Series: Earth and Environmental Science : By Ahmed Ibrahim Radhi

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Pollution and its Impact on Sustainable Development

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Pollution and its Impact on Sustainable Development

Ahmed Ibrahim Radhi

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Abstract
Pollution and its direct and indirect negative effects on humans, and animals is one of the
most important issues that researchers have been studying and searching for radical
solutions. Therefore, the research sheds light on the definition of pollution, its causes and
environmental effects, its most important types, especially radioactive, industrial and household
waste, and their levels of risk. The research focuses on the issue of air pollution resulting from
fumes, smoke, and gases emitted from cars, factories, volcanic eruptions, and others. It also
absorbs the problem of soil and water pollution due to the failure to properly treat factory,
household and other waste, and the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides harmful to
water, air and soil. The research addresses the topic of noise pollution, and its causes by
limiting loud noises from radio, television, cars, airplanes, music, etc.
Key words: pollution, development, soil, noise, water, air.

1. Introduction:
The study of pollution and its manifestations and impact on human life is one of the most vital
topics at the present time, due to its close relationship with human life on the economic, social
and environmental level. Despite human attempts to avoid the dangers of pollution, the
exacerbation and multiplicity of its causes, cannot be reduced or controlled, especially after the
industrial and economic development achieved by a number of developed countries. At the same
time, other countries lacked the ingredients to avoid or reduce the risks of pollution caused by
these developments.The research discusses the concept of pollution and its causes and impact on
sustainable development. Its dimensions and objectives aimed to develop all the elements of life
that meet the basic human needs and modern civil welfare requirements.
The research focuses on the types of radioactive and chemical pollution result from industrial
waste, cars, fumes, gases, smoke, etc., and the impact of environmental pollution of air, soil and
water in achieving sustainable development. It also deals with the causes of pollution and the
effects resulting from it, and the attempts and means to reduce its effects. It also tackles noise
pollution, the causes, and means for dealing with it in the light of its negative effects on human
life, and the general environment.
2. The concept of pollution
Generally, pollution means everything that negatively affects the elements of the living
environment, including humans, plants and animals, and the composition of inanimate natural
elements such as air, seas and rivers, soil, etc. . It refers to the spoiling of the environmental
components that cause fundamental changes as a result of the presence of energy out of its correct
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location, time and appropriate quantities. It is the presence of internal materials that change the
physical properties that can be observed, and measured without the need for accurate
measurement methods, as well as the chemical properties that are represented by the ability of a
substance to combine with others or convert to another substance. Biomaterial features are
represented by materials manufactured as an alternative to work in a direct contact with body
tissues and organs, for all or some of the environmental components. So, they are transformed
from useful elements to harmful elements that lose their role, importance and value in making
life. This results in harmful effects on humans, animals, plants and the ecosystem alike [1].
Environmental pollution is one of the forms of corruption caused by humans. God Almighty
mocked everything in the surrounding environment for human service. Yet, Man, through his
wrong and unconscious behavior, causes a lot of damage to himself on the one hand, and the
environment around him with all its resources and capabilities on the other hand. This matter has
negatively affected all living organisms, including plants and animals. The human being is
primarily responsible for the pollution of the surrounding environment, and he is the real interest
in protecting and preserving it from deterioration and decrease [2].
In this context, the hole in the Earth's atmosphere (ozone - natural gases that protect the earth
from ultraviolet radiation) is attributed to the activities of the industrially developed countries. Its
ill effects were not limited to those countries only, but also affected all the inhabitants of the
planet. From this standpoint, the interest in the issue of the environment and its protection became
a vital matter that aroused the concern of all countries of the world, regardless of their political
affiliations and economic development. The developed countries have shown an exceptional
interest in their economic programs for the problem of environmental pollution compared to the
developing countries, because their population has reached high levels of prosperity and
economic growth that has made them strive to protect the environment from the negative effects
of the industrial and technological advances that they have reached. Hitherto, the developing
countries have not yet reached the fulfillment of the necessary needs and desires of their
inhabitants in terms of food and clothing, and their attention has focused on environmental
problems and means of satisfying those needs. They aim to preserve their natural resources from
deterioration and shortages, without any consideration of the environmental problems that could
result from the exploitation of its natural resources [1].
There are two main types of pollution that humans create in the surrounding environment. The
first is characterized by its indirect effect on man, especially the pollution of the surrounding
environment components of air, water and agricultural soil, and then its reflection on his
personality. The second has a direct effect on the human being himself, such as noise pollution,
and other pollutants that it causes [1-2].
It can be said that the methods of pollution varied from direct to indirect, but their effect is the
same, which is harmful to human health and threatening to his life.
In the same context, the danger of pollutants in the surrounding environment varied widely. They
ranged from acceptable, dangerous and very dangerous contamination. However, an acceptable
pollution is not accompanied by any clear dangers affecting the aspects of life, within the limits
permitted by international organizations and bodies on the surface of the earth. This does not
cause any environmental problems. It existed in most countries of the world before the start of
industrial developments in the mid-eighteenth century. At that time, the self-technology of the
environment was able to absorb and contain that degree. Conversely, dangerous pollution is the
one in which the environmental pollutants exceed the safe line, which leads to the disruption of
the ecosystem as a whole, and the emergence of risks to the components of the environment,
whether living or non-living. The emergence of this pollution is associated with industrial

