Topic 2 [207 marks]

Two players are playing table tennis. Player A hits the ball at a height of 0.24 m
above the edge of the table, measured from the top of the table to the bottom of
the ball. The initial speed of the ball is 12.0 m s−1 horizontally. Assume that air
resistance is negligible.

1a. Show that the time taken for the ball to reach the surface of the table is [1 mark]
about 0.2 s.

Markscheme
t = «√ 2gd =» 0.22 «s»
OR

t = √ 2×0.24
9.8
✓

Answer to 2 or more significant figures or formula with variables replaced by

correct values.

Examiners report
[N/A]
1b. Sketch, on the axes, a graph showing the variation with time of the [2 marks]
vertical component of velocity vv of the ball until it reaches the table
surface. Take g to be +10 m s−2.

Markscheme
increasing straight line from zero up to 0.2 s in x-axis ✓
with gradient = 10 ✓

Examiners report
[N/A]
1c. The net is stretched across the middle of the table. The table has a [3 marks]
length of 2.74 m and the net has a height of 15.0 cm.
Show that the ball will go over the net.

Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
1.37
t= 12 = «0.114 s» ✓
1 2
y= 2 × 10 × 0. 114 = 0. 065 m ✓
so (0.24 − 0.065) = 0.175 > 0.15 OR 0.065 < (0.24 − 0.15) «so it goes over
the net» ✓
ALTERNATIVE 2
«0.24 − 0.15 = 0.09 = 12 × 10 × t2 so» t = 0.134 s ✓
0.134 × 12 = 1.6 m ✓
1.6 > 1.37 «so ball passed the net already» ✓
Allow use of g = 9.8.

Examiners report
[N/A]
 The ball bounces and then reaches a peak height of 0.18 m above the table with a
horizontal speed of 10.5 m s−1. The mass of the ball is 2.7 g.

1d. Determine the kinetic energy of the ball immediately after the bounce. [2 marks]

Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
KE = 12 mv2 + mgh = 12 0.0027 ×10.52 + 0.0027 × 9.8 × 0.18 ✓
0.15 «J» ✓
ALTERNATIVE 2
Use of vx = 10.5 AND vy = 1.88 to get v = «√10. 52 + 1. 882 » = 10.67 «m
s−1» ✓
KE = 12 × 0.0027 × 10.672 = 0.15 «J» ✓

Examiners report
[N/A]
1e. Player B intercepts the ball when it is at its peak height. Player B holds a [3 marks]
paddle (racket) stationary and vertical. The ball is in contact with the
paddle for 0.010 s. Assume the collision is elastic.

Calculate the average force exerted by the ball on the paddle. State your answer
to an appropriate number of significant figures.

Markscheme
Δv = 21 «m s−1» ✓
0.0027×21
F= 0.01
OR
5.67 «N» ✓
any answer to 2 significant figures «N» ✓

Examiners report
[N/A]
 A football player kicks a stationary ball of mass 0.45 kg towards a wall. The initial
speed of the ball after the kick is 19 m s−1 and the ball does not rotate. Air
resistance is negligible and there is no wind.

2a. The player’s foot is in contact with the ball for 55 ms. Calculate the [2 marks]
average force that acts on the ball due to the football player.

Markscheme
19
Δp = 0. 45 × 19ORa = 0.055
✓
0.45×19
«=F = 0.055
»160«N» ✓
Allow [2] marks for a bald correct answer.
Allow ECF for MP2 if 19 sin22 OR 19 cos22 used.

Examiners report
[N/A]
2b. The ball leaves the ground at an angle of 22°. The horizontal distance [2 marks]
from the initial position of the edge of the ball to the wall is 11 m.
Calculate the time taken for the ball to reach the wall.

Markscheme
horizontal speed =19 × cos 22« = 17. 6 m s−1 » ✓
11
time = « distance
speed
= 19cos22
= »0. 62 «s» ✓
Allow ECF for MP2

Examiners report
[N/A]
2c. The top of the wall is 2.4 m above the ground. Deduce whether the ball [3 marks]
will hit the wall.

Markscheme
initial vertical speed = 19 × sin 22« = 7. 1 m s−1 » ✓
«7. 12 × 0. 624 − 0. 5 × 9. 81 × 0. 6242 = »2. 5 «m» ✓
ball does not hit wall OR 2.5 «m» > 2.4 «m» ✓

Allow ECF from (b)(i) and from MP1

Allow g = 10 m s −2

Examiners report
[N/A]
2d. In practice, air resistance affects the ball. Outline the effect that air [2 marks]
resistance has on the vertical acceleration of the ball. Take the direction
of the acceleration due to gravity to be positive.

Markscheme
air resistance opposes «direction of» motion
OR
air resistance opposes velocity ✓
on the way up «vertical» acceleration is increased OR greater than g ✓
on the way down «vertical» acceleration is decreased OR smaller than g ✓

Allow deceleration/acceleration but meaning must be clear

Examiners report
[N/A]

2e. The player kicks the ball again. It rolls along the ground without sliding [1 mark]
−1
with a horizontal velocity of 1. 40 m s . The radius of the ball is 0. 11 m .
Calculate the angular velocity of the ball. State an appropriate SI unit for your
answer.
Markscheme
13 «rad» s−1 ✓

Unit must be seen for mark

Accept Hz
Accept 4π «rad» s−1

Examiners report
[N/A]
 A vertical wall carries a uniform positive charge on its surface. This produces a
uniform horizontal electric field perpendicular to the wall. A small, positively-
charged ball is suspended in equilibrium from the vertical wall by a thread of
negligible mass.

3a. The charge per unit area on the surface of the wall is σ. It can be shown [2 marks]
that the electric field strength E due to the charge on the wall is given by
the equation
σ
E= 2ε 0
.

Demonstrate that the units of the quantities in this equation are consistent.

Markscheme
identifies units of σ as Cm−2 ✓
Nm2
C
m2
× C2
seen and reduced to N C−1 ✓
Accept any analysis (eg dimensional) that yields answer correctly

Examiners report
[N/A]
3b. The thread makes an angle of 30° with the vertical wall. The ball has a [3 marks]
mass of 0.025 kg.
Determine the horizontal force that acts on the ball.

