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Influenced by the teachings of John Calvin, these people had given up attempts to reform the Church of England and laid their sights on turning America into a land of prosperous Puritan faith, ‘When the first Puritans left their native lands for opportunity in the far West, they envisioned that ‘America would be a place where they could establish their communities with little or no resistance and spread their religious beliefs to other Christians. They envisaged communitarian societies in which all property was communally owned. Leaders of the Massachusetts Bay Colony perpetuated the westward movement of Puritan settlements in order to ensure the spread of their way of life. Although each of the communities differed slightly in their interpretation of the Puritan way of life, they were held together by a belief that the Bible was literal instruction about how to property live. However, the reality of early American Puritan life did not match up with ideals. The communities found considerable difficulties dealing with the combination of typical frontier life, plagued by physical and economic hardship, and maintaining their exclusive and rigidly structured society. Puritan belief in a strict adherence to Biblical instruction meant that any kind of deviance from a strictly devout lifestyle was punishable. People were to abstain from such activities as laughing, gambling, singing, and any other kind of enjoyable endeavor. To keep such high standards of moral behavior, the Puritans had to isolate themselves from the rest of the society. Possible Notes Pi. 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AH Alea} Salt Sie 2oe WA Ages Sa + Ct 28 | 5 221 Wlojal7INPs Hackersingang.comHackers TOEFL READING WAFS Ba 91 2t tO] EL OHA --EIEHA BHOI8}7] Hl 1B, O14, SEIEIAL EMO] B-2e OPE store + 2c 7 SM SUMS LS AT HBS BAISIO} XHAIO| 4] ofeh aie stele gic Wes ole + seizoin mene see | 29goHackers.comHackers TOEFL READING DIAGNOSTIC TESSDIAGNOSTIC TEST BE Begs | Anglers will recognize the bluegill as one of the most popular gaming fish in North America and it is frequently found in freshwater lakes and ponds. This relatively small fish which rarely reaches length over 6-9 inches(15-23cm) has also been the subject of intense study by many wildlife biologists for its unusual mating habits. While similar to other fish in that the male cares for the offspring, the alpha males which are larger than the females and other males can never be sure that itis truly {hit own fry which they are raising since there are others which try to circumvent the mating rituals and fertilize the eggs by A6eption. 2 => Comprising roughly 80 percent of the breeding population, large parental males, distinguished by their size, copper colored bars across the top of their heads behind the eyes, and silvery blue breasts that may turn yellow or orange during the spawning season, commonly manage bluegill reproduction. They do not reach sexual maturity until their third or fourth year and this delay allows them to direct their consumed food resources to developing a large body mass, which is advantageous for successfully defending their territory and fighting off predators. Because these fish are colony spawners, adult parental males will excavate plate-sized nests in groups of 20 or 30, called “beddings,” by sweeping their tail fins across the sandy floor to make depressions. Then, in the shallow water, the male circles the nest and makes grunting noises to attract one or more females. The male guards the newly deposited and fertilized eggs and continues to do so even after the hatch and the emergence of the fry until they are old enough to survive on their own. 3 => A small proportion—about 20 percent—of bluegill males do not wait until they are large enough to defend territory before entering the reproductive processsCuckolds,or most of their energy towards their gonads that produce mil, a secretion from their testes containing spermatozoa; as a result, they have invested in a procreative strategy requiring them to take advantage of nearby nests. €iGkolgs are tao mesk to successfully attract a female fish_on their own. They seek out a large parental male, hide in the weeds adjacent to the parental male's breec grounds, and wait for a school of female fish to pass over. Once a female chooses a partner, she will tit her body and release roughly 30 eggs in a motion referred to as a “dip.” Normally, the resident parental male would shower these eggs with his own milt, but before he has a chance to reach all of them, the diminutive euckolgwill leave his safety zane and dart into the dangerous nest area-to.squirt his own milt toward the eggs, quickly returning to his point of origin without being caught. With this tactic, he hopes to fertilize as many of the eggs as possible before they settle into the hole, and will use his undersized body to advance with utmost agility. If fortunate enough to complete the task without encountering any significant harm, the cuckold will go on to stalk other parental male nests over the same season. 32 | #212) Goigt7| yea HackersIngang.comCocke same 4 => I The rapid dashing technique is limited to only two seasons since his physical maturation, While delayed, cannot be halted resulting in a larger body with less agility and so as to increase the likelihood of passing his genes onto the next generation, he develops a new method of mimicry to achieve his goal. ill An adult cuckold bluegill is still not as beefy as a parental male and can easily be mistaken for a female of the species. ll As he ages, the cuckold will acquire similar markings, which completely disguise him from parental males and allow him to easily slip into schools of female fish unnoticed. ll In this fashion, he will travel around the warm waters until a nearby female decides to spurt her eggs downward toward an established nest. The cuckold swoops down, maneuvers Tairly close to the fallen eggs, and ejects his milt. If a good selection is fertilized with cuckold spermatozoa, then the fish has accomplished his reproductive duties. «. 