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developments and the consequent increase in waste and residues arising from the associated
industrial and technological development. Its impact continues to this day, at a time when the
most dangerous environmental pollutants exceed the dangerous limit to reach the level of
destruction[1].
It appears that the difference in the severity of the pollution did not prevent it from harming
humans, animals and plants, and this depends on possessing a strong immune system.
3. The causes of pollution
The causes of pollution are varied and different according to their sources. They are negatively
affected human, animal and environmental health alike.
(1) Radioactive pollution: It can be considered as one of the main factors of a global impact. It is
not limited to soil only, but also to water and air. Humans are exposed to industrially radioactive
materials as a result of the fallout of atomic dust from nuclear bombs, or the emissions in the
industrial and military use of nuclear energy and other radioactive materials such as uranium.
This led to the collection of war remnants using sound scientific methods and a comprehensive
radiological survey [3].
(2) Pollution by industrial and household wastes: This type results from the industry sector, which
represents one of the main sources of pollution , especially water resources, because most
industries are designed in their sites or discharged their waste without taking into account the
environmental conditions near rivers. Wastewater for industry was characterized by high
concentrations of pollutants, most of which were discharged into rivers without treatment.
Unprogrammed industrial development devoid of safety measures and taking into account the
environment. Random urbanism, population development, and consumer demands exacerbate the
problem and increased its damages. This fact necessitates the establishment of advanced factories
to burn waste and to fragment them, to enact environmental laws that compel every company or
factory to bear the costs of collecting, transporting and treating waste. It is essential to manage
industrial waste through the reuse of metals, plastics, paper and glass, taking into account the
necessity to avoid the hazardous effects of flammable, and reactive or toxic waste [3-4-5].
(3) Population growth: Population growth pushed the unnatural exploitation of natural resources
to provide the basic requirements for daily life, and increase public wealth and economic growth.
The increasing demand per person depleted the production of goods and services, results in a
waste of materials and energies[3].
(4) The nature of modern technology: It has been closely linked in recent years with the
environmental crisis.The productive technologies of World War II, which had severe impacts on
the environment, replaced the earlier, less destructive technologies. This led to the emergence of
non-biodegradable synthetic materials such as plastics, chemical nitrogen fertilizers, synthetic
detergents, synthetic fibers, large cars, petrochemicals and other environmentally harmful
industries[3].
(5) Agricultural and industrial development: Agricultural development has contributed to the
expansion of agricultural lands and the increase in productivity due to the development of modern
scientific technologies. The increase in the production and use of chemical fertilizers, the
expansion in the fields of irrigation, and the development of high-yield varieties of seeds create
dangerous environmental problems. The industrial development, which represented a criterion of
modernity and a necessary element for the socio-economic development of society, led to the
problems of environmental pollution. The rapid rate of industrialization led to the rapid
exploitation of natural resources and the increase in industrial production[3].
(6) Urbanization: The displacement of people from rural areas to urban centers have expanded
due to industrial development and led to environmental degradation and pollution in developed

