MATHEMATICS TO THE mathematics, and scientist that uses natural and social

mathematics.
MODERN WORLD
THE NATURE OF MATHIMATICS
1.2 FIBONACCI NUMBERS
What is mathematics?
(1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89…)
According to Stewart, mathematics is developed by
human mind and evolved in human culture. It is also a
formal system of thought for recognizing, classifying, Leonardo Pisano, which means Leonardo of Pisa
and exploiting patterns. because he was born in Pisa, Italy. He discovered a
sequence while he was studying rabbits, the
Fibonacci. Fibonacci is the shortened word for the
Mathematics is a/an… Latin term “filius Bonacci” which stands for “son of
Bonifacio”. His fathers’s name was Guglielmo
 Study of pattern Bonifacio.
 Language
 Art
 Set of problem-solving tools Fibonacci observed numbers in nature. His most
 Process of thinking popular contribution perhaps is the number that is seen
in the petals of flowers.

Daily activities of a person, in nature, arts, music,

medicine, and other disciplines, and in communities,
we can see MATHEMATICS. The Fibonacci Numbers

Simply, IT IS EVERYWHERE! F1 = 1, F2 = 1, and Fa = Fn - 1 + Fn – 2 n≥ 3.

Using the formula above, find the F3 .

Mathematics is very useful in many different cases:
When, n=3,
- in making conclusion and/or prediction of the
𝐹n = 𝐹n – 1 + 𝐹n – 2
events in the world,
- to describe the natural order and occurrences 𝐹3 = 𝐹3 - 1 + 𝐹3 - 2
in the universe,
- to organize patterns and regularities as well as =𝐹2 + 𝐹1
irregularities, =1 + 1
- help t control the weather and epidemics,
- provide tools for calculations, and 𝐹3 = 2
- provide new questions to think about.
Formula for computing the nth term in the
Fibonacci sequence:
In mathematics we talk about numbers, symbols,
equation, operations, functions, calculations, ( ϕ )5 − ( 1− ϕ )n
Fn =
abstractions, and devising proof. √5

With curiosity; a penchant for seeking patterns and Fn = Fibonacci number

generalities; desire to know the truth; trial and error;
fearless of facing more questions and problems to n = The position of number in the Fibonacci
solve, are the causes why mathematics created. sequence

ϕ = The value of the golden ratio (1.618)

Generally, everyone uses mathematics especially the

mathematicians who are using pure and applied
Using the formula above, find the F5 .
 ( ϕ )5 − (1 − ϕ ) n
F n=
√5
F5 = (1.618)5 − (1−1.618)5
√5
F5 = 5

SETS
A set is well defined if it is possible to determine
whether any given item is an element of the set. For
instance, the set of letters of the English alphabet is
well defined.
The set of all elements that are being considered is
called the universal set.

The empty set, or null set, is the set that contains no Use letter U to denote the universal set.
elements, ∅ or {} is used to represent the empty set.

Another method of representing a set is set-builder

notation. Set-builder notation is especially useful
when describing infinite sets. For instance, in set-
builder notation, the set of natural numbers greater
than 7 is written as follows:

If the universal set contains all elements under

It is read as, “the set of all elements x such that x is
consideration, the complement of the universal set is
an element of the set of natural numbers and x is
the empty set.
greater than 7.”

A set is finite if the number of elements in the set is a

whole number. The cardinal number of a finite set is
the number of elements in the set. The cardinal number
of a finite set A is denoted by the notation n(A).
SUBSETS
For example, if A = {1,2,3,4,6}, then n(A) = 5.
Consider the set of letters in the alphabet and the set of
Stated as, “A has a cardinality of 5 or A has a vowels {a, e, i, o, u}. The set of vowels is said to be a
cardinal number of 5.” subset of the set of all letters in the alphabet.
Pick an arbitrary set A. Because every element of the
empty set (there are none) is an element of A, we
know that A.

Two sets are disjoint if their intersection is the empty

set. The sets A and C in Example 1-b are disjoint.

