APA DOCUMENTATION GUIDE

SETTING UP RESEARCH PAPERS

11TH EDITION

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT, LAMBTON COLLEGE

Copyright © 2016 Lambton College, Sarnia, Ontario

Student papers courtesy of Emma Prudom, Kurtis Nelson, and Anthony Geldhof
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction 1
Why Document? 1
1 Plagiarism 2
Self-Plagiarism 2
Examples of Plagiarism 3
2 Conducting Research 4
A Note on Sources 4
3 Borrowing Information 5
Quoting 5
Examples 6
Short Quotation (fewer than 40 words) 6
Block Quotation (40 words or more) 6
Indirect Quotation 7
Quotation Marks Within a Quotation 7
4 Paraphrasing 8
Tips for Paraphrasing 8
Sample Paraphrase 8
Sample Indirect Paraphrase 8
5 Summarizing 9
Tips for Summarizing 9
Sample Informal Summary 10
Sample Formal Summary 10
6 Documentation 11
What Must Be Documented 11
7 Footnotes 12
8 Parenthetical References (In-Text Citations) 13
Examples 13
One Author, One Work 13
Two (or More) Works by the Same Author Within the Same Year 14
Multiple Authors, One Work 14

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 Two Authors 14
Three to Five Authors 14
Six or More Authors 14
Groups as Authors 15
Work With No Authors 15
Citation from Two or More Sources 15
Indirect Citations (Secondary Sources) 16
Lecture Notes or PowerPoint Presentations 16
Personal Letters, Memos, Emails, Interviews, or Lectures 16
Illustrations, Pictures, or Charts 16
Example of a Page with Illustrations 17
9 References 18
References Page Format 18
General Patterns 19
Book 19
Periodical 19
Online Communities 20
List of Examples 20
Sample Reference Page Entries 21
Books / Documents / Websites 21
1. With One Author 22
2. With Multiple Authors 22
Two to Seven Authors 22
Eight or More Authors 22
3. With No Author 23
4. With an Editor Instead of Author 23
5. With Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year 23
6. With a Group or Company Author 23
7. With Multiple Editions 24
8. Article, Chapter, Story, or Poem in a Book 24
9. Article in a Reference Book (Dictionary, Encyclopedia) 24
10. Secondary Source (Indirect Citation) 25
11. Brochures, Booklets, and Pamphlets 26
12. Government Document 26
13. Websites and Online Information 27
Article by One Author on a Corporate Website 27
Webpage on a Corporate Website 27
Webpage with Information that Is Likely to Change on a Corporate Website 27

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 Entire Website with a Corporate Author 27
Online Article with No Author 27
Entire Website with No Author, No Date 27
Periodicals 28
14. Article in a Journal 28
15. Article in a Magazine 29
16. Article in a Newspaper / News Media 29
Other Sources 30
17.Online Community (Message, Blog, Facebook, Twitter, or Video Post) and Mobile
App 30
18. Motion Picture or Stand-alone Video File 30
19. Television Broadcast 31
20. Lab and Lecture Notes or PowerPoint Presentations 31
21. Photographs, Illustrations, Maps, or Charts 31
22. Personal Letters, Memos, Emails, Lectures, or Interviews 32
23. Non-Retrievable Sources 32
Sample References List 33
10 Documenting Presentations 42
What Must Be Documented 42
How to Document 42
Examples 42
Oral Documentation 42
PowerPoint Presentation—Text 43
PowerPoint Presentation—Illustration, Chart, or Figure 43
PowerPoint Presentation—References 43
11 Sample Research Papers 44
Research Essay Format 44
Research Report Format 45
Format for Headings and Subheadings 45
Sample Student Research Essay 46
Sample Student Research Report 54
Sample Student Research Essay With Abstract 65

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Appendices 74
Appendix A—Capitalization and Punctuation 75
Appendix B—Proper Nouns 77
Naming Conventions 78
Appendix C—Two-Digit Province & State Codes 79
Appendix D—Checklist for Parenthetical References 80
Quotations 80
Paraphrasing and Summarizing 80
Pictures, Illustrations, Maps, and Charts 80
Appendix E—Checklist for References Page 81

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INTRODUCTION
This guide is designed to help Lambton College students provide proper documentation for
their research and set up research papers with proper formatting.
This guide is based on the 6th edition (fifth printing) of the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association (2010). While there are a variety of other styles in use
(MLA, Chicago Style, etc.), the English Department at Lambton College recommends the use of
the APA style to provide consistency across the College.
Documentation itself is not difficult, but it does follow strict rules, so attention to detail is
essential. Use this booklet to help you provide proper credit for the sources you use in your
essays, research papers, assignments, reports, and presentations.
While this guide includes many examples, it cannot cover every possible entry type. As well,
your professor may prefer a different format for your papers. Always follow your professor’s
directions for essays, research papers, assignments, reports, and presentations.

WHY DOCUMENT?
Copyright law protects intellectual property in the form of books, articles, pictures, art,
websites, programming, film, etc.
When you use secondary sources to prepare your work, you must give credit to your sources
for the information they provide. Credit must be given whether you are using a textbook to
help you write up a lab report, or books, periodicals, and websites to help you prepare an
essay, research report, assignment, or presentation.
1
PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism is a serious academic offence, covered by Lambton College Policy 2000‐5‐1,
“Student Rights and Responsibilities and Discipline Policy.”
Sanctions for academic dishonesty can include a zero on the assignment and suspension from
the College.
Plagiarism means representing the work of others as one’s own. Plagiarism includes
 submitting as one’s own work material which was wholly or in part written by someone
else,
 failing to give proper credit for information retrieved from print, audio-visual, and
Internet sources including articles, research papers, books, government documents,
statistics, charts, pictures, illustrations, or diagrams,
 presenting ideas derived from an existing source as if they were new and original, and
 downloading material from the Internet (websites, online databases, newspapers and
journals, government sources and search engines, etc.) and presenting this information
without giving proper credit.
To avoid plagiarism, learn how to use resource material properly by
 using quotations correctly (Chapter 3),
 paraphrasing and summarizing material appropriately (Chapters 4 and 5), and
 providing proper documentation, both in-text and on a reference page, using the APA
style (Chapters 6 – 10).

Self-Plagiarism
The document you submit for each assignment should be new work. Do not use work you
have done for another assignment (even in a previous course or institution) to receive credit in
a new course. Reusing work is considered self-plagiarism, another form of academic
dishonesty.
For example, if you researched and wrote a paper on wind energy for ENG 1173, you may not
copy your ideas or wording for a paper on green energy sources for ENG 2173.

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Examples of Plagiarism
Original passage
The following passage is taken from an article by Anne Kingston that appeared in Maclean’s
magazine.
Then there is the waste factor. An estimated 88 per cent of water bottles are not recycled. According to the
Environment and Plastics Industry Council, Canadians sent 65,000 tonnes of PET beverage containers, many of them
water bottles, to landfill or incineration in 2002.
Kingston, A. (2007, May 14). It’s so not cool. Maclean’s, 120(18), 38-41.

There are several ways to use this information in an essay discussing the environmental impact of
bottled water. No matter which method you use, you must provide proper credit in the body of
your paper.

 Plastic water bottles are wasteful. An estimated 88 per cent of water bottles are not recycled. According to the
Environment and Plastics Industry Council, Canadians sent 65,000 tonnes of PET beverage containers, many of
them water bottles, to landfill or incineration in 2002.
 Quotation marks needed around the exact words taken from the source.
 Parenthetical reference must be added.
 Plastic water bottles are wasteful. In fact, “an estimated 88 per cent of water bottles are not recycled.
According to the Environment and Plastics Industry Council, Canadians sent 65,000 tonnes of PET beverage
containers, many of them water bottles, to landfill or incineration in 2002” (as cited in Kingston, 2007, p. 40).

 Plastic water bottles are wasteful. According to Kingston, “Canadians sent 65,000 tonnes of PET beverage
containers, many of them water bottles, to landfill or incineration in 2002.”
 Quotation marks indicate exact words from source.
 Parenthetical reference must still be added.
 Plastic water bottles are wasteful: “Canadians sent 65,000 tonnes of PET beverage
containers, many of them water bottles, to landfill or incineration in 2002” (as cited in Kingston, 2007, p. 40).

 Plastic water bottles contribute to waste. In fact, in 2002, 65,000 tonnes of polyethylene terephthalate bottles
were not recycled. Unfortunately, only about 12 per cent of water bottles are typically recycled.
 Material has been properly paraphrased.
 Parenthetical reference is still required.
 Plastic water bottles contribute to waste. The Environment and Plastics Industry Council, in 2002, indicated that
65,000 tonnes of polyethylene terephthalate bottles were not recycled. Unfortunately, only about 12 per cent of
water bottles are typically recycled (as cited in Kingston, 2007, p. 40).

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CONDUCTING RESEARCH
The effectiveness of your research paper depends on the sources you use. Use appropriate
information from a variety of sources.
 Expand your search to include a variety of sources including books, newspapers,
magazines, journals, brochures, government documents, university research material,
Internet sources, movies, videos, television programs, interviews, etc.
 Use only reputable sources. Government documents, reputable university sites, and well-
established magazines, journals, and newspapers are more appropriate than tabloid papers
that feature pictures of babies born with the body of an alligator and the head of a human or
web-based paper mills featuring free essays written by students.
 Use up-to-date sources. A book from 1977 presenting the latest studies on poverty in
Canada would be less appropriate than the most recent journal article on the same topic.
 Carefully examine online sources. Look for information on the author or sponsor of a site
and when the site was posted. A site filled with spelling and grammar errors is probably not
reliable.

If you need help with your research, talk to your professor and the knowledgeable staff in the
Library Resource Centre.

A Note on Sources
 The databases available through Lambton’s Library Resource website (Research Databases)
are an excellent research tool. They are easy to access from the College network, and most
are also accessible on the web and through smartphone apps. To use the databases off
campus, use your Lambton College student number and password. These databases provide
reliable information on a wide range of topics. Many are updated daily, so the information is
current.
 Limit the use of reference materials like textbooks, encyclopedias, and dictionaries, both in
print and online. While they may be used as a starting point, they lack the depth needed for
most research papers. Sources to avoid include sites like Wikipedia, Encarta Encyclopedia,
About.com, and howstuffworks.com.
 Online sources are transitory: what you access today may be gone or changed tomorrow.
Always print out the information you retrieve in case you need it later. Saving links may be
an exercise in futility if the link stops working.

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3
BORROWING INFORMATION
There are several ways to include borrowed information in your work including quoting,
paraphrasing, and summarizing. No matter which method you use, you must give proper
credit for the information used.

Quoting
In a research paper, your reader is interested in what you have to say about your chosen topic;
therefore, you should put ideas into your own words wherever possible. Use a direct
quotation only in the following cases:
 The expression is so striking, funny, or beautiful that it can’t be put in other words without
destroying the effect.
 The meaning would be unclear if put in other words.
 You need an expert’s words to back up your own.

If you must use a quotation, follow these guidelines:

1. Put double quotation marks around phrases, sentences, and paragraphs (of less than forty
words) taken directly from a secondary source.
2. Use block format for passages longer than forty words (do not add quotation marks).
3. Lead into your quotation using a variety of lead-in styles. Do not overuse the author’s
name or article title. If your lead-in is a complete sentence, end it with a colon (preferred
form). Provide transitional words, phrases, or punctuation to show how your quotation
connects to your words.
4. Be brief: use as little of the quotation as necessary to get the meaning across.
5. Be accurate: copy the material exactly as it appears.
6. Use an ellipsis (three spaced periods . . . ) to indicate where you have left out material
within your quotation. An ellipsis is not needed at the beginning or end of a quotation.
7. Use square brackets [ ] to provide clarifying comments or transitions. If you recognize an
error in the original, do not correct it. Instead put [sic] after the error.
8. If your quotation contains double quotation marks, change these to single quotation marks
in a short quotation (fewer than 40 words).
9. Create grammatically correct sentences. Your quotation combined with your lead-in must
form a complete sentence.
10. Provide parenthetical references for all quoted material. The reference must include the
author (or part of the title if there is no author), year, and specific page numbers (where

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 available). For electronic sources, provide the given page number if it is a single-page
document or the original page numbers are clearly visible (PDF format, for example).

Examples
Original Passage
Increasingly, it’s the fashionable thing to do. For years David Suzuki and his brethren have railed against the
environmental evils of bottled water — the pollution generated and the energy expended in its production and
shipping, the recyclable plastic bottles that rarely get recycled. More recently, church groups, including the United
Church of Canada, have advocated members boycott the product on the moral grounds that water is a basic human
right, not a commodity to be sold for profit. The edict was met by the wider public with much eye-rolling. After
all, bottled water is entrenched as an icon of vitality, health, mobility and safety. No amount of righteous talk was
about to wean people away.
Kingston, A. (2007, May 14). It’s so not cool. Maclean’s, 120 (18), 38-41.

Short Quotation (fewer than 40 words)

A short quotation (fewer than 40 words) appears within the body of a paragraph surrounded
by double quotation marks. The parenthetical reference is placed after the closing quotation
marks. The final period appears after the closing parentheses. Remember to include a lead-in.
Kingston (2007) explains, “The edict was met by the wider public with much eye-rolling” (p. 38).
The article “It’s So Not Cool” reports that even though some churches argue bottled water should not be sold, “no
amount of righteous talk [is] about to wean people away” (Kingston, 2007, p. 38).
 The author’s name and year of publication can appear in the lead-in or at the end of the
quotation.
 The sentence period (or other end punctuation) appears after the parenthetical reference.
 Use square brackets to indicate changes to a quotation—in this case a change in verb tense
from was to is.