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and developing countries. The concentration of the population began to increase in a limited area,
which led to an increase in buildings, roads, streets, sewage drainage, storms, vehicles (cars,
trucks, buses, motorcycles ... etc.), and an increase in the number of factories, waste, smoke, dust
and sewage water [2-5].
4. Air pollution
Air cleanliness is closely linked to human health, comfort and enjoyment. This is what can be
clearly felt when the individual moves from a crowded and populated city to the countryside or
coastal areas of the sea.The difference between the two is distinguished in the purity of the air. It
can be said that air pollution is an expression of a change in the physical and chemical
composition of the air, which may be in the form of particles in the air such as dust, vapors,
carbon dioxide, gases. The sources of this pollution differ according to the nature of the achieved
action that it causes [6] ,and its effects lie in:
(1) The exhaust from transport cars, whose danger has reached a high level and even fatal in some
countries, according to the study presented by the University of Birmingham, England. There is a
close correlation between individual deaths and vehicle exhaust pollution. In 2005, a study
indicated more than three hundred and ten thousand people died in Europe due to air pollution
and their affliction with lung diseases, respiration, allergies, asthma, narrowing of the arteries of
the heart and others. This required a number of countries to enact environmental laws to limit car
exhaust emissions and limit their movement on the roads [2-7].
(2) Gases results from various forms of manufacturing processes are one of the main causes of air
pollution, which is more widespread than the rest of the other types of pollution, due to its easy
transfer and spread in different regions [7].
(3) Construction operations, such as demolishing buildings, roads, and various projects are an
important and major source of stirring dust and the dispersal of its fine particles into the
atmosphere and causing pollution. The sources of gas emissions and air pollution can be
classified into the following [7]:
(A) Manufacture and transportation of construction materials.
(B) Energy consumed in construction equipment.
(C) Energy consumption that is used to treat building process of input sources.
(D) Method of disposal of waste result from construction operations.
(4) Volcanic eruptions and ground earthquakes are another cause of air and environmental
pollution that comes from nature. Its residues of dust, gases and heat emissions are the causes of
air pollution. Man is considered the first and most influential source of air pollution due to the
uncontrolled activities he performs in his productive work or his daily life practices. This is
confirmed by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development which indicates that
human subtraction of carbon dioxide through his various activities is responsible by about (60%)
for the increase in the phenomenon of pollution and high temperatures of the air and the globe [5-
7].
5. Pollution of soil and water
Information released by the institutions of soil science and water resources reveals that soil
pollution is the entry of foreign objects that leads to a transformation in the chemical and
physical composition. This results from the use of pesticides, fertilizers, and acid precipitation
that change the pH of the soil - measuring its acidity - and dumping radioactive waste, etc [6-8-
9].On the other hand, pollution affects water sources, whether oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, and
groundwater, causing direct and indirect harm to all living organisms. Water pollution has
become the main problem all over the world, and has become a major cause of death and disease,
not only in poor and developing countries, but also in industrialized and developed countries.