Markscheme
horizontal force F on the ball= T sin 30 ✓
mg
T= cos30
✓

F « = mg tan 30 = 0. 025 × 9. 8 × tan 30» = 0. 14 «N» ✓

Allow g = 10 N kg−1
Award [3] marks for a bald correct answer.
Award [1max] for an answer of zero, interpreting that the horizontal force
refers to the horizontal component of the net force.

Examiners report
[N/A]

−6
3c. The charge on the ball is 1.2 × 10−6 C. Determine σ. [2 marks]

Markscheme
0.14
E= « = 1. 2 × 105 » ✓
1.2×10−6
−12
σ = « 2×8.85×10 ×0.14
» = 2. 1 × 10−6 «Cm−2 » ✓
1.2×10−6

Allow ECF from the calculated F in (b)(i)

Award [2] for a bald correct answer.

Examiners report
[N/A]

−6
3d. The centre of the ball, still carrying a charge of 1. 2 × 10−6 C, is now [2 marks]
placed 0. 40 m from a point charge Q. The charge on the ball acts as a point
charge at the centre of the ball.
P is the point on the line joining the charges where the electric field strength is
zero.
The distance PQ is 0. 22 m.

Calculate the charge on Q. State your answer to an appropriate number of

significant figures.

Markscheme
Q 1.2×10−6
= ✓
0.222 0.182
−6
« + »1. 8 × 10 «C» ✓
2sf ✓

Do not award MP2 if charge is negative

Any answer given to 2 sig figs scores MP3

Examiners report
[N/A]
4a. The charge per unit area on the surface of the wall is σ. It can be shown [2 marks]
that the electric field strength E due to the charge on the wall is given by
the equation
σ
E= 2ε 0
.

Demonstrate that the units of the quantities in this equation are consistent.

Markscheme
identifies units of σ as Cm−2 ✓
Nm2
C
m2
× C2
seen and reduced to N C−1 ✓
Accept any analysis (eg dimensional) that yields answer correctly

Examiners report
[N/A]
4b. The thread makes an angle of 30° with the vertical wall. The ball has a [3 marks]
mass of 0.025 kg.
Determine the horizontal force that acts on the ball.

Markscheme
horizontal force F on ball = T sin 30 ✓
mg
T= cos30
✓

F « = mg tan 30 = 0. 025 × 9. 8 × tan 30» = 0. 14«N» ✓

Allow g = 10 N kg−1
Award [3] marks for a bald correct answer.
Award [1max] for an answer of zero, interpreting that the horizontal force
refers to the horizontal component of the net force.

Examiners report
[N/A]

−6
4c. The charge on the ball is 1.2 × 10−6 C. Determine σ. [2 marks]

Markscheme
0.14
E= « = 1. 2 × 105 » ✓
1.2×10−6
−12
σ = « 2×8.85×10 ×0.14
» = 2. 1 × 10−6 «Cm−2 » ✓
1.2×10−6

Allow ECF from the calculated F in (b)(i)

Award [2] for a bald correct answer.

Examiners report
[N/A]
4d. The thread breaks. Explain the initial subsequent motion of the ball. [3 marks]

Markscheme
horizontal/repulsive force and vertical force/pull of gravity act on the ball ✓
so ball has constant acceleration/constant net force ✓
motion is in a straight line ✓
at 30° to vertical away from wall/along original line of thread ✓

Examiners report
[N/A]

−6
 The centre of the ball, still carrying a charge of 1.2 × 10−6 C, is now placed 0.40 m
from a point charge Q. The charge on the ball acts as a point charge at the centre
of the ball.
P is the point on the line joining the charges where the electric field strength is
zero. The distance PQ is 0.22 m.

4e. Calculate the charge on Q. State your answer to an appropriate number [3 marks]
of significant figures.

Markscheme
Q 1.2×10−6
2 = ✓
0.22 0.182
−6
« + »1. 8 × 10 «C»✓
2sf ✓

Do not award MP2 if charge is negative

Any answer given to 2 sig figs scores MP3

Examiners report
[N/A]
4f. Outline, without calculation, whether or not the electric potential at P is [2 marks]
zero.

Markscheme
work must be done to move a «positive» charge from infinity to P «as both
charges are positive»
OR
reference to both potentials positive and added
OR
identifies field as gradient of potential and with zero value ✓
therefore, point P is at a positive / non-zero potential ✓

Award [0] for bald answer that P has non-zero potential

Examiners report
[N/A]
 A company delivers packages to customers using a small unmanned aircraft.
Rotating horizontal blades exert a force on the surrounding air. The air above the
aircraft is initially stationary.

The air is propelled vertically downwards with speed v. The aircraft hovers
motionless above the ground. A package is suspended from the aircraft on a
string. The mass of the aircraft is 0. 95 kg and the combined mass of the package
and string is 0. 45 kg . The mass of air pushed downwards by the blades in one
second is 1. 7 kg .

5a. State the value of the resultant force on the aircraft when hovering. [1 mark]

Markscheme
zero ✓

Examiners report
[N/A]

5b. Outline, by reference to Newton’s third law, how the upward lift force on [2 marks]
the aircraft is achieved.
 Markscheme
Blades exert a downward force on the air ✓

air exerts an equal and opposite force on the blades «by Newton’s third law»
OR
air exerts a reaction force on the blades «by Newton’s third law» ✓

Downward direction required for MP1.

Examiners report
[N/A]

5c. Determine v. State your answer to an appropriate number of significant [3 marks]

figures.

Markscheme
«lift force/change of momentum in one second» = 1. 7v ✓
1. 7v =(0. 95 + 0. 45)×9. 81 ✓
v = 8. 1« ms−1 » AND answer expressed to 2 sf only ✓
Allow 8. 2 from g = 10 ms−2 .
 Examiners report
[N/A]

5d. The package and string are now released and fall to the ground. The lift [2 marks]
force on the aircraft remains unchanged. Calculate the initial
acceleration of the aircraft.

Markscheme
vertical force = lift force – weight OR = 0. 45 × 9. 81 OR = 4. 4 «N» ✓
acceleration = 0.45×9.81
0.95
= 4. 6 « ms−2 » ✓

Examiners report
[N/A]
 The Rotor is an amusement park ride that can be modelled as a vertical cylinder
of inner radius R rotating about its axis. When the cylinder rotates sufficiently
fast, the floor drops out and the passengers stay motionless against the inner
surface of the cylinder. The diagram shows a person taking the Rotor ride. The
floor of the Rotor has been lowered away from the person.