Block Quotation (40 words or more)

A longer quotation (40 words or more) appears as a freestanding block. No quotation marks
are needed. Remember to include a lead-in.
Bottled water has recently lost some of its popularity:
Rejection of the industry’s grandiose promises—and high prices—has fuelled the return to the tap in
France, the world’s second largest consumer of bottled water after Italy. That has been attributed to the
efficacy of advertising campaigns launched by municipal water companies that extol the benefits, lower cost
and environmental virtues of tap water. (Kingston, 2007, p. 40)
 The quotation begins on a new line, and the entire quotation is indented 5 spaces, 1.27 cm

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 or 1/2 inch (1.27 cm).
 The quotation is double spaced.
 No quotation marks are needed.
 The sentence period (or other end punctuation) appears before the parenthetical reference.

Indirect Quotation
Original Passage
Already signs point to water awareness becoming the next trendy topic. The recently published Thirst: Fighting the
Corporate Theft of our Water by Alan Snitow, Deborah Kaufman and Michael Fox, chronicles the upsurge of
international grassroots protest against groundwater depletion and the privatization of water by multinational bottlers.
The community of Wisconsin Dells, Wis., for instance, waged a successful battle against Swiss-based Nestlé after the
conglomerate announced plans to set up a Perrier bottling plant in the area.
Thirst's authors see a bottled-water backlash as crucial to preserving a public water supply. The campaign to wean
North America from the bottle to the tap has been "a driving force in shifting cultural attitudes," they write, noting
widespread bottled-water consumption reinforces the perception that water is a grab-and-go consumer product and that
the water supply is not safe or well managed: "Local critics are beginning to see the industry as a harbinger of wider
threats, including the commodification of water, the export of water in bulk, and the end of the keystone idea of
affordable water as a public trust and human right." Paying grossly inflated prices for the natural resource, they
contend, paves the way: "If we as individuals get used to paying whatever price the market will bear for bottled water
as a product, will we slowly give up the collective commitment to clean, affordable water as a public service that must
be guaranteed by government?"
Kingston, A. (2007, May 14). It’s so not cool. Maclean’s, 120(18), 38-41.

According to Alan Snitow, Deborah Kaufman, and Michael Fox in Thirst: Fighting the Corporate Theft of our Water, “if
we … get used to paying whatever price the market will bear for bottled water …, will we slowly give up the
collective commitment to clean, affordable water as a public service that must be guaranteed by government?” (as
cited in Kingston, 2007, p. 41).
 If your quotation comes from someone other than the author of your article or book, use the
name of the speaker and his or her qualifications in the lead-in. In the parentheses, add the
words as cited in before the name of the author of your article or book.

Quotation Marks Within a Quotation

Anne Kingston (2007) points out the backlash from popular brands against water companies that advertise the purity
of tap water. She notes, “Groupe Neptune fought back with billboards featuring a photograph of a white toilet
marked with a big red ‘X’ ” (p. 40).
 If double quotation marks appear within the material you are quoting, change this set of
double quotation marks to single quotation marks (the “X” has been changed to ‘X’ ). Leave
a space between the single and double quotation marks.

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4
PARAPHRASING
Paraphrasing involves rewriting a passage and putting it into your own words. The paraphrase
does not evaluate the passage; it merely changes the wording. The paraphrase retains
everything that was in the original and is usually about the same length as the original
passage.

Tips for Paraphrasing

 Read the passage carefully and identify key ideas.
 Make notes on what you have read.
 Without looking at the original, use your notes to rewrite the passage using different
order, sentence structure, and vocabulary while retaining the original meaning. A
paraphrase requires more than the substitution of a few words.
 Use the author’s name and credentials in the lead-in to the passage.
 Cut out repeated sections, but include all key ideas.
 Provide a parenthetical reference for the paraphrase. The reference must include the
author (or part of the title if there is no author), year and specific page numbers (where
available). For electronic sources, provide the given page number if it is a single-page
document or the original page numbers are clearly visible (PDF format, for example).
 Review the paraphrase to make sure it has the same meaning as the original. If you have
used synonyms, check their meaning in a reputable dictionary to ensure that your
substituted word is appropriate.

Sample Paraphrase (see original on page 6)

Anne Kingston (2007) explains that scientists such as David Suzuki are opposed to bottled water because of the
negative environmental impact caused by the processing of the product and the waste from bottles that are
infrequently recycled. Also, church groups concerned by the treatment of water as a saleable product are petitioning
members to stop purchasing bottled water, insisting that water remain freely accessible to all. The general public,
however, disagrees, seeing bottled water as convenient, safe, and healthy (p. 38).

Sample Indirect Paraphrase (see original on page 7)

Snitow, Kaufman, and Fox fear that people will give up their expectation of water as a government-provided service if
they become used to paying excessive prices for bottled water (as cited in Kingston, 2007, p. 41).

References Page Entry:

Kingston, A. (2007, May 14). It’s so not cool. Maclean’s, 120(18), 38-41.

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SUMMARIZING
Summarizing involves selecting the key ideas from a passage and putting these ideas into your
own words. The summary does not judge the passage, but it does require analysis since you
must decide what points are essential. The summary is much shorter than the original
passage.

Summaries can take several forms:

 A formal summary provides a quick overview of material. A limit may be set on the
number of words.
 An abstract gives a preview of the content of a paper or report.
 A brief, informal summary provides supporting details for a paper or report.

Tips for Summarizing

1. Read the passage carefully.
2. Determine the main point of the entire passage.
2.1 Examine the title. What does it suggest about the passage?
2.2 Look for the thesis statement. If you find it, your key points may be highlighted here.
2.3 Examine the introduction and conclusion. What is the connection between the two?
3. Examine the body paragraphs and find their topic sentences. Look for support for the
thesis statement.
3.1 How much space is dedicated to ideas in the passage? If items are repeated, they may
be important.
3.2 Look at the order of the passage. Determine what type of passage it is. A newspaper
article develops ideas from the most important to the least. Magazine articles and
essays usually save the strongest points for the end.
3.3 Does each paragraph provide basic support for the thesis, or is it repeating or
emphasizing something that has already been said? Leave out extended examples,
statistics, quotations, etc. that are used to support a topic sentence.
4. Once you’ve picked out the key points, write them out in your own words.
5. Organize your notes to form a logical summary of the material.

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6. Without looking at the original, use your notes to write the summary, putting everything in
your own words. Avoid using quoted material in a formal summary.
7. Include the author’s name and the title of the passage in the first sentence of a formal
summary.
8. Provide a parenthetical reference for the summary. The reference must include the author
(or part of the title if there is no author) and year.
9. Review your summary to see that it has the same meaning as the original. If you have
used synonyms, check their meaning in a reputable dictionary to ensure that your
substituted word is appropriate.

Sample Informal Summary

Anne Kingston (2007) explains that although the general public sees bottled water as a safe and healthy convenience,
environmentalists are concerned about its negative environmental impact, and church groups are worried that selling
bottled water violates human rights.

Sample Formal Summary

In the Maclean’s article “It’s So Not Cool,” author Anne Kingston (2007) argues that both governments and consumers
are beginning to show concern over problems associated with bottled water. In particular, people are worried about
the increasing environmental toll of both the disposal and manufacturing of plastic water bottles, as well as the
questionable health benefits of bottled water. In fact, only about 12 per cent of water bottles are recycled, and in
2002 alone, 65,000 tonnes of PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottles were not recycled. Studies have also shown
that chemicals from plastic bottles are infiltrating the water inside, and further studies will likely test for human
contamination. This sudden distrust of the popular bottled water commodity has led some to consider whether the
marked up product is worth it.

References Page Entry:

Kingston, A. (2007, May 14). It’s so not cool. Maclean’s, 120(18), 38-41.

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DOCUMENTATION
To avoid plagiarism, intentional or not, you must provide proper credit for all material you use
in your paper, report, or presentation whether this material is quoted or in your own words
(paraphrase and summary). No matter where this information came from—interview, print
document, online, television, radio, smartphone app—documentation is always required.
In most cases, you will provide credit in two places:
 Parenthetical references (also called in-text citations) in the body of a paper, report, or
presentation, and
 An alphabetical References list at the end of the paper, report, or presentation.

What Must Be Documented:

 direct quotations
 paraphrases
 summaries
 statistics
 charts, graphs, and figures
 pictures and diagrams
 videos
 blogs, messages, tweets, Facebook posts, etc.

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FOOTNOTES
Parenthetical references have replaced footnotes for in-text documentation. APA uses
footnotes for two specific purposes:
 to add a comment to the content of your paper, and
 to provide special copyright permission.
These uses are rare in student writing.

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8
PARENTHETICAL
REFERENCES
(IN-TEXT CITATIONS)
Parenthetical references let your reader know the source of your information, ideas, data,
pictures, etc., whether quoted directly or in your own words (paraphrase and summary), and
direct your reader to these sources. The information provided in the body of your paper helps
your reader find the appropriate source on your alphabetical references list.

Parenthetical references include

 the author or authors’ surname(s) or part of the title if there is no author,
 the year of publication (or n.d. if no date is given), and
 the page numbers of a source (if available) preceded by p. (one page) or pp. (multiple
pages). For electronic sources, provide the given page number ONLY if it is a single-page
document or the original page numbers are clearly visible (PDF format, for example).
 If an electronic book lacks page numbers, provide location numbers, section numbers, or
paragraph numbers if possible.
This information appears either in a lead-in, in parentheses, or at the end of the sentence. The
author’s name and year should appear together in the lead-in or in the in-text citation.

Examples
One Author, One Work
Sanderson (2002) argues, “The dangers facing Canadians are real. Extra security measures are needed to
keep our country safe from terrorist threats” (p. 200).
Canadians must become more aware of the dangers of terrorism. While extra security measures may add
extra hours to travel time, without these measures our borders may not be secure (Sanderson, 2002, p.
201).

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Two (or More) Works by the Same Author Within the Same Year
According to David Suzuki (2008a), “one of the cheapest and most effective ways to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions” is to create a carbon tax (p. A23).
David Suzuki (2008b) explains, “Car pooling can save you money, reduce CO2 emissions, and decrease the
stress of daily commuting” (p. B2).
 Use the letters a, b, c, etc., after the year to distinguish the works. If no date is provided,
use n.d.a, n.d.b, n.d.c., etc.
 On the reference page entry, alphabetize the works according to the first word of the title
following the date.

Multiple Authors, One Work

Two Authors
Niallson and Jarndyce (2007) conclude that “regional differences are inevitable” (p. A4).
The amount of additional funding needed depends on the services provided in each region (Niallson &
Jarndyce, 2007, p. A4).
 If there are two authors, always cite both names every time you use the work in your
paper.
 Use and to join names in the body of your paper; use & to join names in the parenthetical
reference. When only two authors are listed, do not put a comma before the ampersand
( & ) in parentheses.
Three to Five Authors
Brian Emery, Madeleine Olsen and Steven Adderly (2001) report that “crime committed by individuals
under the age of 18 has decreased overall, but the rate of violent crime has increased” (p. 12).
In the youth population (under 18), violent crimes are on the rise despite a lower overall crime rate
(Emery, Olsen, & Adderly, 2001, p. 12).
The book Studies in Youth Crime claims that large cities such as Toronto and Winnipeg report the highest
increases in violent crime (Emery et al., 2001, p. 13).
 If there are three to five authors, mention all of the authors’ names the first time. Use the
surname of the first author followed by et al. in subsequent entries.
Six or More Authors
According to the book Diversity and Culture, multiculturalism promotes diversity (Khan et al., 2001, p.
115).
 If there are six or more authors, mention only the first author’s name followed by et al. in
all entries.

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Groups as Authors
Colleges Ontario (2006) reports that by 2006, almost 14 per cent of students entering Ontario colleges
were over 35 years of age (p. 8).
Members of parliament are being encouraged to pass Bill C-32 (impaired driving legislation) in order “to
put an end to Canadians being senselessly killed and injured in impaired driving crashes” (Mothers Against
Drunk Driving [MADD], 2009).
The Practical Nursing Program Standard outlines the vocational skills, the essential employability skills, and
the general education requirements that every post secondary program in Ontario must follow (Ministry of
Training, Colleges and Universities, 2012, p. 1).
 Provide the full name of the group as it appears on the References page.
 If the group is commonly known by its initials (acronym), give the full name the first time
with the initials in square brackets; thereafter, use the initials.

Work With No Authors

The London Free Press explains that the outcry over plagiarism is not confined to educational institutions.
Following accusations that she committed plagiarism in her 1987 book, a noted historian recently resigned
from a prestigious board (“Historian Resigns,” 2002, pp. B5-B6).
According to the Horticulture Review, banning pesticides for cosmetic use will hurt the commercial and
residential lawn maintenance industry (“Changes to Pesticide,” 2008, p. 14).
 Use the title of the article, book, or website instead of the author’s name. Put article titles
in quotation marks, and italicize book or website titles. For long titles, use the first two or
three words.
 Capitalize titles using standard English capitalization rules (see Appendix A).

Citation from Two or More Sources

Manufacturers of hybrid cars promote the fuel efficiency of their products, but tests show that turbo
diesels or highly efficient gasoline engines can achieve similar results (de Haan, Mueller, & Peters, 2006,
pp. 597-601; “Setting the Standard,” 2005, pp. 44-46).
Once a newly elected government establishes control, it often cuts funding to programs favoured by its
predecessor (Barter, 2000; Creatura, 2002, p. B1; Travers, 2009).
 Create an entry for each source, but put them inside the same parentheses.
 Put the sources in alphabetical order according to the first word in each entry.
 Use semicolons to separate the entries.

15
Indirect Citations (Secondary Sources)
Jason Mitchell questioned the accuracy of the results, suggesting that there were irregularities in the
testing procedures (as cited in Everett, n.d., p. 61).
According to Anthony Ariganello, president and chief executive of CGA-Canada, “This report is another
indication of Canadians’ readiness to consume today and pay later” (as cited in Grant, 2010).
 In the body of the essay, mention the name of the author responsible for the information,
but in parentheses, refer to the author of the source where you found the information.
This format will allow the reader to find the entry on your References page under the
authors, Everett or Grant. Use secondary sources sparingly; always attempt to use the
primary sources.