1. The word “thei” in thé passage refers to (A) anglers (B) piologi Ipha males (0) females 2. The word “deception” (A) jeopardy (B) acquisition (C) velocity DY trickery the passage is closest in meaning to 3. In paragraph 2, the author mentions grunting noises in order to iN (A) emphasize the effort required to create the depressions (8) describe a’nursery song which parental males sing for their fry ‘example of measures to shield the nest from predators show a way in which parental males draw the opposite sex Paragraph 2 is marked with an arrow [=] 4, Which of the following is true of spawning in paragraph 2? Z oo The largest males are the ones which are most attractive to the females. (8) Males arrange nests in advance before they lure females into their nests. (C) Females show no preference when choosing a place to lay their eggs. (0) The ability of the male to circle the nest shows its fitness in raising fry. Diagnostic Test | 33 Bupeay 14301 S1892Hp h 3, the 5 )rparagrap! 3, the author implies that cuckolds (A) begin attempting to fertilize eggs at a younger age than parental males ei try to build a nest before trying to sneak into others (C) are limited to a single strategy during their entire lifetime (D) have much more effective means to entice females than parental males Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow [=] 6 The word “Aili” in the passage is closest in meaning to 7 {A) nimbleness ((B) carelessness (©) maturity (0) muttipticty _/1 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. (A) The cuckold causes damage to the nests of the parental males he pursues during the mating season 8) The cuckold after being successtul will continue to stalk the same nest over many seasons. _{C) The cuckold will attempt to employ the same strategy at other sites if successful at one location. (D) The cuckold is very fortunate if it is able to accomplish one task before succum! injury. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of cuckolds? (A) They eventually grow large enough to allure females on their own. They are always unsuccessful due to their increasing size and decreasing speed, (C) They have to travel further to pass down their genes from generation to generation. (D) They must alter the method by which they sneak into the parental male's nest. Paragraph 4 is marked with an arrow [=] 9. Look at the four squares [Il] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage, Usually, females have lighter colored scales, a prominent black spot on the hind edges of their gill covers, and a second dark spot at the base of the rear section of their dorsal fins. Where would the sentence best fit? _ Click on a square [ll] to add the sentence to the passage. 34 | $B SEKIE PEAY ME goHackers.com10 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Thi question is worth 2 points. Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it. To review the passage, click on View Text. Bluegill males are not homogeneous but can be categorized by their mating strategies. . L . ‘Answer Choices (A) Female bluegills make a series of dips (D) Parental males use their matured body to into the nests of the parental males. defend a nest for mating and protecting (B) A small segment of the population their offspring. reproduces by sneaking up onthe nest _—_(E) Parental males are not certain that the of the other type of bluegill male eggs and hatchlings they secure are their (C) The swift dashing technique is not as ‘own because of the cuckolds. successful as the mimicking later (F) Some males adapt to look like the employed by the sneakers. females of the species as they age. Diagnostic est | 35 Buppeay 14301 Sipe}The Mediums of Egyptian Art 1 > Egyptian artists during ancient times worked and experimented with a variety of mediums. A great number of the statues and buildings produced in ancient Egypt were made of stone, wood, or metal. The most common was limestone, which was found in ample supply on the cliffs of the Nile Valley. Limestone, a soft stone, was carved into blocks for the construction of temples and tombs. Paint was usually applied to this stone as decoration. The Egyptians also used harder stones in the construction of temples and statues but left the stone its original color for symbolic effect. BIACk stones, based on the black sit left after the Nile River flooded each year, were representative of new life and resurrection, Stones of the colors red, orange, and yellow were closely linked to the Sun while green stones were indicative of growth. 2 One rectangular block of stone was normally used to produce a statue. A sense of strength and power was produced by having the stone between the arms and the body, in addition to the legs of standing or seated figures, uncut. In order to enhance this!