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Governments have struggled through their various institutions and civil organizations to address
the problem of water pollution. In this regard, the World Health Organization has indicated
startling figures about the role of polluted water in killing about five million people annually in
the world, which is more than what is caused by the acquired immune deficiency disease (AIDS),
which kills three million people annually. Typhoid, gastroenteritis, diarrhea and vomiting,
hepatitis and brain infections, prostate, lymph nodes, liver diseases, rashes, hormonal problems
and others are the most prominent diseases that result from water pollution that affects humans
and leads to death [7].
The sources of water pollution in the world are many and different due to the diversity of methods
that led to the pollution. Yet they can be determined mainly as follows:
(1) Various industrial processes lead to direct or indirect pollution of water, such as throwing
industrial waste or water used in manufacturing processes into natural waterways in violation of
the law and environmental regulations. This leads to human harm depending on the nature of the
material and the waste. If water is drunk directly or through filtering and sterilization processes
that do not meet the appropriate health conditions, the damage will be reflected on humans, fish
and other aquatic and non-aquatic organisms that live in or consume it directly. The impact of the
industry and its uncontrolled processes on the water, especially the emission of smoke and toxic
gases from factory chimney towers, lead to air pollution. Also, acid rain that results from human
activities can interact in the atmosphere and mix with particles Pollutants in the air to lead to soil
pollution. Then, its slope to waterways leads to the death of plants and aquatic animals, and
perhaps humans as well [4-7].
(2) Human errors in dealing with machinery, machines and various means of transportation,
extractive and transformational processes of raw materials, and the leakage of oil from large and
giant oil tankers have increased the degree of water pollution and their impact on human beings
and aquatic and natural animals. It also includes the field of oil extraction and the transportation
of its derivatives on ships across oceans and seas, and between the oil-producing and the oil-
consuming countries [7].
(3) The use of chemical fertilizers to help agricultural crops grow quickly and in a larger size that
are added to the soil and sprayed on plants can seep into the groundwater as a result of rain or
watering, and eventually reach different waterways and leading to water pollution [7].
(4) Solid (heavy) waste leak from homes directly into natural water streams, especially in poor
cities that do not contain infrastructure to protect the environment such as sewers or earth-tight
box tanks to preserve the waste and withdraw it through the designated pond cars for this. They
affect humans and the environment leading to grave dangers and intractable diseases [6-7].
The sources of water pollution are divided into:
(A) Specific pollution sources:
It refers to the sources that flow into water bodies through well-located outlets, making it easier to
be controlled . The quantities of accessories that flow from them can be measured, their physical,
chemical and biological properties determined, and the amount of pollution that results from
them. These pollutants also include waste from industry and sewage [10].
(B) Unspecified sources of pollution:
They are pollutants from many sources that cannot be controlled directly. It includes wastes result
from agricultural activity or those that are spewed by torrential waters and dumped into water
bodies. Accidents involving trucks and pipelines transporting hazardous liquids lead to the
leakage of various pollutants and their access to water bodies and acid rain are common examples
of unspecified sources of pollution [10].

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6. Means of preventing pollution

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Incineration is used in special furnaces that built from refractory bricks, which represent a mass
of ceramic fused lining furnaces and stoves to withstand the high temperatures that guarantee the
killing of microbes and insects and the disposal of waste and garbage residues. Ash residues are
received in areas far from the population and farms, especially in uninhabited desert areas or by
filling ponds, swamps and canals to be disposed of, after treating them chemically to kill their
microbes and insects and to cover them with quantities of sand three centimeters thick in distant
areas. As it is a salty area, it is not suitable for cultivation until about forty-five days of treatment
and drying [11].
In order to avoid the spread of diseases that are transmitted to humans through polluted water
used for irrigation of fruitless agricultural crops on the one hand, and to maintain long-term
fertility of the soil on the other hand, it is necessary to treat sewage water before its use in
irrigation [11]. On the other hand, wastes such as (manure - food remnants in the rumen) and
(dung - what the hoof excrement brings) are collected and transported outside the city away from
the slaughterhouse in places designated by the municipality, then it is buried in trenches and
covered with a layer of soil not less than half a meter. It can be used as agricultural fertilizers
[11].
Waste disposal depends on the following methods:
(1) The unfit waste are collected and the appropriate disinfectants are put on it. Then, they are put
in boxes and disposed of by burning or burial under the supervision of the municipality concerned
in the region. The provision of small cars, equipment, supplies and specialized manpower is also
taken into consideration.
(2) The space allocated for containers carrying waste behind the slaughterhouse from the level of
the natural surface is reduced about by about 1.80 meters to facilitate unloading the contents of
small cars in it.
(3) An appropriate system for disposing of wasted water outside the slaughterhouse area is
provided after treating it chemically, and then disposing of it in the public sewers of the city.
(4) Meat transport vehicles are sold to prevent contamination [11].
These methods are of great importance to prevent or reduce pollution, if they are adopted
according to sound principles.
7. Noise pollution and its health and psychological impact
Our civilized world is facing another type of environmental pollution on the social, cultural and
scientific level, results from an unwanted sound that can affect human health by negatively
affecting his psyche. It leads to discomfort and aggressive behavior, or even exposure to high
blood pressure or sleep disturbances that sometimes lead to severe depression. Frequently, the
source of this pollution is the transportation systems, construction, machinery and equipment used
in many fields. The poor urban planning of cities is one of the causes of this type of pollution,
especially in London Heathrow Airport, which is located about twenty kilometers from the center
of the capital in the western direction, within the surrounding residential neighborhoods. London
has suffered from the noise of airplanes landing very close to their surfaces [7].
Other sources of noise pollution that would have a negative impact not only on the psyche and
comfort of the human being, but even on the hearing sense of those working in these professions,
such as loud concerts, emergency sirens, the sound of alarms in cars, construction and demolition
of buildings, animal sounds, etc., [2-7].
8. Health and psychological effects of noise pollution
(A) Psychological effects: The high volume of voice above the normal range leads to a lack of
vital activity, excitement, anxiety, tension, confusion, disharmony and lack of thinking. However,