Lecture Notes or PowerPoint Presentations

According to the lab manual, the purpose of the experiment is to use position and time data to create
velocity-versus-time and acceleration-versus-time graphs (Koeppler, 2007, p. 2).
In her presentation, Nightingale (2007) suggested teaching children to scrub their hands for as long as it
takes to sing the birthday song (slide 8).
 Give page numbers if provided. Use slide number for slides.

Personal Letters, Memos, Emails, Interviews, or Lectures

Kelly Davis, Director of Student Services, explained that many students had difficulty juggling work, school,
and family (personal communication, May 12, 2007).
The Director of Student Services described the resources available to students who need help in juggling
work, school, and family, including “counselling services, peer tutoring, and referrals to social agencies” (K.
Davis, lecture, September 3, 2007).
 For letters, memos, emails, and interviews, include the individual’s surname and initials in
the lead-in or in parentheses. Add the identifier personal communication followed by the
date of the letter, memo, or interview.
 For lectures, include the lecturer’s surname and initials in the lead-in or in parentheses.
Add the identifier lecture followed by the date of the lecture.
 These are non-retrievable sources. No entry is needed on the References page.

Illustrations, Pictures, or Charts (See example on facing page)

 Label each illustration, picture, or chart as Figure. The label usually appears below the
figure but may appear above or beside it if this position is preferable.
 Number the Figures. Italicize both the word Figure and the number. Follow the number
with a period.

16
 Provide a brief, descriptive caption that explains what the figure depicts.
 Include the name of the author or source and the year and page number (if available) in
parentheses after the caption.
 Include an entry on the References page.
 Refer to the figure in the body of your paper.
 Use text wrap to allow the words to flow around your figures.

Example of a Page with Illustrations

The Library Resource Centre (LRC)

provides 54 computer work stations
for student use (Figure 1). These
computers are connected to the College
network and provide access not only
to a wide range of software but also
to the Internet (Lambton College, Figure 1. Computers in the LRC (Lambton College, n.d.)
2012).
Four laser printers (three black and white and one colour) are connected to these work
stations. Two black and white photocopiers and six scanners
add to the services available (Lambton College, 2012). SERVICE per page
Photocopies - cash 10¢
The cost for making copies and printing is shown in
Photocopies - with card 8¢
Figure 2. BW printing - single sided 5¢
BW printing - double sided 4¢
Colour printing 25¢
Figure 2. Printing fees (Brown, 2008)

17
9 CAUTION
Electronic citation generators
provide APA citations.
Check these entries carefully.
They often contain errors
that you must correct.

REFERENCES
An alphabetical list of all retrievable sources referred to in your paper must appear on a
separate page at the end of your paper. The information on this page should help your reader
find any of the material for which you have a parenthetical reference. Do not include any
works that are not cited in your paper.

References Page Format

 Set this up on a separate page with the same running head as the rest of the paper.
 Title the section References. Centre this on the line, but do not underline or use boldface.
 Put the entries in alphabetical order. If the entry starts with an article (a, an, or the),
alphabetize by the second word in the entry. Multiple works by the same author are put in
chronological order starting with the earliest.
 The entire page should be evenly double spaced with no extra lines between the entries.
 Use a hanging indent for all entries. The first line of each entry should be flush with the
left margin. The 2nd and all following lines of each entry should be indented 1/2 inch (1.27
cm or five spaces.)
 Put two spaces at the end of each sentence (after end punctuation like periods, question
marks, and exclamation marks) in the body of the paper. Use only one space on the
References page.
 Put a single space after other punctuation (commas, colons, semi-colons, brackets,
quotation marks). If multiple punctuation marks follow one another, do not put spaces
between them. Do not add a space between internal periods in abbreviations (a.m.).
 Authors’ names should start with the surname followed by all initials. Use a comma to
separate surnames and their initials and to separate authors’ names. Use an ampersand
( & ) before the last author if there are two or more.
 If there is no author, start with the title followed by the date of publication.
 Omit professional credentials (Dr., Prof., MA, PhD, etc.) in the entry, but retain Jr. or Sr.
Place after the initials (Brian E. Jones Jr. becomes Jones, B. E., Jr.).

18
 If no date is available, put n.d. in parentheses. Do not put a space after the first period.
 Italicize the titles of books, brochures, government documents, periodicals, websites,
movies, etc. Use underlining only if you cannot italicize (written by hand or typewriter).
 For titles and subtitles of everything but periodicals, capitalize only the first word and
proper nouns. For periodicals, capitalize all words except connecting words of fewer than
five letters.
 Shorten the publisher’s name to key words. Leave out Publishing, Company, Ltd., Inc., etc.
Include Press, Books, University, etc.
 Add the two-letter province or state code for the city of publication of American or
Canadian cities. Use the full name for countries. See Appendix C for a list of the two-letter
province and state codes.
 Remove superscripts (1st not 1st, 2nd not 2nd, etc.).
 Provide retrieval information for websites. Provide DOI information if available.
 End each entry with a period unless it ends with a DOI or URL.

General Patterns
Always start with the author’s name if available. If no author
is provided, start with the title. The date (in parentheses) is These are general
always the second item. guidelines only.
Use the appropriate
examples on pages
Book 22-32 to create your
Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. Location: Publisher. entries.
Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. doi:10.xxx
Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. http://
dx.doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxxx Digital Object
Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. Retrieved from URL Identifier (DOI)
A unique, alpha-numeric
Periodical (Journal** /Magazine / Newspaper) number assigned to some
books and journal /
Author, A. A. (year, month day). Title of article. Title of
magazine / newspaper
Periodical, volume number(issue number), page articles in electronic
numbers. Retrieved from http://xxxxxx format.
Author, A. A. (year, month day). Title of article. Title of To access an article
using its DOI
Periodical, volume number(issue number), page
numbers. doi:xxx Go to
http://dx.doi.org
Author, A. A. (year, month day). Title of article. Title of
or
Periodical, volume number(issue number), page http://crossref.org
numbers. http://dx.doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxxx

19
** For journal sources, insert year only (no month or day).
 When using a doi, follow the format displayed.

Online Communities (Messages, Forums, Blogs, Youtube, Twitter, Facebook, video

post, mobile app, etc.)
Author, A. A. (year, month day). Title of post [Description of form]. Retrieved from URL

For material retrieved from internet sources

 Use a DOI if it is provided.
 For journal articles with no DOI retrieved from a database, do an internet search to find the
home page URL for the journal, and include it in a retrieval statement.
 If password or subscription information is required to access the article, you may write
“available from” instead of “retrieved from.”
 If there is no DOI, use a retrieval statement containing the URL. Use the main domain
address (the part that ends with .com .org .ca .net .edu ) if the homepage has an
internal search function.
 The URL should appear in black without underlining. Remove the hypertext link if it
appears. (In MS Word, right click on the URL and select Remove Hyperlink).
 Provide the retrieval date only if the information is likely to change (e.g. Wiki).

List of Examples
Types of Work Referenced You may need to refer to
more than one example
Books / Documents / Websites to create your entry.
1. With one author A properly formatted
2. With multiple authors References list, created from
all the examples in this book,
3. With no author follows the examples (see
4. With an editor instead of author pages 33-41).
5. With two or more works by the same author in the Check the directions for each
same year entry carefully.
6. With a group or company author
7. With multiple editions
8. Article, chapter, story, or poem in a book
9. Article in a reference book (dictionary, encyclopedia)
10. Secondary source (indirect citation)
11. Brochures, booklets, and pamphlets
12. Government document

20
13. Websites and online information
Periodicals (Published on a recurring basis)
14. Article in a journal
15. Article in a magazine
16. Article in a newspaper / news media
Other Sources
17. Online community (message, blog, Facebook, Twitter, or
video post) and mobile app Create your citations
18. Motion picture or stand-alone video file using the bulleted
information to guide
19. Television broadcast
you as you follow the
20. Lab and lecture notes or PowerPoint presentation patterns provided.
21. Photographs, illustrations, maps, or charts You may need to use
multiple examples to
22. Personal letters, memos, emails, lectures, or interviews create each entry.
23. Non-retrievable sources

Sample Reference Page Entries

Books / Documents / Websites
 Always start with the author or authors. Companies, organizations, and governments can
be used as authors. Many websites are created by companies and organizations. Use their
names if individual authors are not identified.
 If there is an editor instead of an author, start with the editor.
 Authors’ names should start with the surname followed by all initials. Use a comma to
separate surnames and their initials and to separate authors’ names. Use an ampersand
( & ) before the last author if there are two or more.
 If there is no author or editor, start with the title, followed by the date in parentheses.
 Put the title of the book or document in italics. Use underlining instead of italics if you
must handwrite the title.
 Some works have two titles, for example an article in a periodical or a chapter in a book.
Start with the title of the article or chapter. This title is not italicized. The title of the
periodical or book comes next, and this title is italicized.
 Use uppercase for the first word of the title and subtitle of everything except periodical
titles and proper nouns. The remaining words should be in lowercase. Periodical titles
always follow standard English capitalization rules (see Appendix A).
 For print versions of documents, provide publication information, including the place of
publication followed by the publisher.

21
 Add the two-letter province or state code for the city of publication for Canadian and
American cities (ON for Ontario, NJ for New Jersey). Write out country names in full.
 Shorten the publisher’s name to key words. Leave out Publishing, Company, Ltd., Inc., etc.
Include Press, Books, University, etc.
 For books and articles retrieved online, provide a DOI if one is available or homepage URL
for the journal if no DOI is available. For internet sources, provide the homepage URL if the
site is searchable. Retrieval dates are not needed unless there is a strong possibility of
change as in an online reference site.
 The URL should appear in black without underlining. Remove the hypertext link if it
appears. (In MS Word, right click on the URL, and select Remove Hyperlink).

1. Books, Documents, or Websites with One Author

Sanderson, J. (2002). Terrorism: Adjusting to a new world order. Toronto, ON: Epic Books.
Sanderson, S. K. (2000). Sociological worlds: Comparative and historical readings on society. Retrieved from
http://books.google.ca
White, E. B. (1952). Charlotte’s web [Kindle DX version]. Retrieved from http://www.amazon.com
2. Books, Documents, or Websites with Multiple Authors
Two to Seven Authors

Emery, B., Olsen, M. K., & Adderly, S. (2001). Studies on youth crime. New York, NY: Brookside Press.
Firestone, R. W., & Catlett, J. (1986). The fantasy bond: Structure of psychological defences. Retrieved from
http://www.apa.org
Szilard, L., Hawkins, H. S., Greb, G. A., & Szilard, G. W. (1987). Toward a livable world: Leo Szilard and the
crusade for nuclear arms control. Retrieved from http://books.google.ca
For up to seven authors, include all the surnames and initials in the same order in which they
appear in the book. Use an ampersand ( & ) instead of and before the final surname.
Eight or More Authors

Carlson, C. A., Pernow, B., Sigurdsen, M., Renier, W. P., Kittelson, H. P., Lehtinnen, A., . . . Nilson, T. (1982).
Metabolic risk factors in ischemic cardiovascular disease. Retrieved from http://books.google.ca
Khan, A. N., Melniak, S., Moore, V. K., Wong, B., Norton, C., Estes, M., . . . Rellick, N. (2001). Diversity and culture.
Boston, MA: Acorn Books.
 For eight or more authors, list the first six surnames and initials in the same order in which
they appear in the book, and then add an ellipsis (three spaced periods) followed by the
last author’s surname and initials.

22
3. Books, Documents, or Websites with No Author
Canadian master labour guide. (2009). Toronto, ON: CCH Canadian.
Euthanasia: Report of the working party to review the British Medical Association's guidance on euthanasia.
(1988). Retrieved from http://books.google.ca
The right to die: Thoughts on euthanasia. (2007). White Falls, MN: Liberty Press.
 Ignore indefinite and definite articles (a, an, the) when you put entries without an author
in alphabetical order. Alphabetize by the second word in the entry.

4. Books, Documents, or Websites with an Editor Instead of Author

Barber, K. (Ed.). (1998). Oxford Canadian dictionary. Toronto, ON: Oxford University Press.
Hall, R., & Adams, B. (Eds.). (1998). Essentials of firefighting (4th ed.). United States of America: ISFTA.
Richards, R. (Ed.). (2007). Everyday creativity and new views of human nature: Psychological, social, and
spiritual perspectives. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org
 Use the abbreviation Ed. for one editor, Eds. for two or more. The lower-case abbreviation
ed. is used for edition.

5. Books, Documents, or Websites with Two or More Works by the Same Author
in the Same Year
Macintosh, F. L. (2009a). Alternative energy: The advantage of biofuel. Australia: University of Queensland Press.
Macintosh, F. L. (2009b). Energy policies. Australia: University of Queensland Press.
 Use the letters a, b, c, etc. to distinguish between the works.
 Alphabetize the works according to the first word of the title following the date.
 If the works have no date, use n.d.a, n.d.b, n.d.c, etc.

6. Books, Documents, or Websites with a Group or Company Author

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th
ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Colleges Ontario. (2006). 2006 student mobility. Toronto, ON: Author.
Mothers Against Drunk Driving. (2009). Annual report 2009. Retrieved from http://www.madd.ca
World Bank. (2001). Investment in health: Social and economic returns. Seattle, WA: Pan American Health.
 If the publisher is the same as the author, use the word Author instead of repeating the
name of the group or company.

23
7. Book or Document with Multiple Editions
Loftus, G. R., & Loftus, E. F. (2003). Mind at play: The psychology of video games (4th ed.). New York, NY: Basic
Books.
Morice, A.-G. (1905). The history of the northern interior of British Columbia (3rd ed.). Retrieved from http://
www.gutenberg.ca
Weaver, J. (2006). Native American literatures and Native American community (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford.
 Use the abbreviation ed. for edition. The upper-case abbreviation Ed. is used for editor.
 Use ordinal numbers (2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc.) for the edition number. Do not use superscript
(2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc.).
 If an author’s first name is hyphenated, provide both initials joined by a period and hyphen.