In Example 4, we found that a set with 4 elements has

16 subsets. The following formula can be used to find MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE
the number of subsets of a set with n elements, where
n is a natural number.
A. Characteristics of Mathematical Language
The language of mathematics makes it easy to express
the kinds of thoughts that mathematicians like to
express.
It is:
1. precise (able to make very fine distinction)
INTERSECTION AND UNION OF SETS 2. concise (able to say things briefly); and
3. powerful (able to express complex thoughts with
relative cases).
B. Vocabulary vs. Sentences Just as English sentences have verbs, so do
mathematical sentences. In the mathematical sentence.
Every language has its vocabulary (the words), and its
rules for combining these words into complete 3+4=7
thoughts (the sentences). Mathematics is no exception.
The verb is =. If you read the sentence as ‘three plus
As a first step in discussing the mathematical
four is equal to seven, then it’s easy to hear the verb.
language, we will make a very broad classification
Indeed, the equal sign = is one of the most popular
between the ‘nouns’ of mathematics (used to name
mathematical verbs.
mathematical objects of interest) and the ‘sentences’ of
mathematics (which state complete mathematical
thoughts)’
Connectives

A question commonly encountered, when that;

C. Comparison of Natural Language into
presenting the sentence example 1 + 2 = 3 is If = is
Mathematical Language
the verb, then what is +?
The table below is an illustration on the comparison of
a natural language (expression or sentence) to a The symbol + is what we called a connective which
mathematical language. is used to connect objects of a given type to get a
‘compound’ object of the same type. Here, the
ENGLISH MATHEMAT numbers 1 and 2 are connected to give the new
ICS number 1 + 2.
Expressions
Name given to Noun such as
an object of person, place 2
interest. and things and Mathematical Sentence
pronouns. 3–2
Mathematical sentence is the analogue of an English
sentence; it is a correct arrangement of mathematical
Example: 3x
a) Ernesto symbols that states a complete thought. It makes sense
b) Batangas 3x + 2 to as about the TRUTH of a sentence: Is it true? Is it
City false? Is it sometimes true/sometimes false?
c) Book ax + by + c
Example:
d) He
1. The capital of Philippines is Manila.
Sentence
It has a Group of words 2. Rizal Park is in Cebu.
complete that express a 3+2=5
3. 5 + 3 = 8
thought statement,
question, or a+b=c 4. 5 + 3 = 9
command.
ax + by + c = 0
Example:
a) Ernesto is a (x + y)2 = x2 + Truth of Sentences
boy. Sentences can be true or false. The notion of “truth”
b) He lives in 2xy + y2
(i.e., the property of being true or false) is a
Batangas City.
fundamental importance in the mathematical language;
c) Allan loves
to read book. this will become apparent as you read the book.
d) Run! Conventions in Languages
e) Do you love
me? Languages have conventions. In English, for example,
it is conventional to capitalize name (like Israel and
Manila). This convention makes it easy for a reader to
distinguish between a common noun (carol means
D. Expressions versus Sentences
Christmas song) and proper noun (Carol i.e., name of a
Ideas regarding sentences: person). Mathematics also has its convention, which
help readers distinguish between different types of
mathematical expression.
Expression
An expression is the mathematical analogue of an
English noun; it is a correct arrangement of
mathematical symbols used to represent a
mathematical object of interest.
An expression does NOT state a complete thought; in
particular, it does not make sense to ask if an
expression is true or false.

E. Conventions in mathematics, some commonly

used symbols, its meaning, and an example.

a) Sets and Logic

Symbols Name Meaning Example

∪ Union Union of set A∪B
A and set B
∩ Intersection Intersection A∩B
of set A and
set B
∈ Element x is an x∈A
element of
A
∉ Not an x is not an x∉A
element of element of
set A
{} A set of.. A set of an {a, b, c}
element
⊂ Subset A is a A⊂B
subset of B
⊄ Not a subset A is not a A⊄B
of subset of B
… Ellipse There are a, b, c, …
still other
items to a+b+c+
follow ….
∧ Conjunction A and B A∧B
∨ Disjunction A or B A∨B
~ Negation Not A ~A
→ If-then If A, then B A→B
statement
↔ If and only A if and A↔B
if only if B
∀ For all For all x ∀x
∃ There exist There exists ∃
an x
∴ Therefore Therefore C ∴C
Aufmann, Lockwood, Nation,& Clegg. Mathematical Excursions, 3rd ed., Brooks/Cole Cengage
Learning, USA.
S.S. Epp. Discrete Mathematics with Applications, 4th ed., Cengage Learning, 2010.
Chartrand Chartrand, G. & P. Zhang. Introduction to Graph Theory, International Editon, McGraw Hill,
2005.
[Link]