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this depends on several factors, including the length of exposure, the intensity of the voice, the
location of the hearer from the source of the sound, and the sudden sound [12].
(B) Neurological effects: The effect of noise reaches through nerve fibers to the central cells of the
brain and irritates them, which is reflected in the body's organs, especially the heart, the nervous
and digestive systems [12].
(C) The effect on hearing: When a person is exposed to a sound of very high intensity, he begins
to get upset and complain about it, which causes a weakness in the sense of hearing [12].
9. The most important sources of noise and methods of treating it
The factors of human activity, especially the various means of transport that include the land,
such as cars, motorcycles, freight carriers, etc., are among the most important sources of noise in
addition to construction and urban construction, road paving and service projects, and electrical
appliances used in homes and work offices, including television, radio and vacuum cleaners. And
others, and finally factories and industrial establishments. Natural factors (thunder, high sea
waves, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes) participated in this [12].
The following are among the methods of treating noise pollution[7-12]:
(1) The speed of cars should be restricted to prevent the use of the parking brake, and the loud and
annoying noise emitted by them, with the development of traffic regulations to regulate traffic
and determine the types of trucks permitted to use the roads.
(2) Aircraft noise should be restricted by adjusting flight directions over major cities and moving
airports outside them, using the day runway mostly instead of night landing, and supporting
housing near airports with buffer walls to reduce noise.
(3) The work system and the design of industrial equipment should be reconsidered to reduce
noise in factories, as well as the use of protectors to block the sound from the ears of workers or
cover the internal walls of factory buildings with covers that absorb sound.
(4) The state put laws and regulations that limit noise pollution.
(5) Raising awareness through the various media to survey the dangers of noise on public health.
(6)The proper urban planning should be taken into account and the sites of schools, hospitals and
residential areas that are far from the sources of noise.
(7) Increasing green spaces can be achieved by creating gardens around housing, schools and
neighborhoods.
(8) Keep airports, railway stations and public transport away from city centers and populated
areas.
(9) A comprehensive traffic plan can be developed to ensures traffic flow and traffic flow to
prevent congestion, which is one of the main causes of noise.
(10) The use of sound-insulating materials in building homes, work offices, schools and hospitals,
especially in crowded and noisy locations.
(11) The use of loudspeakers, car alarms, televisions, radios, music, etc should be limited.
10. The Concept of Sustainable Development
Sustainable development can be defined as a dynamic process consisting of a series of balanced
social, economic and environmental measures and changes aim to develop human energies, and
protecting the earth, cities and trade. It aims to secure the needs of society, its welfare, security,
safety and prosperity, without compromising the ability of future generations to achieve this in
the future. Accordingly, it means the creative and productive work conditions that provide the
income and a better life for all people. This does not mean reducing them to enhancing economic
and material benefit or well-being only, but rather seeks to develop human capabilities in a
healthy environment that contributes to raising the scientific, cultural and social level of society
[13-14-15].