8. Article, Chapter, Story, or Poem in a Book

Castro, A. (1996). In the tradition of returning. In D. Poey & V. Suárez (Eds.), Little Havana blues: A Cuban-
American literature anthology (pp. 47-51). Retrieved from http://www.questia.com
Farb, P. (1987). Man the talker. In P. Whitten & D. E. K. Hunter (Eds.), Anthropology: Contemporary perspectives
(1990, pp. 114-120). Boston, MA: Little, Brown.
Scheppach, J. (2002). Thinking unbound. In S. Norton & B. Green (Eds.), Essay essentials with readings (5th ed.,
2011, pp. 317-320). Toronto, ON: Nelson.
 The author of the article, chapter, story, or poem comes first, followed by its date of
publication and its title.
 The title of the article, chapter, story, or poem is not italicized. Do not use quotation marks
around these titles on the references page.
 Information about the book follows, preceded by the word In (not italicized).
 Start with the author or editor’s name (initials first, followed by surname). Use the
abbreviation Ed. for one editor, Eds. for two or more. The lower-case abbreviation ed. is
used for edition.
 Follow with the title of the book (italicized), and then provide information on the edition
number, publication date (if different from the previous date), and page numbers in
parentheses.
 Finish with publication information (city, XX: publisher) or retrieval information (DOI or
homepage URL).

9. Article in a Reference Book (Dictionary, Encyclopedia)

Fuel cell. (1983). In Gage Canadian dictionary (p. 476). Toronto, ON: Gage Educational.
How solar cells work. (n.d.). In howstuffworks. Retrieved June 21, 2008, from http://science.howstuffworks.com

24
Kelly, R., & Davis, F. (2001). Hybrid cars. In The new encyclopedia Britannica Reference books
(Vol. 12, pp. 231-233). Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica. lack the depth
needed for most
Solar cell. (2008). In Encarta. Retrieved June 21, 2008, from http:// research papers, so
encarta.msn.com they should be used
for background
 If no author is indicated for the entry, start with the title of the information only.
entry. Check with your
 Always include the title of the entry. The title of the entry comes professor about
first if there is no author or before the title of the reference work their use.
if there is an author. The entry title is not italicized.
 The title of the reference source is italicized. The word In preceding the title is not
italicized.
 Finish with publication information (City, XX: Publisher) or retrieval information (DOI or
URL). For internet sources, use the main domain name of the website and add the retrieval
date (Month day, year) if the content changes frequently.

10. Secondary Source (Indirect Citation)

 Include the secondary source in your reference list. Name the primary source in the body of
your report and include the words as cited in in your parenthetical reference.
Parenthetical Reference:
Dickens, Head of Development at Penstar, offers six recommendations for improving access to college materials
(as cited in Everett, n.d., p. 28).
Reference Page Entry:
Everett, O. (n.d.). Web-based learning. Vancouver, BC: Optimal Books.
Parenthetical Reference:
According to Anthony Ariganello, president and chief executive of CGA-Canada, “This report is another indication
of Canadians’ readiness to consume today and pay later” (as cited in Grant, 2010).
Reference Page Entry:
Grant, T. (2010, May 11). Canadian household debt soars. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved from http://
www.theglobeandmail.com

25
11. Brochures, Booklets, and Pamphlets
Chatham Kent Lambton Administrators Group. (2006). Annual report 2005 [Booklet]. Chatham, ON: Author.
Facts on smoking [Pamphlet]. (n.d.). Middleton, NY: Tiffany Press.
Lambton College. (2009). Autism and behavioural science: Ontario graduate certificate program [Brochure].
Sarnia, ON: Author.
Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities. (2009, November 20). Thinking of a private career college?
[Brochure]. Retrieved from http://www.tcu.gov.on.ca/pepg/audiences/pcc/PCC_Brochure.pdf
 Indicate the type of document in square brackets after the title.
 Pamphlets and brochures are usually single pages, folded. Brochures tend to be glossy and
in colour.
 Multi-page documents stapled together are booklets.
 If the publisher is the same as the author, use the word Author instead of repeating the
name of the group or company.
 If the document is retrieved from an internet source, include the DOI or homepage URL.

12. Government Document

Belanger, A., & Dumas, J. (1998, March). Report on the demographic situation in Canada 1997. Ottawa, ON:
Ministry of Industry.
National Student Loans Service Centre. (2008, March 25). The cost of post-secondary education. Retrieved from
http://www.canlearn.ca
Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities. (2012, December). Practical nursing program standard. Toronto,
ON: Queen’s Printer for Ontario.
Statistics Canada. (2006). Employment income by occupation. Ottawa, ON: Author.
Statistics Canada. (2008b, November 11). Table 105-2004 - Level of household food insecurity, by age group
and sex, household population. Retrieved from http://cansim2.statcan.gc.ca
Statistics Canada. (2008a, June 23). Waste management industry: Business and government sectors. The Daily.
Retrieved from http://statcan.ca
Whitaker, K. (2008, February 1). A review of the Colleges Collective Bargaining Act. Retrieved from http://
www.edu.gov.on.ca
 Start with the author’s name if provided.
 If there is no author, use the name of the government, the ministry, department or agency.

26
 If two or more works from the same author were produced in the same year, use the letters
a, b, c, etc., after the year to distinguish between the works.
 Laws are considered proper nouns, so they must be capitalized.
 If the government document was retrieved from an internet source, include the homepage
URL.

13. Websites and Online Information

Websites can be difficult to cite because they do not follow the standard rules that many print
sources follow. Standard sources that are found online (such as books, magazines, or journal
articles) are referenced in the same way as print sources with the addition of a retrieval
statement. Online sources should be used with caution to ensure reliability of information. A
retrieval statement is needed for all online sources; however, a retrieval date is required only
when information online changes frequently.
 Individual webpages on a larger website are not italicized.
 Entire website titles are italicized.
 Hyperlinks should be removed.
Article by one author on a corporate website:
Forberg, S. (2013, May 5). Kelowna agencies close ranks around victims. Retrieved from http://www.rcmp-
grc.gc.ca
Webpage on a corporate website:
Royal Canadian Mounted Police. (2007, June 7). Badges and insignia. Retrieved from http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca
Webpage with information that is likely to change on a corporate website:
Royal Canadian Mounted Police. (2013, April 24). Wanted by the RCMP. Retrieved June 3, 2013, from http://
www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca
Entire website with a corporate author:
Canadian Cancer Society. (2013). Relay for life. Retrieved from http://convio.cancer.ca
Online article with no author:
No mechanical problems in fatal Ornge crash: Investigators. (2013, June 4). Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca
Entire website with no author, no date:
Elbow figure 8 bandage: Typical use – lacerations. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://sierra-nsp.org

27
Periodicals (Published on a recurring basis)
Periodicals are publications that appear on a recurring basis (daily, weekly, monthly,
annually, etc.).
They always have two titles: the title of the article and the title of the periodical. The
article title always precedes the periodical title.
 If there is no author, start with the name of the article followed by the date in parentheses.
Do not use the name of a news agency (Reuters, CBC, Associated Press, etc.) as the author.
 The date always comes in second position. Use only the year for journals; use the month,
day, and year for magazines and newspapers if available. Put n.d. if no date is provided.
 If an article has been accepted for publication but has not yet been published , put in press
in the parentheses instead of a date.
 The title of the article precedes the title of the journal, magazine, or newspaper in which it
appears.
 The title of the article is not in italics. Capitalize only the first word of the article title and
subtitle along with proper nouns.
 Italicize the titles of journals, magazines, and newspapers. Capitalize the first and last
words and most words except articles (a, an, the) and connecting words of fewer than five
letters (and, but, or, in, to, from, etc.).
 Italicize the volume number, and put the issue number in parentheses. Do not use the word
volume or issue (or any abbreviation of the words) before the number.
 Use the initials p. (one page) or pp. (two or more pages) before page numbers only for
newspapers. Provide all page numbers if the pages are discontinuous.
 If the article has a DOI, provide it in the format displayed. If the article has no DOI, find the
URL of the homepage for the journal and use the URL in a retrieval statement.
14. Article in a Journal
Barter, K. (2000). Reclaiming community: Shaping the social work agenda. Canadian Social Worker, 2(4), 6-18.
Changes to pesticide classification systems. (1999). Horticulture Review, 5, 14.
Green, R., & Vasilakos, N. (in press). Storing wind for a rainy day: What kind of electricity does Denmark
export? The Quarterly Journal of the IAEE's Energy Economics Education Foundation. Retrieved from
http://www.iaee.org
Kelly, B., Hattersley, L., King, L., & Flood, V. (2008). Persuasive food marketing to children: Use of cartoons and
competitions in Australian commercial television advertisements. Health Promotion International, 23(4),
337-344. doi:10.1093/heapro/dan023

28
Kuo, I. C., Espinosa, C., Forman, M., & Valsamakis, A. (2016). A polymerase chain reaction–based algorithm to
detect and prevent transmission of adenoviral conjunctivitis in hospital employees. American Journal of
Ophthalmology, 163, 38-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2015.12.007
Setting the standard for hybrid cars. (2005). Electronic Design, 53(25), 41-48.
Vanlaerhoven, S. L., & Hughes, C. (2008). Testing different search methods for recovering scattered and
scavenged remains. Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, 41(4), 43-56.

15. Article in a Magazine

Gillis, C., & Gatehouse, J. (2010, April 26). The volcano that choked a continent. Macleans.ca. Retrieved from
http://www2.macleans.ca
Harvey, B. (2010, May). Who really needs a thermal imager? Firehouse Magazine. Retrieved from http://
www.firehouse.com
McAdam, W., & Strangway-Keats, K. (2001, September). Is your drinking water safe? Canadian Geographic, 76, 43
-47.
Remembering the disaster at Westray. (2002, May 20). Maclean’s, 99(19), 16.
Research from University of California provides new data on women's health. (2010, April 22). Women's Health
Weekly, 476.
16. Article in a Newspaper / News Media
Creatura, D. (2002, June 3). Centre receives a boost: City to provide interim funding. The Observer [Sarnia], p.
B1.
Historian resigns from Pulitzer board. (2002, June 3). The London Free Press, pp. B5-B6.
Niallson, L., & Jarndyce, J. (2007, May 1). Provincial funding announced. Toronto Star [final ed.], pp. A4, A6.
Travers, J. (2009, June 4). Learning the lessons of power. Toronto Star. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com

 Use the initials p. (one page) or pp. (two or more pages) before page numbers for
newspapers. For discontinuous pages, list all the pages, separated by commas.
 Additional information about the newspaper (such as city of publication if this is not part of
the name of the newspaper or its edition—final edition, metropolitan edition, etc.) appears
in square brackets after the title of the newspaper. Use the abbreviation ed. for edition.

29
Other Sources
17. Online Community (Message, Blog, Facebook, Twitter, or Video Post) and
Mobile App
Air Media LLC. (2014). Medical Terminology and Abbreviations (Version 1.6) [Mobile application software].
Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com
Canadian Red Cross. (2016, May 16). Suda and Philip Wylie tell the dramatic story of their evacuation from
Fort McMurray with their 13 month-old daughter [Facebook status update]. Retrieved from https://
www.facebook.com/canadianredcross/?fref=ts
Ddr1970. (2009, June 8). Re: Fog cited in fatal Labrador medical flight crash [Message]. Retrieved from http://
www.cbc.ca/canada/newfoundland-labrador/story/2009/06/08/fog-labrador-crash-608.html?ref=rss
FuneralHome7. (2011, September 18). Petrolia demolition derby 2011 - Heat 4 (trucks + 1 van) [Video post].
Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OniePuEKMI
Greenfyre. (2008, June 23). Your 2007 carbon footprint [Message]. Retrieved from http://digg.com/environment/
Your_2007_Carbon_Footprint
Wells, P. [Paul Wells]. (2016, May 16). On referendums: They're not a perfect consultation exercise. They can be
divisive, they don't handle complexity well [Tweet]. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/search?q=paul%
20wells&src=typd
 Indicate the surname and initials or screen name of the person or group making the post.
 Provide the full date of the posting for an online community entry but year only for an app.
 Provide a title or a reference title. Since these tend to be short pieces that are not stand-
alone files, italics are not needed.
 Add identifiers like Message or Video post or Mobile application software in square
brackets after the title.
 Provide a retrieval statement including the URL. No retrieval date is needed.

18. Motion Picture or Stand-alone Video File

Allen, W. (Producer). (2006). Shadows and fog [Motion picture]. United States of America: MGM Home
Entertainment.
Cameron, J. (Director). (1997). Titanic [Motion picture]. United States of America: Paramount Pictures.
CMHA National. (2011, April 26). CMHA - Workplace mental health PSA [Video file]. Retrieved from http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-hacuOiUYw

30
Opgvideos. (2008, September 11). Ontario Power Generation –Corporate profile [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OGWrqHHUt-Y
Vinterberg, T. (Director). (2015). Far from the madding crowd [Motion picture]. Retrieved from http://
www.netflix.com
 Use the name of the director or producer, and identify the position in parentheses.
 Indicate the type of source in square brackets after the title.
 Stand-alone video files are treated like videos or movies that are found online.

19. Television Broadcast

Budge, D. (Executive Producer). (2002, June 2). Global Sunday [Television broadcast]. Calgary, AB: Global
Broadcasting.
Malarek, V. (Host). (2009, November 14). A grave problem. W5 [Television broadcast]. Retrieved from http://
www.ctv.ca
Teevan, C. (Writer), & Louhimies, A. (Director). (2016). Episode 1 [Television series episode]. In C. Magee
(Producer), Rebellion. Retrieved from http://www.netflix.com
 Use the name of the producer, director, or host, and identify the position in parentheses.
 Indicate the type of source in square brackets after the title.

