EARTH SCIENCE
THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY
UNIVERSE
Proposed by Russian-born US cosmologist George
CONCEPTS Gamow who helped explained the big bang theory.
- the expansion of the universe will eventually come
How is it possible for scientists to study the to a halt, then it collapses up to the time that the
universe? universe will return to its original state.
THEORY STEADY STATE THEORY
- supported by large body of evidence.
Proposed by astronomers Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold,
HYPOTHESIS and Herman Bondi
- testable explanation to a question. - States that the universe has always been the same
since the beginning and will remain in its present state
LAW till eternity.
-describes what nature does under certain conditions. - Density of matter is constant over time.
The only constant thing in life is change GEOCENTRIC MODEL
UNIVERSE - Geocentric” means “measured as from the
- The Universe is everything that physically exists center of the Earth.”
throughout all of space in time. - The geocentric theory describes a geocentric
system in which Earth is placed at the center
COSMOLOGY
of the solar system and other objects or
- The study of the universe, including its properties,
planets are located around it.
structure and evolution.
- This theory is also called the “Ptolemaic
system” in honor of the Greek scientist
CREATIONALIST THEORY
- This theory states that God, the Supreme Being Claudius Ptolemy.
created the whole universe out of nothing. - This theory remained so popular for so long
only because it explained why all things fall
OUR EXPANDING UNIVERSE freely towards Earth, and also why all
- The farther away a galaxy is, the faster it is receding. planets stay at certain distances from Earth.
This relationship is known as Hubble's Law after the
astronomer Edwin Hubble, who formulated it in 1929. HELIOCENTRIC MODEL
- “heliocentric” is stated as “being seen from
BIG BANG THEORY
- BBT is attributed to Belgian Roman Catholic priest the center of the Sun”
In 1929, - The geocentric theory was replaced by the
- Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe is heliocentric theory. According to this
[Link] Lemaitre (1972) theory, the solar system has the Sun as the
- All of the energy and matter of the universe were center of the solar system.
compressed into a hot and dense state.
LIFE ON EARTH
Our universe began as a cataclysmic explosion, which
TO SUPPORT LIFE
continued to expand, cool, and evolve to its current
state 1. ATMOSPHERE
2. PRESENCE OF LIQUID WATER
Hubble's Law- Galaxies appear to be moving away
3. HEAT SOURCE
from us at speeds proportional to their distance.
LIQUID WATER
Redshift tells us that objects are moving
away from us. RELEASED ICY METEORS
Blueshift tells us that objects are moving THROUGH
closer to us. VOLCANISM
EARTH SCIENCE
LIQUID WATER ATMOSPHERE
- It provides significant insulation or shielding from
It is one of the important ingredients in the different the sun and impact of small to medium size
biological processes. Absence of this will interfere meteorites. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide
reactions necessary for life. However, solid form of (CO2) and methane (CH4) trap heat and protects our
this will also hinder living organisms to use it. Water planet from freezing. Moreover, ozone (O3) layer
on Earth has different forms. It is solid (ice) in the two shields the Earth's surface from harmful UV radiation.
poles and liquid along the equator which allows living - The size of the planet and its distance from the sun
organisms to consume it. affects its ability to hold significant amount of
atmosphere. Earth has a right size and distance from
ASTROBIOLOGY 101: the sun that permits it to have a right amount of
To potentially support life, a planet needs to be in the atmosphere. The presence of gravity also helps in
Goldilocks Zone. sustaining its atmosphere.
- The range of distance with the right temperatures for
water to remain liquid. EARTH'S SUBSYSTEMS
WHY WATER IS IMPORTANT? SYSTEM
- The presence of water on earth is essential for the - A set of interconnected components that are
development and sustenance of life. interacting to form a unified whole.
- It is the basis of all forms of life and without this
valuable resource, the earth wouldn’t exist. THE EARTH SYSTEM IS
ESSENTIALLY CLOSED SYSTEM
WATER
A closed system is a system in which there is only an
Shapes earth’s surface and affects earth’s exchange of heat or energy and no exchange of matter
weather and climates.
Water is needed for life. The Earth receives energy from the sun and returns
Living things are made up of water. some of this energy to space.
Water is a natural resource.
HYDROSPHERE
Ocean Water – 97%
(“HYDRO “ MEANS WATER)
Fresh Water – 3%
- This covers about 75% of Earth’s surface, including
Glaciers – 70%
groundwater and Earth’s frozen water (the
Underground – 29%
cryosphere) and almost 1% of the water is drinkable.
Rivers and lakes - <1% The Oceans help regulate climate by absorbing large
amounts of solar energy, particularly near the equator,
HEAT SOURCE
and circulating heat towards the poles. Water
- Earth has available energy-rich sunlight to support
constantly circulates between the hydrosphere, the
life. Living organisms like plants and photosynthetic
lithosphere, and the atmosphere through water cycle
bacteria use light as the source of their energy. Some
processes.
chemosynthetic organisms rely on chemical energy to
- Features: oceans, icebergs, lakes, rivers, glaciers,
support various biological processes.
snow, and so on.
Internal Heat of the Earth - Processes: hydrologic cycle (condensation,
evaporation), ocean circulation.
Radiogenic Heat
GEOSPHERE
(“GEO” MEANS EARTH)
Radioactive Decay of materials
- Made up of plates and it includes all the solid part of
in the core and mantle
the Earth that covers approximately 10% of earth’s
External Heat from the Sun surface and deeply affects every part of the ecosystem.
It extends up to the inner core of the planet. Soil
Radiation supports billions of plants, animals, and
microorganisms, it filters water, and it facilitates the
Solar Radiation decomposition of wastes.
EARTH SCIENCE
This holds air, water, heat, and nutrients and is the
medium in which we grow food and fiber. It is
responsible for the formation of many landforms
through its endogenic activities.
- Processes: weathering, erosion, mantle convection,
volcanic eruption, etc.
EARTH’S INTERIOR LAYERS:
Crust – upper portion composed of 2 types:
The oceanic crust (underlies the ocean basin) and the
Continental crust (underlies the continents) whose
most abundant composition is oxygen and silicon.
Mantle – solid rock layer between crust and crust.
Core – it is an iron-rich sphere divided into 2
parts: outer core and inner core.
ATMOSPHERE
(“atmos” means vapor)
Features: clouds, weather, aurora, air
pollution/aerosols, dust, and so on.
Processes: atmospheric circulation.
BIOSPHERE
(“bio” means life)
- It consists of all living things, plants and animals,
from microbes to humans. This is intimately
connected with and dependent on the other spheres.
Through processes such as photosynthesis, respiration,
decay, and human activity such as burning forests or
fossil fuels, the biosphere continuously exchanges
gases with the atmosphere. Human activities can also
cause changes in land and water use. To the extent
that the biosphere modifies the other components of
the Earth system, it can also modify Earth’s climate.
- Features: coastal biomes, forests, deserts, grasslands,
and other ecosystems.
- Processes: photosynthesis, biogeochemical cycles
(carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle)