6a. Draw and label the free-body diagram for the person. [2 marks]

Markscheme
arrow downwards labelled weight/W/mg and arrow upwards labelled friction/F
✓
arrow horizontally to the left labelled «normal» reaction/N ✓

Ignore point of application of the forces but do not allow arrows that do not
touch the object.
Do not allow horizontal force to be labelled ‘centripetal’ or R.
 Examiners report
[N/A]

6b. The person must not slide down the wall. Show that the minimum [2 marks]
angular velocity ω of the cylinder for this situation is

ω = √ μR
g

where μ is the coefficient of static friction between the person and the cylinder.

Markscheme
See F = μN AND N = mRω2 ✓
«substituting for N» μmω2 R = mg ✓

Examiners report
[N/A]
6c. The coefficient of static friction between the person and the cylinder is [3 marks]
0. 40. The radius of the cylinder is 3. 5 m. The cylinder makes 28
revolutions per minute. Deduce whether the person will slide down the inner
surface of the cylinder.

Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1

minimum required angular velocity « = √ 0.40×3.5

9.81
» = 2. 6« rad s−1 » ✓
2π
actual angular velocity «= » = 2. 9« rad s−1 »✓
( )
60
28

actual angular velocity is greater than the minimum, so the person does not
slide ✓

ALTERNATIVE 2
Minimum friction force = mg = «9. 81 m» ✓
2
Actual friction force « = μmRω2 = 0. 40 m × 3. 5(2π 28
60
) » = 12. 0 m ✓
Actual friction force is greater than the minimum frictional force so the person
does not slide ✓

Allow 2. 7 from g = 10 ms−2 .

Examiners report
[N/A]
7a. State the value of the resultant force on the aircraft when hovering. [1 mark]

Markscheme
zero ✓

Examiners report
This was generally answered well with the most common incorrect answer
being the weight of the aircraft and package. The question uses the command
term 'state' which indicates that the answer requires no working.

7b. Outline, by reference to Newton’s third law, how the upward lift force on [2 marks]
the aircraft is achieved.
 Markscheme
Blades exert a downward force on the air ✓

air exerts an equal and opposite force on the blades «by Newton’s third law»
OR
air exerts a reaction force on the blades «by Newton’s third law» ✓

Downward direction required for MP1.

Examiners report
The question required candidates to apply Newton's third law to a specific
situation. Candidates who had learned the 'action and reaction' version of
Newton's third law generally did less well than those who had learned a
version describing 'object A exerting a force on object B' etc. Some answers
lacked detail of what was exerting the force and in which direction.

7c. Determine v. State your answer to an appropriate number of significant [3 marks]

figures.

Markscheme
«lift force/change of momentum in one second» = 1. 7v ✓
1. 7v =(0. 95 + 0. 45)×9. 81 ✓
v = 8. 1 « ms−1 » AND answer expressed to 2 sf only ✓

Allow 8. 2 from g = 10 ms−2 .

 Examiners report
This was answered well with many getting full marks. A small number gave
the wrong number of significant figures and some attempted to answer using
kinematics equations or kinetic energy.

7d. Calculate the power transferred to the air by the aircraft. [2 marks]

Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
power
1 Δm 2 1
« = rate of energy transfer to the air = 2 Δt v » = 2 × 1. 7 × 8. 12 ✓
= 56 «W» ✓

ALTERNATIVE 2
8.1
Power « = Force × v ave » =(0. 95 + 0. 45)×9. 81 × 2 ✓
= 56 «W» ✓

Examiners report
HL only. It was common to see answers that neglected to average the velocity
and consequently arrived at an answer twice the size of the correct one. This
was awarded 1 of the 2 marks.
7e. The package and string are now released and fall to the ground. The lift [2 marks]
force on the aircraft remains unchanged. Calculate the initial
acceleration of the aircraft.

Markscheme
vertical force = lift force – weight OR = 0. 45 × 9. 81 OR = 4. 4 «N» ✓
0.45×9.81
acceleration = 0.95
= 4. 6 « ms−2 » ✓

Examiners report
Well done by a good number of candidates. Many earned a mark by simply
using the correct mass to find an acceleration even though the force was
incorrect.
 The graph shows the variation with time t of the horizontal force F exerted on a
tennis ball by a racket.

The tennis ball was stationary at the instant when it was hit. The mass of the
tennis ball is 5.8 × 10–2 kg. The area under the curve is 0.84 N s.

8a. Calculate the speed of the ball as it leaves the racket. [2 marks]

Markscheme
links 0.84 to Δ p ✔
0.84
v =« =» 14.5 «m s–1»✔
5.8×10−2
NOTE: Award [2] for bald correct answer

Examiners report
[N/A]
8b. Show that the average force exerted on the ball by the racket is about [2 marks]
50 N.

Markscheme
use of Δt = «(28 – 12) × 10–3 =» 16 × 10–3 «s» ✔

¯¯¯ =« Δp =»
F 0.84
OR 53 «N» ✔
Δt 16×10−3
NOTE: Accept a time interval from 14 to 16 ms
Allow ECF from incorrect time interval

Examiners report
[N/A]

8c. Determine, with reference to the work done by the average force, the [3 marks]
horizontal distance travelled by the ball while it was in contact with the
racket.
 Markscheme
Ek = 12 × 5.8 × 10–2 × 14.52 ✔
Ek =W ✔
1
×5.8×10−2×14.52
s = «W = 2
=» 0.12 « m » ✔
F 53

Allow ECF from (a) and (b)

Allow ECF from MP1
Award [2] max for a calculation without reference to work done, eg: average
velocity × time

Examiners report
[N/A]

8d. Draw a graph to show the variation with t of the horizontal speed v of the[2 marks]
ball while it was in contact with the racket. Numbers are not required on
the axes.
 Markscheme

graph must show increasing speed from an initial of zero all the time ✔
overall correct curvature ✔

Examiners report
[N/A]

The air in a kitchen has pressure 1.0 × 105 Pa and temperature 22°C. A
refrigerator of internal volume 0.36 m3 is installed in the kitchen.

9a. With the door open the air in the refrigerator is initially at the same [2 marks]
temperature and pressure as the air in the kitchen. Calculate the
number of molecules of air in the refrigerator.