20. Lab and Lecture Notes or PowerPoint Presentations

Koeppler, T. A. (2007). Physics experiments. Lab manual for PHY0105 at Lambton College, Sarnia, ON.
Nightingale, F. J. (2007, April 1). Proper hand-washing techniques. PowerPoint presentation for NSG0015
presented at Lambton College, Sarnia, ON.
 Provide the name of the author of the material, the date, and title of the work.
 Add a statement identifying the type of material and the name of the institution or event.

21. Photographs, Illustrations, Maps, or Charts

Brown, D. (2008). Printing fees [Chart]. Retrieved from http://library.lambton.on.ca/photocopiers_scanners.htm
Google. (n.d.). [Google Maps directions for driving from Sarnia, ON, to Petrolia, ON]. Retrieved May 16, 2016,
from https://www.google.ca/maps/dir/Sarnia,+ON/Petrolia,+ON/
Lambton College. (n.d.). Computers in the Library Resource Centre [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://
platinum.lambton.on.ca/lrc/computers.htm
Niestroj, I. (2006). Forest fire [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.iniestroj.com/fire_02.jpeg

31
 Use an author / photographer name and title of the work if provided.
 If there is no author, begin with the title followed by the date in parentheses.
 If there is no title for the work, create one which describes the image or chart.
 Add the identifier Photograph, Illustration, Map, or Chart in square brackets after the
title.

22. Personal Letters, Memos, Emails, Lectures, or Interviews

 These are considered non-retrievable items, so they are not listed on the References
page. Include them as parenthetical references (in-text citations) in the body of your
paper.

23. Non-Retrievable Sources

 Non-retrievable items including personal interviews, lectures, letters, memos, and emails
are not listed on the References page. Include them as parenthetical references (in-text
citations) in the body of your paper.

32
SAMPLE
REFERENCES LIST
All the examples presented in Chapters 8 and 9 are compiled into a proper APA References
list.
The entries are presented in alphabetical order, double spaced, with a hanging indent, in 12-
point Times New Roman font.
See Chapter 9 and the Checklist in Appendix E to help you format your references page.

33
 References

Air Media LLC. (2014). Medical Terminology and Abbreviations (Version 1.6) [Mobile

application software]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com

Allen, W. (Producer). (2006). Shadows and fog [Motion picture]. United States of America:

MGM Home Entertainment.

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the A merican

Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Barber, K. (Ed.). (1998). Oxford Canadian dictionary. Toronto, ON: Oxford University Press.

Barter, K. (2000). Reclaiming community: Shaping the social work agenda. Canadian Social

Worker, 2(4), 6-18.

Belanger, A., & Dumas, J. (1998, March). Report on the demographic situation in Canada 1997.

Ottawa, ON: Ministry of Industry.

Brown, D. (2008). Printing fees [Chart]. Retrieved from http://library.lambton.on.ca/

photocopiers_scanners.htm

Budge, D. (Executive Producer). (2002, June 2). Global Sunday [Television broadcast].

Calgary, AB: Global Broadcasting.

Cameron, J. (Director). (1997). Titanic [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures.

Canadian Cancer Society. (2013). Relay for life. Retrieved from http://convio.cancer.ca

Canadian master labour guide. (2009). Toronto, ON: CCH Canadian.

Canadian Red Cross. (2016, May 16). Suda and Philip Wylie tell the dramatic story of their

evacuation from Fort McMurray with their 13 month-old daughter [Facebook status

update]. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/canadianredcross/?fref=ts

34
Carlson, C. A., Pernow, B., Sigurdsen, M., Renier, W. P., Kittelson, H. P., Lehtinnen, A., . . .

Nilson, T. (1982). Metabolic risk factors in ischemic cardiovascular disease. Retrieved

from http://books.google.ca

Castro, A. (1996). In the tradition of returning. In D. Poey & V. Suárez (Eds.), Little Havana

blues: A Cuban-American literature anthology (pp. 47-51). Retrieved from http://

www.questia.com

Changes to pesticide classification systems. (1999). Horticulture Review, 5, 14.

Chatham Kent Lambton Administrators Group. (2006). A nnual report 2005 [Booklet].

Chatham, ON: Author.

CMHA National. (2011, April 26). CMHA - Workplace mental health PSA [Video file].

Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-hacuOiUYw

Colleges Ontario. (2006). 2006 student mobility. Toronto, ON: Author.

Creatura, D. (2002, June 3). Centre receives a boost: City to provide interim funding. The

Observer [Sarnia], p. B1.

Ddr1970. (2009, June 8). Re: Fog cited in fatal Labrador medical flight crash [Message].

Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/canada/newfoundland-labrador/story/2009/06/08/fog-

labrador-crash-608.html?ref=rss

Elbow figure 8 bandage: Typical use – lacerations. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://sierra-nsp.org

Emery, B., Olsen, M. K., & Adderly, S. (2001). Studies on youth crime. New York, NY:

Brookside Press.

Euthanasia: Report of the working party to review the British Medical Association's guidance

on euthanasia. (1988). Retrieved from http://books.google.ca

Everett, O. (n.d.). W eb-based learning. Vancouver, BC: Optimal Books.

Facts on smoking [Pamphlet]. (n.d.). Middleton, NY: Tiffany Press.

35
Farb, P. (1987). Man the talker. In P. Whitten & D. E. K. Hunter (Eds.), A nthropology:

Contemporary perspectives (1990, pp. 114-120). Boston, MA: Little, Brown.

Firestone, R. W., & Catlett, J. (1986). The fantasy bond: Structure of psychological defences.

Retrieved from http://www.apa.org

Forberg, S. (2013, May 5). Kelowna agencies close ranks around victims. Retrieved from http://

www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca

Fuel cell. (1983). In Gage Canadian dictionary (p. 476). Toronto, ON: Gage Educational.

FuneralHome7. (2011, September 18). Petrolia demolition derby 2011 - Heat 4 (trucks + 1 van)

[Video post]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OniePuEKMI

Gillis, C., & Gatehouse, J. (2010, April 26). The volcano that choked a continent. Macleans.ca.

Retrieved from http://www2.macleans.ca

Google. (n.d.). [Google Maps directions for driving from Sarnia, ON, to Petrolia, ON].

Retrieved May 16, 2016, from https://www.google.ca/maps/dir/Sarnia,+ON/

Petrolia,+ON/

Grant, T. (2010, May 11). Canadian household debt soars. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved from

http://www.theglobeandmail.com

Green, R., & Vasilakos, N. (in press). Storing wind for a rainy day: What kind of electricity

does Denmark export? The Quarterly Journal of the IAEE's Energy Economics

Education Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.iaee.org

Greenfyre. (2008, June 23). Your 2007 carbon footprint [Message]. Retrieved from http://

digg.com/environment/Your_2007_Carbon_Footprint

Hall, R., & Adams, B. (Eds.). (1998). Essentials of firefighting (4th ed.). United States of

America: ISFTA.

36
Harvey, B. (2010, May). Who really needs a thermal imager? Firehouse Magazine. Retrieved

from http://www.firehouse.com

Historian resigns from Pulitzer board. (2002, June 3). The London Free Press, pp. B5-B6.

How solar cells work. (n.d.). In howstuffworks. Retrieved June 21, 2008, from http://

science.howstuffworks.com

Kelly, B., Hattersley, L., King, L., & Flood, V. (2008). Persuasive food marketing to children:

Use of cartoons and competitions in Australian commercial television advertisements.

Health Promotion International, 23(4), 337-344. doi:10.1093/heapro/dan023

Kelly, R., & Davis, F. (2001). Hybrid cars. In The new encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 12, pp.

231-233). Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica.

Khan, A. N., Melniak, S., Moore, V. K., Wong, B., Norton, C., Estes, M., . . . Rellick, N.

(2001). Diversity and culture. Boston, MA: Acorn Books.

Kingston, A. (2007, May 14). It’s so not cool. Maclean’s, 120(18), 38-41.

Koeppler, T. A. (2007). Physics experiments. Lab manual for PHY0105 at Lambton College,

Sarnia, ON.

Kuo, I. C., Espinosa, C., Forman, M., & Valsamakis, A. (2016). A polymerase chain reaction–

based algorithm to detect and prevent transmission of adenoviral conjunctivitis in

hospital employees. A merican Journal of Ophthalmology, 163, 38-44. http://

dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2015.12.007

Lambton College. (2009). Autism and behavioural science: Ontario graduate certificate

program [Brochure]. Sarnia, ON: Author.

Lambton College. (n.d.). Computers in the Library Resource Centre [Photograph]. Retrieved

from http://platinum.lambton.on.ca/lrc/computers.htm

37
Lambton College, Library Resource Centre. (2012, March). Computers and printing. Retrieved

from http://library.lambton.on.ca/computers_and_printers.htm

Loftus, G. R., & Loftus, E. F. (2003). Mind at play: The psychology of video games (4th ed.).

New York, NY: Basic Books.

Macintosh, F. L. (2009a). A lternative energy: The advantage of biofuel. Australia: University of

Queensland Press.

Macintosh, F. L. (2009b). Energy policies. Australia: University of Queensland Press.

Malarek, V. (Host). (2009, November 14). A grave problem. W 5 [Television broadcast].

Retrieved from http://www.ctv.ca

McAdam, W., & Strangway-Keats, K. (2001, September). Is your drinking water safe?

Canadian Geographic, 76, 43-47.

Morice, A.-G. (1905). The history of the northern interior of British Columbia (3rd ed.).

Retrieved from http://www.gutenberg.ca

Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities. (2012, December). Practical nursing program

standard. Toronto, ON: Queen’s Printer for Ontario.

Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities. (2009, November 20). Thinking of a private

career college? [Brochure]. Retrieved from http://www.tcu.gov.on.ca/pepg/audiences/

pcc/PCC_Brochure.pdf

Mothers Against Drunk Driving. (2009). A nnual report 2009. Retrieved from http://

www.madd.ca

National Student Loans Service Centre. (2008, March 25). The cost of post-secondary

education. Retrieved from http://www.canlearn.ca

Niallson, L., & Jarndyce, J. (2007, May 1). Provincial funding announced. Toronto Star [final

ed.], pp. A4, A6.

38
Niestroj, I. (2006). Forest fire [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.iniestroj.com/

fire_02.jpeg

Nightingale, F. J. (2007, April 1). Proper hand-washing techniques. PowerPoint presentation

for NSG0015 presented at Lambton College, Sarnia, ON.

No mechanical problems in fatal Ornge crash: Investigators. (2013, June 4). Retrieved from

http://www.cbc.ca

Opgvideos. (2008, September 11). Ontario Power Generation –Corporate profile [Video file].

Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OGWrqHHUt-Y

Remembering the disaster at Westray. (2002, May 20). Maclean’s, 99(19), 16.

Research from University of California provides new data on women's health. (2010, April 22).

Women's Health Weekly, 476.

Richards, R. (Ed.). (2007). Everyday creativity and new views of human nature: Psychological,

social, and spiritual perspectives. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org

The right to die: Thoughts on euthanasia. (2007). White Falls, MN: Liberty Press.

Royal Canadian Mounted Police. (2007, June 7). Badges and insignia. Retrieved from http://

www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca

Royal Canadian Mounted Police. (2013, April 24). Wanted by the RCMP. Retrieved June 3,

2013, from http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca

Sanderson, J. (2002). Terrorism: A djusting to a new world order. Toronto, ON: Epic Books.

Sanderson, S. K. (2000). Sociological worlds: Comparative and historical readings on society.

Retrieved from http://books.google.ca

Scheppach, J. (2002). Thinking unbound. In S. Norton & B. Green (Eds.), Essay essentials with

readings (5th ed., 2011, pp. 317-320). Toronto, ON: Nelson.

39
Setting the standard for hybrid cars. (2005). Electronic Design, 53(25), 41-48.

Solar cell. (2008). In Encarta. Retrieved June 21, 2008, from http://encarta.msn.com

Statistics Canada. (2006). Employment income by occupation. Ottawa, ON: Author.

Statistics Canada. (2008a, June 23). Waste management industry: Business and government

sectors. The Daily. Retrieved from http://statcan.ca

Statistics Canada. (2008b, November 11). Table 105-2004 - Level of household food insecurity,

by age group and sex, household population. Retrieved from http://

cansim2.statcan.gc.ca

Suzuki, D. (2008a, June 5). Join the green wave. National Post, p. A23.

Suzuki, D. (2008b, June 6). Small steps. The V ancouver Sun, p. B2.

Szilard, L., Hawkins, H. S., Greb, G. A., & Szilard, G. W. (1987). Toward a livable world: Leo

Szilard and the crusade for nuclear arms control. Retrieved from http://books.google.ca

Teevan, C. (Writer), & Louhimies, A. (Director). (2016). Episode 1 [Television series episode].

In C. Magee (Producer), Rebellion. Retrieved from http://www.netflix.com

Travers, J. (2009, June 4). Learning the lessons of power. Toronto Star. Retrieved from

http://www.thestar.com

Vanlaerhoven, S. L., & Hughes, C. (2008). Testing different search methods for recovering

scattered and scavenged remains. Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, 41(4),

43-56.

Vinterberg, T. (Director). (2015). Far from the madding crowd [Motion picture]. Retrieved

from http://www.netflix.com

Weaver, J. (2006). Native A merican literatures and Native A merican community (2nd ed.).

New York, NY: Oxford.

40
Wells, P. [Paul Wells]. (2016, May 16). On referendums: They're not a perfect consultation

exercise. They can be divisive, they don't handle complexity well [Tweet]. Retrieved

from https://twitter.com/search?q=paul%20wells&src=typd

Whitaker, K. (2008, February 1). A review of the Colleges Collective Bargaining A ct.

Retrieved from http://www.edu.gov.on.ca

White, E. B. (1952). Charlotte’s web [Kindle DX version]. Retrieved from http://

www.amazon.com

World Bank. (2001). Investment in health: Social and economic returns. Seattle, WA: Pan

American Health.