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The main goal of sustainable development is human development, whose goals can be
summarized as follow[13-15]:
(1) it Builds a society capable of facing life and its developments in a positive and effective
manner.
(2) It helps positive thinking and developing its horizons towards depth and inclusiveness.
(3) It educates societies on mastering the communicative skills according to sound moral
foundations.
(4) It enhances the individual's ability to develop his performance and capabilities in accordance
with the requirements of his job and his tasks.
(5) It emphasizes the value and importance of time, training skills, utilizing energies and talents,
drawing life goals, and mastering how to deal with problems in a positive and effective manner .
11. Negative effects of pollution on sustainable development
Pollution has a significant negative impact on sustainable development, which can be summarized
as follows[3-14]:
(1) It leads to decline in agricultural and animal production due to the infection of animals, plants
and crops with various pests and diseases.
(2) It decreases the labor productivity in various economic sectors as a result of workers suffering
of various types of diseases and psychological and social problems.
(3)The decrease in the productivity of the economic sectors is accompanied by an increase in
spending money to address the social and economic effects of environmental pollution, which
burdens the state treasury and contributes to impeding the development process. However, the
exacerbation of environmental problems increases with lower development rates and high costs,
which necessitated the contribution of society and all stakeholders in the public and private
sectors in preserving the environment, in order to reduce the negative effects of environmental
pollution that impede the development process .
12. Economic effects of environmental pollution
In light of the continuing exacerbation of environmental pollution, economists have argued that
the degree of overcoming the problem is measured by the size of the real income per person.
Formed a criterion for progress is represented by working to raise the average per capita real
income, while economic activity does not continue due to the increase in the consumption rates of
permeable natural resources. The practice of production and consumption activities leads to the
emergence of wastes in nature that require disposal. The more waste, the greater the pollution
rates in the environment surrounding humans [3-15].
The most important negative effects resulting from environmental pollution are the following:
First: The environmental impacts resulting from toxic waste:
Despite the danger of toxic waste, some countries have found the Environmental Depot a solution
without costs to dispose of them. The accumulation of toxic waste and not disposing it by
scientific methods leads to many environmental problems, especially pollution in all its
dimensions. It leads to air pollution with viruses, epidemics, and dangerous diseases [3].
Second: The economic impacts resulting from the accumulation of hazardous wastes:
There are several economic impacts results from the accumulation of hazardous waste, and failure
to dispose of it by scientific methods, including[3-15]:
(1) The length of the bed rotation period in the hospital is prolonged due to the spread of diseases
and germs, which leads to the prolonged stay of the patient in the hospital as a result of air
pollution with microbes and epidemics.
(2) The per capita health care costs rise, and the increase in the number of injured leads to the
absence of workers from production centers, which leads to a decrease in productive capacity.