Markscheme
pV 1.0×105×0.36
N= OR N= ✔
kT 1.38×10−23×295

N = 8. 8 × 1024 ✔
NOTE: Allow [1 max] for substitution with T in Celsius.
Allow [1 max] for a final answer of n = 14.7 or 15
Award [2] for bald correct answer.
 Examiners report
[N/A]

The refrigerator door is closed. The air in the refrigerator is cooled to 5.0°C and
the number of air molecules in the refrigerator stays the same.

9b. Determine the pressure of the air inside the refrigerator. [2 marks]

Markscheme
p nR T
use of = constant OR p= V
OR NkT
V
✔
T
4
p = 9. 4 × 10 « Pa »✔
NOTE: Allow ECF from (a)
Award [2] for bald correct answer

Examiners report
[N/A]

9c. The door of the refrigerator has an area of 0.72 m2. Show that the [2 marks]
minimum force needed to open the refrigerator door is about 4 kN.
 Markscheme
F = A × Δp ✔
F = 0. 72 ×(1. 0 − 0. 94)×105 OR 4.3 × 103 « N »✔
NOTE: Allow ECF from (b)(i)
Allow ECF from MP1

Examiners report
[N/A]

9d. Comment on the magnitude of the force in (b)(ii). [2 marks]

Markscheme
force is «very» large ✔
there must be a mechanism that makes this force smaller
OR
assumption used to calculate the force/pressure is unrealistic ✔

Examiners report
[N/A]
 An electron is placed at a distance of 0.40 m from a fixed point charge of –6.0 mC.

10a. Show that the electric field strength due to the point charge at the [2 marks]
position of the electron is 3.4 × 108 N C–1.

Markscheme
k×q
E= r2
✔
8.99×109×6.0×10−3
E= OR E = 3. 37 × 108 «N C−1 » ✔
0.42
NOTE: Ignore any negative sign.

Examiners report
[N/A]

10b. Calculate the magnitude of the initial acceleration of the electron. [2 marks]
 Markscheme
F = q × E OR F = 1. 6 × 10−19 × 3. 4 × 108 = 5. 4 × 10−11 «N» ✔
−11
a = « 5.4×10−31 = » 5. 9 × 1019 « m s−2 »✔
9.1×10
NOTE: Ignore any negative sign.
Award [1] for a calculation leading to a = « m s−2 »
Award [2] for bald correct answer

Examiners report
[N/A]

10c. Describe the subsequent motion of the electron. [3 marks]

Markscheme
the electron moves away from the point charge/to the right «along the line
joining them» ✔
decreasing acceleration ✔
increasing speed ✔
NOTE: Allow ECF from MP1 if a candidate mistakenly evaluates the force as
attractive so concludes that the acceleration will increase
 Examiners report
[N/A]

A girl rides a bicycle that is powered by an electric motor. A battery transfers

energy to the electric motor. The emf of the battery is 16 V and it can deliver a
charge of 43 kC when discharging completely from a full charge.
The maximum speed of the girl on a horizontal road is 7.0 m s–1 with energy from
the battery alone. The maximum distance that the girl can travel under these
conditions is 20 km.

11a. Show that the time taken for the battery to discharge is about 3 × 103 s. [1 mark]

Markscheme
2.0×104
time taken 7
«= 2860 s» = 2900«s» ✔

Must see at least two s.f.

Examiners report
This question was generally well answered. Candidates should be reminded on
questions where a given value is being calculated that they should include an
unrounded answer. This whole question set was a blend of electricity and
mechanics concepts, and it was clear that some candidates struggled with
applying the correct concepts in the various sub-questions.
11b. Deduce that the average power output of the battery is about 240 W. [2 marks]

Markscheme
use of E = qV OR energy = 4.3 × 103 × 16 «= 6.88 × 105 J» ✔
power = 241 «W» ✔
Accept 229 W − 241 W depending on the exact value of t used from ai.
Must see at least three s.f .

Examiners report
[N/A]

11c. Friction and air resistance act on the bicycle and the girl when they [2 marks]
move. Assume that all the energy is transferred from the battery to the
electric motor. Determine the total average resistive force that acts on the bicycle
and the girl.
 Markscheme
use of power = force × speed OR force × distance = power × time ✔
«34N» ✔
Award [2] for a bald correct answer.
Accept 34 N – 36 N.

Examiners report
[N/A]

The bicycle and the girl have a total mass of 66 kg. The girl rides up a slope that is
at an angle of 3.0° to the horizontal.

11d. Calculate the component of weight for the bicycle and girl acting down [1 mark]
the slope.

Markscheme
66 g sin(3°) = 34 «N» ✔
 Examiners report
Many candidates struggled with this question. They either simply calculated
the weight, used the cosine rather than the sine function, or failed to multiply
by the acceleration due to gravity. Candidates need to be able to apply free-
body diagram skills in a variety of “real world” situations.

11e. The battery continues to give an output power of 240 W. Assume that [2 marks]
the resistive forces are the same as in (a)(iii).
Calculate the maximum speed of the bicycle and the girl up the slope.

Markscheme
total force 34 + 34 = 68 «N» ✔
3.5 «ms-1»✔
If you suspect that the incorrect reference in this question caused confusion
for a particular candidate, please refer the response to the PE.
Look for ECF from aiii and bi.
Accept 3.4 − 3.5 «ms-1».
Award [0] for solutions involving use of KE.
Award [0] for v = 7 ms-1.
Award [2] for a bald correct answer.

Examiners report
[N/A]
11f. On another journey up the slope, the girl carries an additional mass. [2 marks]
Explain whether carrying this mass will change the maximum distance
that the bicycle can travel along the slope.

Markscheme
«maximum» distance will decrease OWTTE ✔
because opposing/resistive force has increased
OR
because more energy is transferred to GPE
OR
because velocity has decreased
OR
increased mass means more work required «to move up the hill» ✔

Examiners report
This question was well answered in general, with the vast majority of
candidates specifying that the maximum distance would decrease. This is an
“explain” command term, so the examiners were looking for a detailed reason
why the distance would decrease for the second marking point. Unfortunately,
some candidates simply wrote that because the mass increased so did the
weight without making it clear why this would change the maximum distance.
 The bicycle has a meter that displays the current and the terminal potential
difference (pd) for the battery when the motor is running. The diagram shows the
meter readings at one instant. The emf of the cell is 16 V.