41
10
DOCUMENTING PRESENTATIONS
The following are recommendations for documenting presentations;
however, your professor may request a different format. Always follow
your professor’s instructions.

What Must Be Documented

If you are using researched material in your presentation, it must be documented. This
includes the following information:
 Direct quotations
 Paraphrases
 Summaries
 Statistics
 Charts, graphs, and figures
 Pictures and diagrams

How to Document
The format for documentation will depend on the type of presentation.
If you are doing a presentation without audio-visual aids, your documentation may be done
orally followed by a handout that includes your sources in proper APA format.
If you are giving a PowerPoint presentation or using other visual material, you should include
lead-ins, either orally or printed on each slide, a proper APA parenthetical reference (in-text
citation) after all borrowed information on each slide, and a complete APA reference list as
your final slide.

Examples
Oral Documentation
In the October 2004 issue of Firehouse magazine, Bill Wade describes the hazardous materials clean-up
required following Hurricane Katrina’s devastation.

42
 Introduce each section of your presentation by using a lead-in that describes the source of
your information.
 Include information such as the author’s name, the title and type of source, and the date.
 Provide a proper APA References page at the end of the presentation.

PowerPoint Presentation—Text
 Mention the source in your spoken lead-in:
8 Steps to Hazardous Materials
Management
According to training instructor Susan Pye, there
are eight steps in hazardous materials handling. •
•
Site Management & Control
Identifying the Problem
• Hazard & Risk Evaluation
 Provide a parenthetical reference (in-text • Protective Clothing & Equipment
citation) after the material. • Information Management & Resource
Coordination
 Provide a complete APA citation at the end of • Implementing Response Objectives
the presentation. • Decontamination
• Terminating the Incident (Pye, 2006)
1

PowerPoint Presentation—
Illustration, Chart, or Figure
 Mention the source in your spoken lead-in: Class 7 Radioactive

This illustration from the Canadian Hazardous

Materials Field Guide shows the symbol used for
radioactive materials.
 Include a label for the illustration, chart, or
figure. (Belelaqua, Stilp, & Philips, 2006, p. 29)

 Provide a parenthetical reference (in-text 2

citation) after the material.

 Provide a complete APA citation at the end
of the presentation.
References

PowerPoint Presentation— Belelaqua, A., Stilp, R., & Philips, P. (2006). Class 7 radioactive [Illustration].
Canadian hazardous materials field guide. Toronto: Thompson Nelson.

References HazMat WMD protection for firefighters [Motion picture]. (2007). Edgartown,
MA: Emergency Film Group.

Phillips, P. (2000). Emergency response training: First responder hazardous

 Provide a proper APA references list as your material awareness training. Sarnia: Lambton College.

final slide. Pye, S. (2006 ). Eight steps to hazardous materials management. Emergency
film group. Retrieved from http://www.efilmgroup.com
 Follow the guidelines in Chapter 9 for setting Trucker burned in fiery Mass. highway crash dies. (2008, March 27). Fox News.

up your references list. Retrieved from http://www.foxnews.com

 Remove the bullets, and do not number your

sources.

43
11
SAMPLE RESEARCH These are standard
formatting
guidelines; however,

PAPERS your professor may

request a different
format.
Always follow your
professor’s
Research Essay Format instructions.

1. Use one-inch (2.54 cm) margins on all sides of the page.

2. Use a clear, easy-to-read font (12-point Times New Roman or a serif font) for the entire
paper.
3. Use two spaces after end punctuation (periods, question marks, exclamation points) but a
single space after periods on the References list.
4. Evenly double space the entire paper. Leave no extra lines between paragraphs.
5. Indent the first line of each paragraph by 1/2 inch (1.27 cm) or 5 spaces.
6. Include a running head on each page, including the title page. The running head contains a
shortened version of your title with no more than 50 characters (counting letters, spaces,
and punctuation) and the page number. The title in the running head should be in all
upper-case letters, left-justified. The page numbers should appear at the right margin. Do
not put words (page), initials (p or pg), or number symbols (#) before the numbers.
7. Put the title of your essay (fewer than 50 characters), your name, and the date on the title
page. Centre each one on its own line, starting about one-third of the way down the page
with the running head at the top of the page. On the title page only, precede the running
head with the words Running head : in regular font.
8. Start the body of your essay on page 2 with the essay’s full title on a separate line as the
first element.
9. Centre the title, but do not underline it.
10. Start your list of references on a separate page. See Chapter 9 for details on formatting
the references.

44
Research Report Format
Follow the directions for formatting a research essay, but add the following elements as
directed by your professor:
 a letter of transmittal (as directed)
 a brief summary of your report after the title page, and
 headings and subheadings to divide your report into sections.

Format for Headings and Subheadings

The title of the document appears at the beginning of the document. It is centred but not in
boldface.
Title of Essay or Report
First Level, Centred, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase
Second Level, Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase
Third level, indented, boldface, lowercase, ending with period. The first sentence of
this paragraph begins on the same line.
Fourth level, indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase, ending with period. The first
sentence of this paragraph begins on the same line.
Fifth level, indented, italicized, lowercase, ending with period. The first sentence of this
paragraph begins on the same line.

45
SAMPLE STUDENT
RESEARCH ESSAY
This essay follows standard formatting guidelines; however, your professor may request a
different format.
Always follow your professor’s instructions.

46
Running head: THE BENEFITS OF FULL-DAY KINDERGARTEN 1

The Benefits of Full-day Kindergarten

E. Prudom

April 4, 2014

Sample Student Research Essay

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THE BENEFITS OF FULL-DAY KINDERGARTEN 2

The Benefits of Full-day Kindergarten

In September 2010, the province of Ontario launched a new education program that has

four and five-year-olds attend elementary school all day, every day. These children are taught

by a certified teacher and an early childhood educator. They learn and explore through a play-

based, child-centered curriculum. This new full-day kindergarten (FDK) program will be

implemented in all schools across the province by the 2014-2015 school year (Lambton Kent

District School Board, 2013). Liz Sandals, the Minister of Education in Ontario, reflected on

the success of the FDK program: “FDK is helping our youngest learners develop the valuable

skills that will give them every opportunity to succeed” (as cited in Ministry of Education,

2013). Sandals argues that this new full-day kindergarten program is not only helping set the

foundation for learning, but also helping our children become successful. Full-day kindergarten

provides the optimal learning environment for children to grow, learn and develop through a

play-based, child-centered curriculum. Full-day kindergarten provides an early foundation for

learning and offers an enhanced environment for young children to explore through inquiry-

based play.

To begin, full-day kindergarten helps prepare young children for the transition to grade

one. Studies show that full-day early learning has long-term benefits for young children’s

academic and social skills while making the transition to grade one easier (Ministry of

Education, 2012). A study conducted by Queen’s and McMaster universities shows that

children who attended junior and senior full-day kindergarten were stronger in nearly all the

learning skills by grade one, compared to children who attended one year of full-day learning or

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THE BENEFITS OF FULL-DAY KINDERGARTEN 3

children who attended none at all (Brown, 2013). In schools where full-day kindergarten has

been implemented, teachers who teach grade one and two are seeing an improvement in

children’s academic performance because of their independence and focused attention

(Whitnall, 2014). The article “Ontario’s Full-day Kindergarten a Success Story” explains that

FDK helps vulnerable students succeed in grade one: “Before full-day kindergarten was on

offer, 27 per cent of Ontario children entering Grade 1 were vulnerable, at risk at failing before

their first day in school begins” (Pascal, 2013). After the implementation of FDK, the number

of vulnerable students has dropped: “When looking at the evidence, the number of children with

risk factors who have had two years of full-day kindergarten has dropped from 27 per cent to 20

per cent” (Pascal, 2013). Therefore, full-day kindergarten prepares young children for the

transition to grade one by giving them the opportunity to refine their strengths and improve the

areas where they struggle.

Another important benefit of the new full-day early learning model is that it decreases

the risks of difficulties in several areas of child development and, at the same time, increases

mature, socially acceptable behaviour in young children. Previous research has shown that full-

day kindergarten programs are favoured in comparison to half-day programs based on

academics and social development (Walston, West, & Rathbun, 2005). The document Study

Shows Benefits of Full-Day Kindergarten explains how FDK is benefiting young children in

regards to reducing developmental difficulties. This document compares children who have

had two years of FDK and children who have had no FDK experience. The benefits of a full-

day program are clearly demonstrated: “[FDK] reduced risks in social competence development

from 10.5 per cent to 5.2 per cent” (Ministry of Education, 2013). The document also

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THE BENEFITS OF FULL-DAY KINDERGARTEN 4

addressed how FDK is helping children improve their thinking and language skills: “[FDK]

reduced risks in language and cognitive development from 16.4 per cent to 4.3 per

cent” (Ministry of Education, 2013). Finally, this research indicates that children are stronger

in their overall communication and broad knowledge: “[FDK] reduced risks in communication

skills and general knowledge development from 10.5 per cent to 5.6 per cent” (Ministry of

Education, 2013). Likewise, research conducted by the University of Toronto found that

children who attended FDK scored higher in reading, mathematics, and overall vocabulary

compared to children in half-day programs (Gillis, 2013). Furthermore, full-day kindergarten

also promotes positive behavior in young children. Children enrolled in FDK adapt more

quickly to routines, have better attention spans, and have more exposure to experiences that

promote self-regulation (Ministry of Education, 2013). Full-day kindergarten produces

children who are less dependent on adults for approval and permission. In addition to these

findings, children who attend FDK show the ability to take part in independent learning and

work co-operatively with peers. Also, children from this schooling background experience less

withdrawal, anger, and shyness. They are also less likely to engage in blaming behaviour with

other children (Miller, 2001). Clearly, full-day kindergarten helps improve areas of

development where children may be struggling and encourages them to be independent and

possess the ability to self-regulate.

Finally, early childhood educators (ECE) are an asset to the classroom and complement

the teacher by adding support and new ideas. In full-day kindergarten, certified teachers and

early childhood educators work as a team to provide the best experience for young children by

implementing play-based activities and by following a new curriculum (Ministry of Education,

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THE BENEFITS OF FULL-DAY KINDERGARTEN 5

2012). This new approach offers a continuous, extended day program for young children (“The

New Teaching,” 2011). Early childhood educators are beneficial to the classroom because they

are experts in child development. In school, ECEs are taught to focus on the domains in child

development. These domains include social, emotional, physical, communicative, and

cognitive. Since ECEs have this type of training, they are able to assist the teacher in

recognizing each child’s strengths and areas of needed improvement. In addition, ECEs also

provide better teacher/student ratios, resulting in small group learning and more one-on-one

attention. This type of classroom results in more control and less stress for both the teacher and

the ECE. Furthermore, ECEs complement this new system because they have experience

working with children and their families as a whole. Throughout their training, they have

learned how to communicate successfully with their students’ parents and are confident when

talking about ways to help each child improve in the different domains (“Early Childhood

Educators,” n.d.). Therefore, early childhood educators strengthen the learning environment by

using their strengths and skills to support the young children in their care.

Children reap many benefits, both long-term and short-term, from attending a full-day

kindergarten program. Full-day kindergarten makes the transition from kindergarten to grade

one seamless. Furthermore, this new early learning program helps children improve and

succeed academically, socially, and personally. Also, early childhood educators complement

this new system by supporting the children, their parents, and the teacher. Thus, full-day

kindergarten offers a relaxed learning environment for children to explore, discover, and

investigate different concepts and principles through informal play, with the support and

guidance of certified teachers and early childhood educators.

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THE BENEFITS OF FULL-DAY KINDERGARTEN 6

References

Brown, L. (2013, September 3). Full-day kindergarten gives kids huge step up, study shows.

Toronto Star. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com

Early childhood educators and full-day kindergarten. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://ecesandfdk.

weebly.com

Gillis, C. (2013, May 27). The munchkin invasion. Maclean’s, 126(19-20).

Lambton Kent District School Board. (2013). Full day kindergarten (FDK) program. Retrieved

from http://www.lkdsb.net

Miller, A. (2001). Full-day kindergarten. Retrieved from http://ecap.crc.illinois.edu/poptopics/

fullday.html

Ministry of Education. (2013, September 3). Study shows benefits of full-day kindergarten.

Retrieved from http://news.ontario.ca

Ministry of Education. (2012). Full-day kindergarten for four-and five-year-olds. Retrieved

from ontario.ca/kindergarten

The new teaching team in full day kindergarten. (2011, March 14). TV O parents. Retrieved

from http://tvoparents.tvo.org/article/new-teaching-team-full-day-kindergarten

Pascal, C. (2013, September 5). Ontario’s full-day kindergarten a success story. Toronto Star.

Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com

Walston, J., West, J., & Rathbun, A. H. (2005). Do the greater academic gains made by full-day

kindergarten children persist through third grade? Paper presented at the American

Educational Research Association 2005 Annual Conference, Montreal, QC. Retrieved from

http://hopkintonschools.org/hms/principal/attachments/Academic_Gains_ FDK.pdf

Sample Student Research Essay

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THE BENEFITS OF FULL-DAY KINDERGARTEN 7

Whitnall, C. (2014, March 5). Why full-day kindergarten has better prepared our kids for grade

1. myKawartha.com. Retrieved from http://www.mykawartha.com

Sample Student Research Essay

53
SAMPLE STUDENT
RESEARCH REPORT
This report follows standard formatting guidelines; however, your professor may request
a different format.
Always follow your professor’s instructions.

54
Running head: ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 1

Environmental Effects of Fracking

Kurtis Nelson

December 9, 2015

Sample Student Research Report

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ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 2

Summary

This report by Kurtis Nelson entitled “Environmental Effects of Fracking” provides an

overview of some of the environmental effects of hydraulic fracturing. Nelson explains the

basics of how fracking works in order to provide context on why environmental issues may

arise from this type of mining. Nelson then focuses on how studies have proven that

fracking operations are affecting surrounding water, soil, and air quality. Students wanting

to gain a better understanding of what fracking is and how it is potentially causing long-

term damage to the environment should view this report to gain a better grasp on the true

impacts of fracking.

