discussed in a Secondary Source

➤ Ideally, in research one should try to read and cite the original work (primary
source). If that is not possible, both authors need to be cited.
➤ Give the secondary source in the references list; in the text, name the original
work, and give a citation for the secondary source. For example, if Seidenberg
and McClelland's work is cited in Coltheart et al. and you did not read the
original work, list the Coltheart et al. reference in the References. In the text,
use the following citation:
➤ In Seidenberg and McClelland's study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, &
Haller, 1993), …
➤ Under REFERENCES, the following should appear:
Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading
aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing
approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589-608.
ACTIVITY
➤ The quotation below was taken from a chapter in a book on page 347. The information of the
chapter and book are as follows:
Authors of the chapter: Trevor Garat and Marey Paul
Title of the chapter: Conflict management
Pages: 345-360
Book editors: Andreas Tom Greig, Natalie Dort, Regina Chad and Fredrick Noah
Date: 25 April 2014
Publisher: Zebra publishers
Place of publication: Windhoek, Namibia
Title of the book: Organisational Behaviour
Subtitle of the book: An Introduction
Edition: 5th
“The perceived difficulty in meeting the conflict demands of different sets of expectations and
obligations when performing one role is known as role strain”.
1. Show in two different ways how the quotation above can be written in-text.
2. Write the source above as it would appear in the Reference list.
ANSWER:
1. “The perceived difficulty in meeting the conflict demands of
different sets of expectations and obligations when performing one
role is known as role strain” (Garat & Paul, 2014, p.347).

According to Garat and Paul (2014, p. 347), “the perceived difficulty

in meeting the conflict demands of different sets of expectations and
obligations when performing one role is known as role strain”.

2. Garat, T., & Paul, M. (2014). Conflict management. In A. T.

Greig., N. Dort., R. Chad., & F. Noah (Eds.), Organisational
behaviour: An introduction (5th ed., pp. 345-360). Windhoek,
Namibia: Zebra Publishers.