11g. Determine the internal resistance of the battery. [2 marks]

Markscheme
V dropped across battery OR Rcircuit = 1.85 Ω ✔
so internal resistance = 4.0
6.5
= 0.62«Ω» ✔

For MP1 allow use of internal resistance equations that leads to 16V − 12V
(=4V).
Award [2] for a bald correct answer.

Examiners report
[N/A]
 The battery is made from an arrangement of 10 identical cells as shown.

11h. Calculate the emf of one cell. [1 mark]

Markscheme
16
5
= 3.2 «V» ✔

Examiners report
[N/A]

11i. Calculate the internal resistance of one cell. [2 marks]

 Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1 :
2.5r = 0.62 ✔
r = 0.25 «Ω» ✔
ALTERNATIVE 2 :
0.62
5
= 0.124 «Ω» ✔

r = 2(0.124)= 0.248 «Ω» ✔

Allow ECF from (d) and/or e(i) .

Examiners report
[N/A]

A student strikes a tennis ball that is initially at rest so that it leaves the racquet
at a speed of 64 m s–1. The ball has a mass of 0.058 kg and the contact between
the ball and the racquet lasts for 25 ms.

12a. Calculate the average force exerted by the racquet on the ball. [2 marks]

Markscheme
F= Δ mv /m Δ v / 0.058×64.0 ✔
Δt Δt 25×10−3
F = 148«N»≈150«N» ✔
 Examiners report
At both HL and SL many candidates scored both marks for correctly answering
this. A straightforward start to the paper. For those not gaining both marks it
was possible to gain some credit for calculating either the change in
momentum or the acceleration. At SL some used 64 ms-1 as a value for a and
continued to use this value over the next few parts to the question.

12b. Calculate the average power delivered to the ball during the impact. [2 marks]

Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
1 2 1 2
2 mv 2 ×0.058×64.0
P= t
/ −3 ✔
25×10
P = 4700/4800«W» ✔
ALTERNATIVE 2
64.0
P = averageF v/148 × 2 ✔

P = 4700/4800«W» ✔

Examiners report
This was well answered although a significant number of candidates
approached it using P = Fv but forgot to divide v by 2 to calculated the
average velocity. This scored one mark out of 2.
 The student strikes the tennis ball at point P. The tennis ball is initially directed at
an angle of 7.00° to the horizontal.

The following data are available.

Height of P = 2.80 m
Distance of student from net = 11.9 m
Height of net = 0.910 m
Initial speed of tennis ball = 64 m s-1

12c. Calculate the time it takes the tennis ball to reach the net. [2 marks]

Markscheme
horizontal component of velocity is 64.0 × cos7° = 63.52 «ms−1» ✔
11.9
t = « 63.52 = »0.187/0.19«s» ✔
Do not award BCA. Check working.
Do not award ECF from using 64 m s-1.

Examiners report
This question scored well at HL but less so at SL. One common mistake was to
calculate the direct distance to the top of the net and assume that the ball
travelled that distance with constant speed. At SL particularly, another was to
consider the motion only when the ball is in contact with the racquet.
12d. Show that the tennis ball passes over the net. [3 marks]

Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
uy = 64 sin7/7.80 «ms−1»✔
decrease in height = 7.80 × 0.187 + 12 × 9.81 × 0.1872/1.63 «m» ✔
final height = «2.80 − 1.63» = 1.1/1.2 «m» ✔
«higher than net so goes over»
ALTERNATIVE 2
vertical distance to fall to net «= 2.80 − 0.91» = 1.89 «m»✔
time to fall this distance found using «=1.89 = 7.8t + 1
2 × 9.81 ×t2»
t = 0.21 «s»✔
0.21 «s» > 0.187 «s» ✔
«reaches the net before it has fallen far enough so goes over»
Other alternatives are possible

Examiners report
There were a number of approaches students could take to answer this and
examiners saw examples of them all. One approach taken was to calculate the
time taken to fall the distance to the top of the net and to compare this with
the time calculated in bi) for the ball to reach the net. This approach, which is
shown in the mark scheme, required solving a quadratic in t which is beyond
the mathematical requirements of the syllabus. This mathematical technique
was only required if using this approach and not required if, for example,
calculating heights.
A common mistake was to forget that the ball has a vertical acceleration.
Examiners were able to award credit/ECF for correct parts of an otherwise
flawed method.
12e. Determine the speed of the tennis ball as it strikes the ground. [2 marks]

Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
Initial KE + PE = final KE /
1 2
2 × 0.058 × 64 + 0.058 × 9.81 × 2.80 =
1
2 × 0.058 × v2 ✔
v = 64.4 «ms−1» ✔
ALTERNATIVE 2
vv = «√7.82 + 2 × 9.81 × 2.8» = 10.8«ms−1 » ✔
« v = √63.52 + 10.82 »
v = 64.4«ms−1 » ✔

Examiners report
This proved difficult for candidates at both HL and SL. Many managed to
calculate the final vertical component of the velocity of the ball.
12f. The student models the bounce of the tennis ball to predict the angle θ [3 marks]
at which the ball leaves a surface of clay and a surface of grass.

The model assumes

• during contact with the surface the ball slides.
• the sliding time is the same for both surfaces.
• the sliding frictional force is greater for clay than grass.
• the normal reaction force is the same for both surfaces.
Predict for the student’s model, without calculation, whether θ is greater for a clay
surface or for a grass surface.

Markscheme
so horizontal velocity component at lift off for clay is smaller ✔
normal force is the same so vertical component of velocity is the same ✔
so bounce angle on clay is greater ✔

Examiners report
As the command term in this question is ‘predict’ a bald answer of clay was
acceptable for one mark. This was a testing question that candidates found
demanding but there were some very well-reasoned answers. The most
common incorrect answer involved suggesting that the greater frictional force
on the clay court left the ball with less kinetic energy and so a smaller angle.
At SL many gained the answer that the angle on clay would be greater with
the argument that frictional force is greater and so the distance the ball slides
is less.
 A proton moves along a circular path in a region of a uniform magnetic field. The
magnetic field is directed into the plane of the page.

13a. Label with arrows on the diagram the magnetic force F on the proton. [1 mark]

Markscheme
F towards centre ✔

Examiners report
Examiners were requested to be lenient here and as a result most candidates
scored both marks. Had we insisted on e.g. straight lines drawn with a ruler or
a force arrow passing exactly through the centre of the circle very few marks
would have been scored. For those who didn’t know which way the arrows
were supposed to be the common guesses were to the left and up the page.
Some candidates neglected to label the arrows.