@ffedt, the statue was often placed in front of a pillar or column. Almost all of the statues during this time were displayed with the face and the body looking forward. Referred to as frontality, this was a practice that endured over thousands of years with almost no change. These statues were not primarily created for artistic purposes, but for the rituals of gods, kings, and the deceased. Therefore, the statues were shown facing straight ahead, allowing people who visited them to get a sense of connection. Additionally, they were placed in rectangular shrines or wall niches, leaving frontality as a pragmatic display method. Though®ood) was scarce in ancient Egypt, Egyptian artists were quite Adépt at using this particular medium. Although much of the wood was imported from Syria, artisans of the time were also accomplished at using the wood of their native land, which was often gnarled and irregular. ‘They would first shape the wood with a chisel and then smooth down the surface by rubbing it with stones. Paint would be added after plastering the surface, although this step was often skipped with high quality wood. It was used to build a number of skilled pieces such as furniture, chests, coffins, and even statues. Different pieces of wood were carved and put together when making wooden statues. Egyptians worked with different types of metals to produce statues, tools, jewelry, and equipment. Metal statues were produced in one of two methods. A sheet of metal was wrapped around a wooden core or the lost wax process was used. This was a process of changing a sculpture made of clay into a harder material such as metal by making two molds, one of wax and one of ceramic material. The ceramic mold was used to melt out the previous wax molding, thus the wax becoming “lost” as it disappears. Unlike their wooden counterparts, the arms on metal statues were frequently held away from the body so that items could be placed on each hand 5 ll Gold and silver were used for making cult statues during the time, with precious stones regularly embedded for decorative purposes. ll The Egyptian people believed gold to be the flesh of the gods, specifically the sun God Re who was considered to be the most important of the gods, while the bones were composed of silver. ll In addition, a lunar disk that could sometimes be found on a statue was made of silver because of its association with the moon. il 36 | 3 22) Hoja} MPa Hackersingang.com5 = Another metallic substance called faience, also known as glazed composition, was commonly used by the Egyptians. Made of quartz with a glazed surface and often used as an alternative to stone, faience was employed in the production of many small objects like rings, bracelets, and ear studs due to its ability to be shaped and its wide availability. The properties of faience were also similar to those of stone, making it a natural substitute. A variety of glaze colors could be produced depending on additions to the basic mixture but the most commonly used color was turquoise. A According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of limestone in the construction? a (A) Its color usually had great meaning to Egyptian artists. (B) It was not durable enough to be used in the building of temples. A(GY Pigment was often added to it for omamentation purposes. it was sporadically used as a construction material by the Egyptians. Paragraph 1 is marked with an arrow [=]. 2 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential inforriation. ‘Stone was indicative of the various types of life found on the Nile River. Black stone from the Nile River was symbolic of the revitalization, (C) The Egyptians believed that black silt from the Nile River could resurrect lite. (0) The sediment that resulted from the flooding of the Nile River is black stone. 3 The phrase “this effect” in the passage refers to Rae rectangular block of stone a sense of strength and power (C) the stone between the arms and body (0) the legs of standing or seated figures 4The word “pragmiatic” in the passage is closest in meaning to LY (hyconsivte (8) unitorm \Cyelegant (0) somber in the passage is closest in meaning to (C) resilient UD¥Skilled DiagnosticTest | 37 Burpeey 14301 S19eH© 6 Allof the fol6wing are true about the use of wood in ancient Egypt EXCEPT: (A) Thewood found in Egypt was of a higher quality than Syrian wood. (B) Coloring was frequently missed out with excellent wood. (Ch The Egyptians were proficient in handling wooden pieces. (D) Wood was not readily available during the times. 7 Which of the following can be inferred about wooden statues from the passage? (A) They conveyed an aura of strength and power. (B) They were considered more valuable than other types of statues. They were quite intricate and elaborate in detail. ” They were not used for holding items. 8. According to the paragraph 6, why was faience routinely utilized by Egyptian artisans? (A) Its luster was suited for making precious jewelry. (B)/At was believed to have an important association with the gods. 467 It was easily obiained and molded to make items. \(D) Its natural color was popular in Egyptian society. Paragraph 6 is marked with an arrow [=] 9. Look at the four squares [ml] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. They were utilized not only for their monetary value and rarity, but also because of the ‘symbolism attached to each of these metals. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [ll] to add the sentence to the passage. 