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ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 3

Environmental Effects of Fracking

Introduction

Hydraulic fracturing, or “fracking,” is a process whereby large volumes of water are

mixed with chemicals and a sand propellant and then injected into shale rock at high

pressures. The water mixed with the sand and chemicals causes the shale rock to fracture and

release pockets of natural gas and oil which are collected and sold to refineries throughout

the world (Evenson, Jacquet, Clarke, & Stedman, 2014, p. 300). When looking at the long

history of oil and natural gas extraction, the term

fracking, until recently, was just a minor footnote,

but new advancements in the extraction process

have led to huge growth in the North American oil

and natural gas markets since the year 2000

(Lallanilla, 2015). While this boon in oil and

natural gas has certainly ensured economic

growth, there are many who feel that the negative

environmental issues associated with fracking far

outweigh any economic benefits. Examples of Figure 1. Fracking for fuel (Howarth,
Ingraffea, & Engelder, 2011, p. 272)

negative fracking effects can be seen in Figure 1.

This report will explore the effects that fracking operations have had on various types

of environments in North America. Specifically, the purpose of the report is to raise

awareness on how fresh water, soil, and air quality are all affected by fracking wells.

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ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 4

Effects on Water

The way in which fracking affects water, specifically fresh water, has been one of the

biggest environmental concerns amongst those who oppose the process. Fracking wells

require huge amounts of water in order to break apart the shale rock to release the natural gas

and oil. According to Mehany and Guggemos (2015), most fracking wells require, on

average, 6 million gallons of water in order to keep the fissures in the shale rock open (p.

172). The amount of fresh water used can severely affect the quality and amount of a

community’s reservoir of fresh water. According to an Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA) study, around 35,000 fracking wells active in the U.S. use an estimated 70 to 140

billion gallons of water annually; to put these numbers into perspective, one or two cities with

a population of 2.5 million people would use this same amount of water every year (as cited

in Mehany & Guggemos, 2015, p. 172). With recent drought conditions affecting large areas

in North America, one would hope that big oil is considering the ramifications of using such a

large quantity of water when it could be helpful elsewhere.

Another concern is what happens with the fresh water used during the process. Silva,

Matis, Kostedt, and Watkins (2012) describe “frac” water as the water that is used in fracking

mines. This frac water is contaminated not only by the initial chemicals injected, but also by

compounds and heavy metals located in the shale rock. Fracking water can become highly

saline by collecting ground salts; hard by absorbing magnesium, calcium, strontium and

barium; and radioactive by absorbing radium. This fracking water is very hard to treat, and, in

some cases, the water has been trucked away and disposed of by pumping the water into

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ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 5

underground caverns or storage facilities (p. 172). A final concern regarding water used in

fracking is the possibility of contaminating drinking water. Research on shallow ground

water systems in an area with a large volume of fracking operations has shown that

fracking can release large amounts of methane, which can contaminate drinking water

(Osborn, Vengosh, Warner, & Jackson, 2011, p. 8172). These concerns are further

exacerbated because contaminated water at holding facilities may leak and enter local

water tables (Benavides & Diwekar, 2015). Fresh water is an essential resource;

individuals should be exploring the impact of fracking if for no other reason than the sheer

amount of fresh water these operations are using. As this water may also be rendered

useless, as well as the potential for contaminating drinking water, it is imperative that

companies start looking into the real effects of fracking.

Effects on Stability and Viability of Soil

The stability of the surrounding earth and the potential for environmental upsets

around fracking mines are other areas in which many experts have identified concerns

regarding fracking operations. As fracking is essentially destroying or breaking

underground rock formations, research by the Colorado School of Mines has related

seismic activity to ground fault activity in Colorado which was caused by fracking mines.

They also state that there has been seismic activity recorded in Dallas, Ohio, and Britain

directly related to underground injections in fracking operations (as cited in Mehany &

Guggemos, 2015, p. 173). Peduzzi and Harding (2013) state that while the risk of a major

earthquake due to fracking is unlikely, it is a possibility that cannot be ruled out, especially

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 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 6

after 50 minor earthquakes were linked to the completion of a major fracking operation in

Oklahoma (p. 93). While the full seismic effects in regions where fracking is taking place have

yet to be fully explored, and the lasting effects will not be known until these operations shut

down, the immediate impact of fracking on the surrounding environment can be noticed by the

clearing of land in order to set up mining operations (Peduzzi & Harding, 2013, p. 94). This

clear cutting (removal of all vegetation) can lead to a decrease in biodiversity as well as soil

erosion and the disposition of sediment. Old fracking mines affect the salinity and the acidity of

the surrounding soil; in some cases, the soil is so badly affected that reclamation projects prove

to be impossible (Peduzzi & Harding, 2013, p. 94). Potential for earthquakes, as well as impacts

on the local environment, are additional reasons why the impacts of fracking must be further

studied.

Effects on Air Quality

The final area of environmental concern with regards to fracking is how these operations

affect air quality. Not only are fracking operations releasing large amounts of hydrocarbons

which may be contributing to global warming, but of all the areas of concern discussed

previously, the effects of emissions and the resulting pollution which is contaminating air

quality may have the biggest overall impact on the people living in the surrounding areas.

Methane is one of the major greenhouse gases, and a study conducted by the National Oceanic

and Atmospheric Administration shows that wells located in Weld County, Colorado, were

releasing up to 4% of the methane that was being mined (methane is the main component of

natural gas); by way of comparison, this amount would equal the emissions produced by 1-3

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ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 7

million cars (as cited in Hoffman, 2012). While global warming is certainly a popular topic,

McKenzie, Witter, Newman, and Adgate (2012) also show that ambient air in areas located

close to fracking operations were deemed to be polluted by a mixture of the material used in the

fracking process, by the tanks containing polluted water, and by the natural gas being mined. As

a result of these airborne pollutants, people living in the surrounding areas may be more

susceptible to health concerns ranging from eye irritation to several forms of cancer (p. 80). The

results of many of these studies have yet to be compared to existing data regarding the effects of

air pollution from traditional mining sites, but it is clear that the air in these environments is

being affected (McKenzie et al., 2012, p. 80). The sheer volume of fracking operations should

be giving individuals pause and making them consider what these sites are doing to air quality.

Conclusion

The reality is that fracking operations are not going to stop any time soon; the economic

benefits are far too important to big businesses and the North American governments. The

overall impact on the environment, however, is something that cannot be ignored. The water,

soil and air on this planet are all finite resources, and some of these resources are being polluted

to the point where they can no longer be used. While it is true that not all of these studies are

complete, and the long-term effects of fracking may not be known for years, many believe that

companies must start taking a harder look at the environmental consequences of these

operations. Perhaps by studying environmental effects further, large oil companies can come up

with methods to not only minimize the damage that fracking is causing on the environment, but

also to implement new technologies for extracting natural gas and oil that mitigate any

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ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 8

environmental effects. Likely, the pursuit of profit will win a majority of arguments, but

hopefully, oil companies will look at the effects that fracking operations are having on the

environment and weigh these as equally important as the economic benefits so that the true cost

of fracking can be determined.

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ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 9

References

Benavides, P. T., & Diwekar, U. (2015). Optimal design of adsorbents for norm removal from

produced water in natural gas fracking. Part 1: Group contribution method for

absorption. Chemical Engineering Science, 137, 964-976. doi:10.1016/

j.ces.2015.07.012

Evenson, D., Jacquet, J. B., Clarke, C. E., & Stedman, R. C. (2014). What’s the ‘fracking’

problem? One word can’t say it all. The Extractive Industries and Society, 1(2), 130-

136. doi:10.1016/j.exis.2014.06.004

Hoffman, J. (2012). Potential health and environmental effects of hydrofracking in the

Williston Basin, Montana. Retrieved from http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/

health/case_studies/hydrofracking_w.html

Howarth, R. H., Ingraffea, A., & Engelder, T. (2011). Natural gas: Should fracking stop?

Nature, 477(7364), 271-275. doi:10.1038/477271a

Lallanilla, M. (2015, January 23). Facts about fracking. Retrieved from http://

www.livescience.com/34464-what-is-fracking.html

McKenzie, L. M., Witter, R. Z., Newman, L. S., & Adgate, J. L. (2012). Human health risk

assessment of air emissions from development of unconventional natural gas resources.

Science of the Total Environment, 424, 79-87. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.02.018

Mehany, M. S. H. M., & Guggemos, A. (2015). A literature survey of the fracking economic

and environmental implications in the United States. Procedia Engineering, 118, 169-

176. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.415

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ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 10

Osborn, S. G., Vengosh, A., Warner, N. R., & Jackson, R. B. (2011). Methane contamination of

drinking water accompanying gas-well drilling and hydraulic fracturing. PNA S, 108

(20), 8172-8176. doi:10.1073/pnas.1100682108

Peduzzi, P., & Harding. R. (2013). Gas fracking: Can we safely squeeze the rocks?

Environmental Development, 6, 86-99. doi:10.1016/j.envdev.2012.12.001

Silva, J. M., Matis, H., Kostedt, W. L., & Watkins, V. (2012). Produced water pretreatment for

water recovery and salt production. RPSEA . Retrieved from https://www.netl.doe.gov/

File%20Library/Research/OilGas/Natural%20Gas/shale%20gas/08122-36-final-

report.pdf

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SAMPLE STUDENT
RESEARCH ESSAY WITH
ABSTRACT
This essay follows standard formatting guidelines; however, your professor may request a
different format.
Always follow your professor’s instructions.

65
Running head: MAGGOT DEBRIDEMENT THERAPY 1

Maggot Debridement Therapy:

Nursing Implications and Perceptions

Anthony Geldhof - C0623020

Lambton College of Applied Arts and Technology

March 31, 2014

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MAGGOT DEBRIDEMENT THERAPY 2

Abstract

The resurgence of maggot debridement therapy is examined by looking at its historical

application on the battlefield. Discovering the efficacy of maggot therapy in destroying

multidrug resistant pathogens is leading scientists to examine maggot secretions for future

applications in medicine. The economical aspect of maggot therapy is then compared to the

significant costs of present day surgical debridement. Finally, the nursing perspectives and

perception of maggot therapy is highlighted as nurses struggle to accept this very effective

alternative to surgical debridement and amputation.

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MAGGOT DEBRIDEMENT THERAPY 3
Maggot Debridement Therapy:

Nursing Implications and Perceptions

Maggot Debridement Therapy [MDT] is an ancient practice that is experiencing a

renaissance. With the evolution of drug resistant pathogens and drastic cost cutting measures

devastating the health care system, MDT is making a comeback. Nurses must be fully

prepared to educate themselves and their clients about the significant benefits of this

remarkable wound therapy.

MDT History and Definition

Nurses have been using maggots to heal wounds since Biblical times. The practice is

mentioned in the Bible where it is specified that Job’s broken skin was “clothed with worms”

to help him recover (Flinn, 2011). Napoleon’s personal field surgeon, Baron Larrey, was the

first doctor to document the use of maggots to heal wounds on the battlefield. He noted that

the worms “reduced the development of infection and accelerated healing” (as cited in

Pettican & Baptista, 2012, p. 28). American Civil War doctors Zacharias and Jones initiated

the first clinical applications of maggot therapy, unwittingly saving life and limb at a time

before microbes were known to cause infection (as cited in Pettican & Baptista, 2012, p. 28).

While working as an army doctor during WWI, William Baer witnessed something

astounding. Two seriously wounded soldiers were brought into his theater after lying on a

battlefield for a week. They had compound fractures of their femurs and near eviscerating

abdominal wounds. The wounds were infested with maggots and there was little hope of

saving them. After washing off the worms, Baer discovered the wounds were remarkably

clean, with healthy pink granulation tissue, and they were free of sepsis. This discovery

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MAGGOT DEBRIDEMENT THERAPY 4

inspired him to present innovative work in maggot therapy, using the larvae to treat bone and

soft tissue infections (as cited in Menon, 2012, p. S38). In 2004, the United States Food and

Drug Administration approved MDT “for treating foot ulcers, bed sores and postsurgical

wounds” (Collier, 2010, p. E121). Without touching healthy tissue, maggots eat only necrotic

flesh. They do this by secreting digestive enzymes that break down the dead tissue. These

same enzymes destroy bacteria and speed healing (as cited in Collier, 2010, p. E121).

Maggots and Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria

Maggots used in a medical setting are sterile, and these blowfly larvae not only have

an affinity for necrotic tissue, they also prefer to have antibiotic resistant pathogenic microbes

on the side. This trait has encouraged the use of MDT to treat wounds that are not responding

to modern antibiotics (as cited in Heitkamp, Peck, & Kirkup, 2012, p. 1414). In the 1990’s,

the frightening emergence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus [MRSA] shocked

the medical world. Struggling to combat dangerous enemies like MRSA has forced nurses to

rediscover alternative methods of wound treatment (as cited in Heitkamp et al., 2012, p.

1414). Studies have discovered antibiotic substances in the enzymes maggots secrete. These

secretions were seen to have an inhibitory effect on dangerous pathogens like Staphylococcus

aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The ammonia in maggot excrement

also raised the pH levels in the wounds, and bacteria cannot live in an alkaline environment.

The most interesting findings of these studies were revealed after the maggots were dissected.