13b. Label with arrows on the velocity vector v of the proton. [1 mark]
 Markscheme
v tangent to circle and in the direction shown in the diagram ✔

Examiners report
Examiners were requested to be lenient here and as a result most candidates
scored both marks. Had we insisted on e.g. straight lines drawn with a ruler or
a force arrow passing exactly through the centre of the circle very few marks
would have been scored. For those who didn’t know which way the arrows
were supposed to be the common guesses were to the left and up the page.
Some candidates neglected to label the arrows.

13c. The speed of the proton is 2.16 × 106 m s-1 and the magnetic field [3 marks]
strength is 0.042 T. For this proton, determine, in m, the radius of the
circular path. Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

Markscheme
mv2 mv 1.673×10−27×2.16×106
«qvB = ⇒ »R = / ✔
R qB 1.60×10−19×0.042
R = 0.538 «m»✔
R = 0.54 «m» ✔
 Examiners report
This was generally well answered although usually to 3 sf. Common mistakes
were to substitute 0.042 for F and 1 for q. Also some candidates tried to
answer in terms of electric fields.

A student strikes a tennis ball that is initially at rest so that it leaves the racquet
at a speed of 64 m s–1. The ball has a mass of 0.058 kg and the contact between
the ball and the racquet lasts for 25 ms.

14a. Calculate the average force exerted by the racquet on the ball. [2 marks]

Markscheme
F= Δ mv /m Δ v / 0.058×64.0 ✔
Δt Δt 25×10−3
F = 148 «N»≈150«N» ✔

Examiners report
At both HL and SL many candidates scored both marks for correctly answering
this. A straightforward start to the paper. For those not gaining both marks it
was possible to gain some credit for calculating either the change in
momentum or the acceleration. At SL some used 64 ms-1 as a value for a and
continued to use this value over the next few parts to the question.

14b. Calculate the average power delivered to the ball during the impact. [2 marks]
 Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
1 2 1 2
2 mv 2 ×0.058×64.0
P= t
/ −3 ✔
25×10
P = 4700/4800«W» ✔
ALTERNATIVE 2
64.0
P = averageF v/ 148 × 2 ✔

P = 4700/4800«W»✔

Examiners report
This was well answered although a significant number of candidates
approached it using P = Fv but forgot to divide v by 2 to calculated the
average velocity. This scored one mark out of 2.

The student strikes the tennis ball at point P. The tennis ball is initially directed at
an angle of 7.00° to the horizontal.

The following data are available.

Height of P = 2.80 m
Distance of student from net = 11.9 m
Height of net = 0.910 m
Initial speed of tennis ball = 64 m s-1

14c. Calculate the time it takes the tennis ball to reach the net. [2 marks]
 Markscheme
horizontal component of velocity is 64.0 × cos 7∘ = 63.52«ms−1 » ✔
t =« 63.52
11.9
»0.187/0.19 «s» ✔

Examiners report
This question scored well at HL but less so at SL. One common mistake was to
calculate the direct distance to the top of the net and assume that the ball
travelled that distance with constant speed. At SL particularly, another was to
consider the motion only when the ball is in contact with the racquet.

14d. Show that the tennis ball passes over the net. [3 marks]
Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
uy=64sin7/7.80«ms –1» ✔
decrease in height = 7.80 × 0.187 + 12 × 9.81 × 0.1872 / 1.63«m» ✔

final height = «2.80 – 1.63» = 1.1/1.2«m» ✔

«higher than net so goes over»

ALTERNATIVE 2
vertical distance to fall to net «=2.80 – 0.91» = 1.89«m» ✔
1
time to fall this distance found using «1.89 = 7.8 t + 2 × 9.81 × t 2»

t = 0.21«s» ✔

0.21«s» > 0.187«s» ✔

«reaches the net before it has fallen far enough so goes over»

Examiners report
There were a number of approaches students could take to answer this and
examiners saw examples of them all. One approach taken was to calculate the
time taken to fall the distance to the top of the net and to compare this with
the time calculated in bi) for the ball to reach the net. This approach, which is
shown in the mark scheme, required solving a quadratic in t which is beyond
the mathematical requirements of the syllabus. This mathematical technique
was only required if using this approach and not required if, for example,
calculating heights.
A common mistake was to forget that the ball has a vertical acceleration.
Examiners were able to award credit/ECF for correct parts of an otherwise
flawed method.
14e. Determine the speed of the tennis ball as it strikes the ground. [2 marks]

Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
Initial KE + PE = final KE /
1
2 × 0.058 × 642 + 0.058 × 9.81 × 2.80 = 1
2 × 0.058 × v2 ✔
v = 64.4«ms−1 » ✔

ALTERNATIVE 2
vv =«√7.82 + 2 × 9.81 × 2.8» = 10.8«ms−1» ✔
«v = √63.52 + 10.82»

v = 64.4«ms−1» ✔

Examiners report
This proved difficult for candidates at both HL and SL. Many managed to
calculate the final vertical component of the velocity of the ball.
14f. A student models the bounce of the tennis ball to predict the angle θ at [3 marks]
which the ball leaves a surface of clay and a surface of grass.

The model assumes

• during contact with the surface the ball slides.
• the sliding time is the same for both surfaces.
• the sliding frictional force is greater for clay than grass.
• the normal reaction force is the same for both surfaces.
Predict for the student’s model, without calculation, whether θ is greater for a clay
surface or for a grass surface.

Markscheme
so horizontal velocity component at lift off for clay is smaller ✔
normal force is the same so vertical component of velocity is the same ✔
so bounce angle on clay is greater ✔
 Examiners report
As the command term in this question is ‘predict’ a bald answer of clay was
acceptable for one mark. This was a testing question that candidates found
demanding but there were some very well-reasoned answers. The most
common incorrect answer involved suggesting that the greater frictional force
on the clay court left the ball with less kinetic energy and so a smaller angle.
At SL many gained the answer that the angle on clay would be greater with
the argument that frictional force is greater and so the distance the ball slides
is less.

Ion-thrust engines can power spacecraft. In this type of engine, ions are created in
a chamber and expelled from the spacecraft. The spacecraft is in outer space
when the propulsion system is turned on. The spacecraft starts from rest.