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(3) Pollution-fighting costs increase as governments spend huge sums of money to combat
pollution resulting from the accumulation of waste. This exacerbates the economic losses of lost
materials, energy and processing costs that exceed the budget of some countries.
(4) Pollution affects development rates, as its increase contributes to reducing the volume of
economic resources allocated to support basic needs and disrupting their employment in the right
context.
(5) The economic and human impacts result from the explosion of nuclear plants that leave
dangerous nuclear and radioactive waste and radioactive quantities in the atmosphere .
13. The economic costs of environmental pollution
It includes the costs of the measures are taken to manage the environmental impacts that result
from the activity of the production unit, as well as the other costs required by the objectives or the
environmental requirements of the production unit. Environmental expenditures represent the
costs of the steps taken to avoid environmental damage resulting from the exercise of the
production unit's activity. It includes the expenses of landfill and disposal of waste, water and air
quality conservation and improvement, noise reduction, and the search for products, raw materials
and production processes that are more environmentally friendly [3-15].
In general, the costs are divided into[3-15]:
(1) Direct environmental costs: It includes (medical treatment of diseases caused by production
units, wages and salaries for people with disease due to pollution, damage to agricultural crops in
areas affected by pollution, waste disposal operations).
(2) Indirect environmental costs: which serve the production stages as a whole, such as the costs
of environmental resources depleted during the production process, especially air, water, plants
and animals. The negative effects of pollution are not limited to the material losses it causes, but
also include the amount of money spent on getting rid of pollution, combating it, and protecting
the environment from it. It depends on the funds allocated to implement development plans.
There are several theories that attempted to study the extent of environmental risks and estimate
their economic cost, including the (Preventive school) that depends on the necessity of providing
the maximum possible protection for the environment and not using it at all for development and
economic growth. On the other hand, supporters of (the utilitarian school) saw the possibility of
reducing the effects of pollution by adopting modern technology. Though, the supporters of (the
School of Economists), insist on the need to employ the environment to achieve economic
development. Supporters of (the Conservative School) called for the possibility of advancing the
environment and employing its natural resources in ways that protect them from pollution. Apart
from these theories, international statistics indicate an increase in the size of the economic and
financial burden of environmental pollution at the global level. The reports of The United Nations
(Institute for Global Environment Watch) estimated the size of those burdens at about forty
trillion dollars. Its statistics revealed that the size of combating pollution needs to spend 3-4% of
the global national product .
14. The impact of environmental pollution and protection of sustainable agro-economic
development
At a time when the human being represents the objective of development, he is one of the most
important means of achieving it. The preservation of his health and well-being are among the
most important objectives of plans and programs. Relevant studies have shown the negative
consequences of the human role in polluting terrestrial or aquatic agricultural resources and its
impact on the areas of agricultural development in society.
In order to achieve the objectives of any development programs, the economic resources available
in the surrounding environment (air, water, land) must be better exploited to maintain them from

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degradation and decline. There is a correlation between economic resources and environmental
development, as economic development cannot be achieved without those resources.When the
size of economic resources in general and natural resources in particular increases, the
opportunities for development increase, and vice versa. At the same time, the economic resources
are only found in an environment with which man interacts and harnesses them to satisfy his
human desires. Then, any deterioration in the surrounding environment could lead to the faltering
of economic development plans and programs in society. There are many development models
that have led to the depletion of environmental resources on which economic development is
supposed to be based [1-15].
Consequently, the importance of preserving the natural economic resources available to society in
general, and agriculture in particular, is evident, especially as they are characterized by their
relative scarcity. No matter how much of it is available in society, it cannot produce all the goods
and services needed to satisfy all human desires. Hence, any waste or extravagance in the use of
what is available in society will affect the ability to produce the necessary food and clothing
locally. This may force it to depend on the outside to provide the necessary needs, which would
impede development plans, agricultural programs and food production, and consequently, the
economic and political instability of society [1].
The economic resources available in any society are the property of all present and future
generations. Hence, the responsibility of the present generations must go beyond the limits of
their exploitation of the available agricultural natural resources, to preserve them from depletion
and waste resulting from misuse in order to preserve them for future generations. Accordingly,
the aforementioned and other reasons show the importance of working to use the available
agricultural economic resources, in order to achieve the desired goals of economic development
in society on the one hand, and to protect and preserve its quality from deterioration and
deficiency for future generations on the other hand. This is an effective way to ensure success and
to the continuation of agricultural economic development efforts in achieving the desired goals
for the present and future generations [1].
The protection and preservation of natural resources is a humanitarian issue, in which the person
is primarily responsible for its pollution and waste, as well as the first victim of its negative
effects. At the same time, the responsibility falls on his shoulders to protect and prevent pollution.
This leads the human being to the necessity of preserving these resources from depletion and
annihilation, and to exploit them with knowledge and rationality in order to achieve his well-
being. There are several means and methods that can protect and preserve agricultural natural
resources from the qualitative degradation resulting from pollution. Preventive ones are based on
the use of clean production technology that does not lead to the emission of pollutants. At the
same time, there are other procedural means that were based on laws and legislations in
protecting natural resources to limit the pollution of available natural resources [1].
15. Conclusion:
The research reached to a set of important results:
(1) Pollution is the most important threat to human, animal and plant life, directly and indirectly.
(2) Pollution can be attributed to several causes, such as atomic radiation, gases and fumes from
factories, transportation means, chemical pesticides, wastes and others.
(3) Air pollution is one of the most dangerous types of pollution due to the inability to reduce it
due to its rapid spread over large areas.
(4) The use of contaminated and untreated water, as well as pesticides in unregulated quantities,
leads to the contamination of soil. Also, water pollution poses a threat to human life and most
marine organisms due to throwing liquid and solid waste into it.