38 | PR SBXIN- G8IRY HB goHackers.com10 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an ‘answer choice, click on it. To review the passage, click on View Text. This passage discusses the various mediums that the ancient Egyptians used to make statues and other art pieces. ‘Answer Choices (A) Jewelry made from faience came in (D) Many of the statues built in ancient Egypt numerous colors, the standard being depicted deities, kings, and other elite turquoise. members of society. (B) The color of stones and the use of (E) Despite limited availabilty, artists worked frontality added significance to stone with wood to craft expert pieces. buildings and statues. (F) Metallic materials were highly prized in (C) The Egyptians considered order a the production of statues for their fundamental principle to their society, symbolic value. and this was clearly applied to their artwork. Diagnostic Test | 39 rT) Bupeoy 14301 S1HDEHEE_incan and Mayan Civilizations 1 The arrival of the Spanish conquistadors in the New World permanently and drastically reshaped the culture and the lives of the indigenous populations, leading to the disappearance of two of the greatest civilizations in the Americas, the Inca and the Maya, shortly after the Europeans discovered them. They left remarkable cities, with few records about the vanished inhabitants, forcing archaeologists to try to piece together what remains in an attempt to learn more about these lost civilizations, "> The majority of the information that has been collected came from the ruins of their cities, which have Withst6od the passage of time since they worked primarily with stone. Yet, while both used the same material, they integrated their cities very differently into the surrounding environment. For the Inca, their skill enabled them to accomplish this almost seamlessly by sculpting nearby objects and incorporating terraces into their cities for use as farms or gardens. In comparison, Mayan urban planning appears almost haphazard. While lacking the extensive road system and organized layout of the Incans, Mayan cities tended to grow more organically from a central plaza that contained the most, important buildings, such as the royal palaces, temples, and ball-courts, and since they had developed a mortar from crushed limestone, they didn’t need to spend the same amount of time hewing stones that would perfectly complement each other. © > This loose «Ghfederation Bf buildings was somewhat indicative of Mayan governance. Each city, with its surrounding area, was headed by its own supreme hereditary ruler who was the focal point, and as a result, the Mayan empire wasn't a unified nation, but was comprised of disparate city-states that were bound by a similar culture. The Incas, however, had one ruler, known as the Sapa Inca, or, unique Inca, who had to be the direct descendant of the original Inca tribe and had absolute power ver the entire region, which was broken up into four regions, with each controlled by a governor who in turn oversaw local officials. The hierarchal provinces were also unique in that there were separate chains of command for the religious and military branches of government that effectively acted as a system of checks and balances. The! Saja inca Was’ able to exert his influence over the region) since there was a highly-developed road network that enabled messengers’ swift passage to the far-flung reaches of the kingdom. 4 Despite not having this courier network, the Maya had one immeasurable advantage, which many researchers believe to be the reason why the Mayan Empire lasted for over a thousand years, whereas the Incas lasted for less than two hundred. The Mayans had developed a formal writing system, which, while often compared to Egyptian hieroglyphics, was more phonetically based and enabled them to transmit and store vast amounts of information. ill While over 1,000 different glyphs have been discovered, it seems that no more than 500 were used at any one time and that 200 of those had a phonetic interpretation, as opposed to the others which were logographic. ll While much of the language that has been reconstructed has come from works inscribed in stone or pottery, the Mayans also were known to use the bark of trees to form codices, called primitive books, which unfortunately all were nearly destroyed by Spanish priests. ll There has been some recent work by linguists who claim that the Incan quipus, strings of colored knotted cords, could have been used to convey messages, but this view is not widely accepted since all evidence seems to suggest that 40 | 58 21: Ho¥g!1 NES Hackersingang.commessengers were used to relay all of the information, and proponents have yet to develop any means to translate them. ll In spite of their similar locations and overlapping time frames, the Mayans and Incans established vastly different cultures, both of which were marked by some of the most spectacular buildings in pre-Columbian America. Unfortunately, their destruction at the hands of the Spanish resulted in the loss of more than just their relics, but the loss of two great civilizations. 1_The word “withstood” in the passage is closest in meaning to (A) forged (B) deepened (C) resisted \O/anpraised z 2 According to paragfaph 2, the reason parts of the Incan and Mayan cities survived was (A) the presemvation work done by modem archaeologists fegree of skill with which the structures were built (C) their impressive level of integration with their surroundings “Oy the durability of the material which they were constructed from Paragraph 2 is marked with an arrow [= Which of the following can be inferred about the building practices of the Incans in paragraph 2? ¥ (A) They carved stone blocks that would match each other. (8) They were more concerned with the function than the appearance. (C) They showed a great deal of variety from city to city. (D) They only ‘pte with material that was locally available. 4 What does the author mean by “This loose confederation of buildings was somewhat indicative nance” in paragraph 3? ‘The’permanence of the structures was also reflected in the society. (8) The manner Mayans governed affected the style in the building construction. (©), The Mayan government played a significant role in the construction of buildings. \(BJ The manner of building planning was similar to the organization of the government. Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow [=] Diagnostic Test | 44 FT) ‘Suipeay 14301 SICH