The mass of ions ejected each second is 6.6 × 10–6 kg and the speed of each ion is
5.2 × 104 m s–1. The initial total mass of the spacecraft and its fuel is 740 kg.
Assume that the ions travel away from the spacecraft parallel to its direction of
motion.

15a. Determine the initial acceleration of the spacecraft. [2 marks]

 Markscheme
change in momentum each second = 6.6 × 10−6 × 5.2 × 104 «= 3.4 ×
10−1 kg m s−1» ✔
3.4×10−1
acceleration = « 740
=» 4.6 × 10−4 «m s−2» ✔

Examiners report
[N/A]

An initial mass of 60 kg of fuel is in the spacecraft for a journey to a planet. Half of

the fuel will be required to slow down the spacecraft before arrival at the
destination planet.

15b. Estimate the maximum speed of the spacecraft. [2 marks]

 Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1:
(considering the acceleration of the spacecraft)
30
time for acceleration = = «4.6 × 106» «s» ✔
6.6×10−6
max speed = «answer to (a) × 4.6 × 106 =» 2.1 × 103 «m s−1» ✔

ALTERNATIVE 2:
(considering the conservation of momentum)
(momentum of 30 kg of fuel ions = change of momentum of spacecraft)
30 × 5.2 × 104 = 710 × max speed ✔
max speed = 2.2 × 103 «m s−1» ✔

Examiners report
[N/A]

15c. Outline why scientists sometimes use estimates in making calculations. [1 mark]

Markscheme
problem may be too complicated for exact treatment ✔
to make equations/calculations simpler ✔
when precision of the calculations is not important ✔
some quantities in the problem may not be known exactly ✔

Examiners report
[N/A]
 In practice, the ions leave the spacecraft at a range of angles as shown.

15d. Outline why the ions are likely to spread out. [2 marks]

Markscheme
ions have same (sign of) charge ✔
ions repel each other ✔

Examiners report
[N/A]
15e. Explain what effect, if any, this spreading of the ions has on the [2 marks]
acceleration of the spacecraft.

Markscheme
the forces between the ions do not affect the force on the spacecraft. ✔
there is no effect on the acceleration of the spacecraft. ✔

Examiners report
[N/A]

On arrival at the planet, the spacecraft goes into orbit as it comes into the
gravitational field of the planet.

15f. Outline what is meant by the gravitational field strength at a point. [2 marks]

Markscheme
force per unit mass ✔
acting on a small/test/point mass «placed at the point in the field» ✔
 Examiners report
[N/A]

15g. Newton’s law of gravitation applies to point masses. Suggest why the law[1 mark]
can be applied to a satellite orbiting a spherical planet of uniform
density.

Markscheme
satellite has a much smaller mass/diameter/size than the planet «so
approximates to a point mass» ✔

Examiners report
[N/A]
 A small ball of mass m is moving in a horizontal circle on the inside surface of a
frictionless hemispherical bowl.

The normal reaction force N makes an angle θ to the horizontal.

16a. State the direction of the resultant force on the ball. [1 mark]

Markscheme
towards the centre «of the circle» / horizontally to the right
Do not accept towards the centre of the bowl
[1 mark]

Examiners report
[N/A]
16b. On the diagram, construct an arrow of the correct length to represent [2 marks]
the weight of the ball.

Markscheme
downward vertical arrow of any length
arrow of correct length
Judge the length of the vertical arrow by eye. The construction lines are not
required. A label is not required

eg:

[2 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]
16c. Show that the magnitude of the net force F on the ball is given by the [3 marks]
following equation.
mg
F=
tan θ

Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
F = N cos θ
mg = N sin θ
dividing/substituting to get result
ALTERNATIVE 2
right angle triangle drawn with F, N and W/mg labelled
angle correctly labelled and arrows on forces in correct directions
correct use of trigonometry leading to the required relationship

mg
tan θ = O =
A F
[3 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]
16d. The radius of the bowl is 8.0 m and θ = 22°. Determine the speed of [4 marks]
the ball.

Markscheme
mg v2
tan θ
= m r
r = R cos θ

v = √ sin /√ tan /√ 9.81×8.0

gRcos2θ gR cos θ cos 22
θ θ tan 22

v = 13.4/13 «ms –1 »

Award [4] for a bald correct answer

Award [3] for an answer of 13.9/14 «ms –1 ». MP2 omitted
[4 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]
16e. Outline whether this ball can move on a horizontal circular path of [2 marks]
radius equal to the radius of the bowl.

Markscheme
there is no force to balance the weight/N is horizontal
so no / it is not possible
Must see correct justification to award MP2
[2 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]
16f. A second identical ball is placed at the bottom of the bowl and the first [3 marks]
ball is displaced so that its height from the horizontal is equal to 8.0 m.

The first ball is released and eventually strikes the second ball. The two balls
remain in contact. Determine, in m, the maximum height reached by the two
balls.

Markscheme
speed before collision v = «√2gR =» 12.5 «ms–1»

«from conservation of momentum» common speed after collision is 12 initial

speed «vc = 12.5 –1
2 = 6.25 ms »
2
v 6.252
h = « 2gc = 2×9.81 » 2.0 «m»

Allow 12.5 from incorrect use of kinematics equations

Award [3] for a bald correct answer
Award [0] for mg(8) = 2mgh leading to h = 4 m if done in one step.
Allow ECF from MP1
Allow ECF from MP2
[3 marks]
 Examiners report
[N/A]

17a. State the direction of the resultant force on the ball. [1 mark]

Markscheme
towards the centre «of the circle» / horizontally to the right
Do not accept towards the centre of the bowl
[1 mark]

Examiners report
[N/A]

17b. On the diagram, construct an arrow of the correct length to represent [2 marks]
the weight of the ball.
 Markscheme
downward vertical arrow of any length
arrow of correct length
Judge the length of the vertical arrow by eye. The construction lines are not
required. A label is not required

eg:

[2 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]

17c. Show that the magnitude of the net force F on the ball is given by the [3 marks]
following equation.
mg
F=
tan θ
Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
F = N cos θ
mg = N sin θ
dividing/substituting to get result
ALTERNATIVE 2
right angle triangle drawn with F, N and W/mg labelled
angle correctly labelled and arrows on forces in correct directions
correct use of trigonometry leading to the required relationship

mg
tan θ = O =
A F
[3 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]
17d. The radius of the bowl is 8.0 m and θ = 22°. Determine the speed of [4 marks]
the ball.