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(5) One of the most important goals of sustainable development is to achieve human well-being
and prosperity in all aspects of life, which has created social, economic and environmental
dimensions.
(6) Pollution has greatly impeded the achievement of the sustainable development goals, due to
its heavy damage to agricultural, industrial and livestock production. It also inflicts great harm on
the human being and makes him lose his skills and ability to achieve his ambitions for a better life
and environment.
16. References:
[1] Fadlallah, Salah Ali Saleh 2001 Environmental Pollution and its Impact on Agricultural
Economic Development, Assiut Journal of Environmental Studies, Issue 20, Egypt,pp.74-76,77-
85,86
[2] Appannagari, Ramamohana 2017 Environmental Pollution Causes and Consequences: A
Study ,North Asian International Research Journal of Social Science & Humanities, Vol. 3, Issue
8, pp51,151-154,157
[3] Rashid, Suhad Ahmed 2017 The implications of the economic problems of environmental
pollution in Iraq and ways to address them, Al-Mustansiriya Journal for Arab and International
Studies, Al-Mustansiriya Center for Arabic and International Studies, Volume 14, Issue 58,
Iraq,pp. 106,115,122.
[4] Saha, Arpita , Zaman , Sufia and Mitra, Abhijit 2017 Assessment of Coastal Water Quality
using Aquatic Health Index (AHI), Parana Journal of Science and Education (PJSE), Vol. 3, No.
6, Brazil, pp.35-37.
[5] Skenderovic , Ibro , Kalac , Becir , and Becirovic , Suad 2015 Environmental waste
management , Balkan Journal of Health and pollution Science , Volume 3 , Number 1 , pp . 2
-5,7
[6] Hustad, Douglas 2016 How Can We Reduce Manufacturing Pollution, Minneapolis, Lerner
Publications Group ,Inc.pp.9-17,25-31.
[7] Al-Taai, Waleed Khalif Jabara 2012 Environmental Pollution and Green Economy, Ministry
of Finance, Economic Department, Department of Economic Policies, Iraq,pp.6-12.
[8] Badran, Abdul Hakim 1988 Environmental Pollution, Its Sources and Its Types, Journal of
Science and Technology, published by King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Issue 4,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,p.7
[9] Dalal-Clayton , Barry and Bassv, Stephen 2002 Sustainable Development Strategies,1st.ed, ,
Earthscan Publications Ltd, London.p.10.
[10] Al-Saati, Adnan Jamal 1988 Water Pollution, Science and Technology Journal, published by
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Issue 4, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,p.14.
[11]Taher, Jamal Amin 2009 Environmental Pollution - Waste Management and Treatment -,
Assiut Journal of Environmental Studies, Issue 33, Egypt,pp.124-125.
[12] Al-Ali, Fahmy 1988 Noise Pollution - Noise, Journal of Science and Technology, Issue 4,
pp. 20-22.
[13]Hajila, Rahali and Rafeeqa, Bu Khilafah 2016 Development from the Concept of Developing
the Economy to the Concept of Human Development, Studies in Development and Society
Journal, Issue 3, pp. 2 , 7.
[14]Soubbotina, Tatyana 2004 Beyond Economic Growth An Introduction to Sustainable
Development , 2nd.ed , The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ,
Washington D.C.pp.7-8,67-69.

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[15] Casadevall, Sandra 2019 Sustainable development: Meaning, history, principles, pillars, and
implications for human action: Literature review, Journal Cogent Social Sciences, Vol. 5, Issue
1, ,pp.7,9,11 .
[16] F. ALfarhani, B., & A.A. Al – Rubaie, H. (2019). Study the effect of positively charged
natural ions on analytical figures of Merits of fluorometric analysis of Naphthalene and
Anthracene in aqueous solution. Al-Qadisiyah Journal Of Pure Science, 24(3)

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