Markscheme
mg v2
tan θ
= m r
r = R cos θ

v = √ sin /√ tan /√ 9.81×8.0

gRcos2θ gR cos θ cos 22
θ θ tan 22

v = 13.4/13 «ms –1 »

Award [4] for a bald correct answer

Award [3] for an answer of 13.9/14 «ms –1 ». MP2 omitted
[4 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]
17e. Outline whether this ball can move on a horizontal circular path of [2 marks]
radius equal to the radius of the bowl.

Markscheme
there is no force to balance the weight/N is horizontal
so no / it is not possible
Must see correct justification to award MP2
[2 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]
 The ball is now displaced through a small distance x from the bottom of the bowl
and is then released from rest.

The magnitude of the force on the ball towards the equilibrium position is given by
mgx
R
where R is the radius of the bowl.

17f. Outline why the ball will perform simple harmonic oscillations about the [1 mark]
equilibrium position.

Markscheme
the «restoring» force/acceleration is proportional to displacement
Direction is not required
[1 mark]

Examiners report
[N/A]
17g. Show that the period of oscillation of the ball is about 6 s. [2 marks]

Markscheme
ω = «√ R » = √ 9.81
g
8.0
«= 1.107 s–1»

T = « 2ωπ = 1.107
2π
=» 5.7 «s»

Allow use of or g = 9.8 or 10

Award [0] for a substitution into T = 2π √ Ig

[2 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]
17h. The amplitude of oscillation is 0.12 m. On the axes, draw a graph to [3 marks]
show the variation with time t of the velocity v of the ball during one
period.

Markscheme
sine graph
correct amplitude «0.13 m s–1»
correct period and only 1 period shown
Accept ± sine for shape of the graph. Accept 5.7 s or 6.0 s for the correct
period.
Amplitude should be correct to ± 12 square for MP2

eg: v /m s–1

[3 marks]
 Examiners report
[N/A]

17i. A second identical ball is placed at the bottom of the bowl and the first [3 marks]
ball is displaced so that its height from the horizontal is equal to 8.0 m.

The first ball is released and eventually strikes the second ball. The two balls
remain in contact. Determine, in m, the maximum height reached by the two
balls.
Markscheme
speed before collision v = «√2gR =» 12.5 «ms–1»

«from conservation of momentum» common speed after collision is 12 initial

speed «vc = 12.5 –1
2 = 6.25 ms »
2
v 6.252
h = « 2gc = 2×9.81 » 2.0 «m»

Allow 12.5 from incorrect use of kinematics equations

Award [3] for a bald correct answer
Award [0] for mg(8) = 2mgh leading to h = 4 m if done in one step.
Allow ECF from MP1
Allow ECF from MP2
[3 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]
 A glider is an aircraft with no engine. To be launched, a glider is uniformly
accelerated from rest by a cable pulled by a motor that exerts a horizontal force
on the glider throughout the launch.

18a. The glider reaches its launch speed of 27.0 m s–1 after accelerating for [2 marks]
11.0 s. Assume that the glider moves horizontally until it leaves the
ground. Calculate the total distance travelled by the glider before it leaves the
ground.

Markscheme
correct use of kinematic equation/equations
148.5 or 149 or 150 «m»
Substitution(s) must be correct.

Examiners report
[N/A]
18b. The glider and pilot have a total mass of 492 kg. During the [3 marks]
acceleration the glider is subject to an average resistive force of 160 N.
Determine the average tension in the cable as the glider accelerates.

Markscheme
a = 27 –2
11 or 2.45 «m s »
F – 160 = 492 × 2.45
1370 «N»
Could be seen in part (a).
Award [0] for solution that uses a = 9.81 m s–2

Examiners report
[N/A]
18c. The cable is pulled by an electric motor. The motor has an overall [3 marks]
efficiency of 23 %. Determine the average power input to the motor.

Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
«work done to launch glider» = 1370 x 149 «= 204 kJ»
204×100
«work done by motor» = 23

«power input to motor» = 204×100

23
× 1
11 = 80 or 80.4 or 81 k«W»
ALTERNATIVE 2
use of average speed 13.5 m s–1
«useful power output» = force x average speed «= 1370 x 13.5»
power input = «1370 × 13.5 × 100
23
=» 80 or 80.4 or 81 k«W»
ALTERNATIVE 3
work required from motor = KE + work done against friction «
= 0.5 × 492 × 272 + (160 × 148.5)» = 204 «kJ»
work required from motor×100
«energy input» = 23

power input = 883000

11 = 80.3 k«W»
Award [2 max] for an answer of 160 k«W».
 Examiners report
[N/A]

18d. The cable is wound onto a cylinder of diameter 1.2 m. Calculate the [2 marks]
angular velocity of the cylinder at the instant when the glider has a
speed of 27 m s–1. Include an appropriate unit for your answer.

Markscheme
27
ω = « vr =» 0.6
= 45
rad s–1
Do not accept Hz.
Award [1 max] if unit is missing.

Examiners report
[N/A]
18e. After takeoff the cable is released and the unpowered glider moves [2 marks]
horizontally at constant speed. The wings of the glider provide a lift
force. The diagram shows the lift force acting on the glider and the direction of
motion of the glider.

Draw the forces acting on the glider to complete the free-body diagram. The
dotted lines show the horizontal and vertical directions.

Markscheme

drag correctly labelled and in correct direction

weight correctly labelled and in correct direction AND no other incorrect force
shown
Award [1 max] if forces do not touch the dot, but are otherwise OK.

Examiners report
[N/A]
18f. Explain, using appropriate laws of motion, how the forces acting on the [2 marks]
glider maintain it in level flight.

Markscheme
name Newton's first law
vertical/all forces are in equilibrium/balanced/add to zero
OR
vertical component of lift mentioned
as equal to weight

Examiners report
[N/A]

18g. At a particular instant in the flight the glider is losing 1.00 m of vertical [3 marks]
height for every 6.00 m that it goes forward horizontally. At this instant,
the horizontal speed of the glider is 12.5 m s –1. Calculate the velocity of the
glider. Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
 Markscheme
any speed and any direction quoted together as the answer
quotes their answer(s) to 3 significant figures
speed = 12.7 m s–1 or direction = 9.46º or 0.165 rad «below the horizontal»
or gradient of − 16

Examiners report
[N/A]

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