The stomachs and foreguts of the maggots were heavily polluted with deadly bacteria, but the

hindguts were sterile. Therefore, bacteria die as they pass through the larvae’s digestive tract

(as cited in Pettican & Baptista, 2012, pp. 28-29). Maggots can also destroy the biofilm some

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MAGGOT DEBRIDEMENT THERAPY 5

bacteria produce to protect themselves. This biofilm can make a bacterium almost

indestructible (as cited in Menon, 2012, p. S40). In the near future, scientists are sure to

determine the properties that make maggot secretions so powerful and develop medicines to

help nurses in the war against multidrug-resistant bacteria (Flinn, 2011). Microbiology aside,

all nurses need to know is that maggots can transform a foul smelling, infected wound into a

clean and healthy wound in just a few days (Robinson, 2010, p. 28). This phenomenon can

translate into major savings for the health care system.

Cost Effectiveness of Maggots

An MDT treatment costs only around $100. Depending on the size and complexity of

the wound, three or four sessions of maggot therapy are required to clean the wound (Collier,

2010, p. E121). MDT is significantly less expensive than a major surgical procedure

performed in an operating theatre. After the operation, expensive antibacterial packing and

dressings must be applied on a continuous basis by working nurses. These dressings would

only be successful on wounds that were free of devitalized tissue, which is difficult to

distinguish, even with the trained eyes of a surgeon (as cited in Pettican & Baptista, 2012, p.

32). Surgical debridement of a typical diabetic ulcer costs around $4700. Then it takes three

months to fully achieve using expensive antibacterial dressings impregnated with silver,

which must be applied by a nurse specially trained in post-surgical wound care. Using MDT,

treatment of the same wound would cost approximately $400. Complete debridement can be

achieved in only five days, and the wound heals much quicker (Robinson, 2010, p. 29). On

the occasion when surgical debridement fails to heal a wound, an amputation must be

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MAGGOT DEBRIDEMENT THERAPY 6

performed to prevent septicemia. The patient must then undergo psychological therapy to

alleviate the trauma and months of physical rehabilitation, all this at incredible expense, while

leaving the patient with a poorer quality of life (Pettican & Baptista, 2012, p. 31). Despite

the low cost and high efficacy of maggot debridement therapy, doctors and nurses rarely

consider this course of treatment until all other alternatives have failed. As a last resort, to

avoid limb amputation, they must overcome the “yuck factor” (as cited in Heitkamp et al.,

2012, p. 1411).

The “Yuck” Factor

When people think of maggots, they usually imagine the huge juicy ones that squirm

frantically when anglers stab them with a hook or associate them with the stench of death and

decay. In reality, the maggots used in medical settings are sterile and tiny, only a few

millimeters long or smaller than a grain of rice (as cited in Robinson, 2010, p. 28). Dr.

Harriet Hopf, vice-president of the Florida-based Wound Healing Society, uses maggots only

in lower body wounds. When she tried them in upper trunk wounds, the patients could see

them working and found this sight unsettling (as cited in Collier, 2010, p. E121). It is

actually the maggots’ secretions that debride the wound. The maggots do not nibble with their

mandibles; they use them to move around inside the wound (as cited in Menon, 2012, p. S39).

The management of pain should be the focus of nursing intervention in MDT. Exposed nerve

endings, the buildup of digestive enzymes, and the elevated pH of the wound environment

can make it tender. If pain is controlled and the patients are educated about the beneficial

wound healing properties of MDT, most will readily accept it (as cited in Robinson, 2010, p.

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MAGGOT DEBRIDEMENT THERAPY 7

29). The nurse must explain the treatment in a kind and sensitive manner to help the patient

consent to the procedure (as cited in Menon, 2012, p. S41).

Nurses seem more reluctant than patients to embrace the benefits of maggot wound

debridement therapy. As the practice becomes more commonplace, the benefits will be more

evident for nurses to see. Not only does larval therapy facilitate the selective debridement of

devitalized tissue, but also the treatment has the added benefit of stopping and eliminating the

growth of harmful bacteria, which is a great boon for nurses struggling to stem the spread of

nosocomial infections. This bactericidal benefit, in combination with yet to be discovered

processes of wound healing, will eventually establish the effectiveness of MDT for the health

care system, both clinically and financially, in the years to come.

Sample Student Research Essay

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MAGGOT DEBRIDEMENT THERAPY 8

References

Collier, R. (2010). New interest in maggot therapy. Canadian Medical A ssociation Journal,

182(2), E121-E122. doi:10.1503/cmaj.109-3133

Flinn, R. (2011, September 18). Maggots heal diabetic wounds after other methods fail in

study. Bloomberg Technology. Retrieved from www.bloomberg.com

Heitkamp, R. A., Peck, G. W., & Kirkup, B. C. (2012). Maggot debridement therapy in

modern army medicine: Perceptions and prevalence. Military Medicine, 177(11), 1411

-1416. doi: 10.7205/MILMED-D-12-00200

Menon, J. (2012). Maggot therapy: A literature review of methods and patient experience.

British Journal of Nursing, 21(5), S38-S42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1268/

bjon.2012.21Sup5.S38

Pettican, A., & Baptista, C. (2012). Maggot debridement therapy and its role in chronic

wound management. Singapore Nursing Journal, 39(1), 27-33. Available from

www.sna.org.sg

Robinson, F. (2010). Maggot therapy for wound healing. Practice Nurse, 39(3), 28-29.

Available from www.practicnurse.co.uk

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73
Appendices
A - Capitalization and Punctuation

B - Proper Nouns / Naming Conventions

C - Two-Digit Province & State Codes

D - Checklist for Parenthetical References

E - Checklist for References Page

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APPENDIX A
Capitalization and Punctuation
While APA documentation uses special rules for capitalization and punctuation on the
references page, standard English rules apply everywhere else in your research paper,
including in parenthetical references (in-text citations).

Standard English References Page

Titles of Books, Pamphlets, Brochures, Titles of Books, Pamphlets, Brochures,
Movies, Websites, etc. Movies, Websites, etc.
 Italicize the entire title.  Italicize the entire title.
 Capitalize the first and last words  Capitalize only the first word of the title
and most words except articles (a, and subtitle and proper nouns.
an, the) and connecting words of
fewer than five letters (and, or, in,
to, from, but, etc.).

The Right to Die: Thoughts on Euthanasia The right to die: Thoughts on euthanasia
Studies on Youth Crime Studies on youth crime
Global Sunday Global Sunday
APA Style.org APA style.org

Titles of Periodicals (Newspapers, Titles of Periodicals (Newspapers,

Magazines, and Journals) Magazines, and Journals)
 Italicize the entire title.  Italicize the entire title.
 Capitalize the first and last words and  Capitalize the first and last words and
most words except articles (a, an, the) most words except articles (a, an, the)
and connecting words of fewer than and connecting words of fewer than
five letters (and, or, in, to, from, but, five letters (and, or, in, to, from, but,
etc.). etc.).
The National Post The National Post
Canadian Geographic Canadian Geographic
Journal of the Association for History and Journal of the Association for History and
Computing Computing

75
Standard English (cont.) References Page (cont.)
Titles of Articles or Chapters Titles of Articles or Chapters
 Put double quotation marks around  No quotation marks around the title.
the entire title.  Capitalize only the first word of the title
 Capitalize the first and last words of (and subtitle) and proper nouns.
the title (and first word of the
subtitle) and most words except
articles (a, an, the) and connecting
words with four letters or fewer
(and, or, in, to, from, near, etc.).

“Historian Resigns from Pulitzer Board” Historian resigns from Pulitzer board
“Homeless Women in Peril” Homeless women in peril

Quotation Marks, Italics, and Underlining

 Double quotation marks are used in the body of the paper to surround the following:
 The exact words taken from your sources if the passage is shorter than forty words.
 The titles of short works (a poem or a song) or parts of a larger work (article in a
periodical, page on a website, or chapter in a book, etc.).
 Single quotation marks are used in the body of the paper only in the following
situation:
To replace double quotation marks in a short quotation (shorter than forty words)
if the original passage contains double quotation marks.
 Italics are used in the body of the work and on the references page to indicate the
following:
The titles of works including books, pamphlets, periodicals, movies, websites,
television programs, etc.
 Underlining is used to replace italics only when italics cannot be used, for example,
when handwriting a document (as on a test).

Never use a combination of italics, underlining, and double quotation marks for
a single work.
 Use italics for all titles except short works or parts of a larger work.
 Use underlining if you cannot use italics.
 Use double quotation marks for titles of short works (poem or song) or parts of a larger
work (article in a periodical, page on a website, or chapter in a book).

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APPENDIX B
Proper Nouns
Proper nouns are always capitalized, both in the body of your report and on the References
page. Proper nouns are the names of specific people, places, or things.

EXAMPLES
Each part of a person's name:
Michaëlle Jean Stephen Joseph Harper Bart Simpson

Given or pet names of animals:

Fluffy Big Ben Scooby Doo

Geographical and celestial names:

Lake Huron St. Clair River Jupiter

Monuments, buildings, meeting rooms:

Queen’s Park Air Canada Centre Room M202

Historical events, documents, laws, and historical periods:

the War of 1812 the Motor Vehicles Safety Act the Great Depression

Months, days of the week, holidays:

March Tuesday Labour Day

Groups and languages:

Iroquois the Green Party National Hockey League French

Religions, deities, scriptures:

Buddhism God Zeus the Bible the Torah

Awards, vehicles, vehicle models, brand names:

the Order of Canada Toyota Corolla Coca Cola Canadian Coast Guard Ship
Samuel Risley

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Naming Conventions
In APA documentation, surnames and initials are used, so you must be able to find the sur‐
name and convert first and middle names to initials.
When you see an unfamiliar name, you may have trouble deciding which is the first name and
which is the surname. Understanding English naming conventions may help.

Normal Order—First Middle Surname (no punctuation)

Kim Choo Narin Chakrabarti
Les Clark Mary Jane Comiskey
Lawrence Henry Shahram Karimi
Kelly Murray-Scott Anna Lucy Robinson
Gayle Van Altena Hui Lan Zhang

Inverted Order—Surname, First Middle (comma after surname)

Choo, Kim Chakrabarti, Narin
Clark, Les Comiskey, Mary Jane
Henry, Lawrence Karimi, Shahram
Murray-Scott, Kelly Robinson, Anna Lucy
Van Altena, Gayle Zhang, Hui Lan

References List—Surname, F. M. (comma after surname, initials)

Choo, K. Chakrabarti, N.
Clark, L. Comiskey, M. J.
Henry, L. Karimi, S.
Murray-Scott, K. Robinson, A. L.
Van Altena, G. Zhang, H. L.

 Hyphenated names stay together

 Van is usually a part of the surname—it stays in front of the surname.

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APPENDIX C
Two-Digit Province & State Codes
Provide the appropriate code for all cities used on the References list. Write out country
names in full.

Provinces and Territories (Canada)

Alberta AB Nova Scotia NS
British Columbia BC Nunavut NU
Manitoba MB Ontario ON
New Brunswick NB Prince Edward Island PE
Newfoundland and Labrador NL Quebec QC
Northwest Territories NT Saskatchewan SK
Yukon YT
States (United States of America)
Alabama AL Montana MT
Alaska AK Nebraska NE
Arizona AZ Nevada NV
Arkansas AR New Hampshire NH
California CA New Jersey NJ
Colorado CO New Mexico NM
Connecticut CT New York NY
Delaware DE North Carolina NC
District of Columbia DC North Dakota ND
Florida FL Ohio OH
Georgia GA Oklahoma OK
Hawaii HI Oregon OR
Idaho ID Pennsylvania PA
Illinois IL Rhode Island RI
Indiana IN South Carolina SC
Iowa IA South Dakota SD
Kansas KS Tennessee TN
Kentucky KY Texas TX
Louisiana LA Utah UT
Maine ME Vermont VT
Maryland MD Virginia VA
Massachusetts MA West Virginia WV
Michigan MI Washington WA
Minnesota MN Wisconsin WI
Mississippi MS Wyoming WY
Missouri MO 79
APPENDIX D
Checklist for Parenthetical References
Provide parenthetical references (in-text citations) for all borrowed material. The reference
must include the author (or title if no author), year, and specific page numbers (where
available).
Make sure your parenthetical references correspond with your references page.

Quotations
Did you
 Put double quotation marks around exact words taken directly from a secondary source?
 Lead into your quotation?
 Use as little of the quotation as necessary to get the meaning across?
 Copy the material exactly as it appears?
 Use ellipses and square brackets correctly?
 Create grammatically correct sentences with your quotation and lead-in?
 Use block form for a quotation that is 40 words or longer?
 Follow the guidelines in Chapter 3?

Paraphrasing and Summarizing

Did you
 Rewrite the passage using different sentence structure and vocabulary?
 Use the author’s name and credentials in the lead-in to the passage?
 Cut out repeated sections, but include all key ideas?
 Review the paraphrase or summary to make sure it has the same meaning as the
original?
 Follow the guidelines in Chapters 4 and 5?

Pictures, Illustrations, Maps, and Charts

Did you
 Label each picture, illustration, map, or chart (Figure 1, Figure 2, etc.)?
 Provide a caption that briefly describes each picture, illustration, map, or chart?
 Provide a parenthetical reference after the caption for each picture, illustration, map or
chart?
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APPENDIX E
Checklist for References Page
Do not list any publication in your reference list that you do not cite.

Did you
 Use a separate page with the same header as the rest of the essay?
 Title the section References, centred with no underline or bold?
 Put the entries in alphabetical order?
 Double space with no extra lines between the entries?
 Use indentation properly?
 Start with the authors’ surnames followed by all initials?
 Use a comma to separate surnames and their initials and to separate authors’ names?
 Use an ampersand (&) before the last author if there are two or more?
 Start with the title followed by the date of publication if there is no author?
 Place the date (in parentheses) as the second item?
 Put the date in the right order (year, month day)?
 Write out the names of the month in full (no abbreviations)?
 Use n.d. in parentheses if there is no date?
 Italicize the titles of books, brochures, government documents, periodicals, websites,
movies, etc.?
 Capitalize only the first word and proper nouns for titles and subtitles of everything but
periodicals?
 Shorten the publisher’s name to key words?
 End each entry with a period unless the final part of the entry is a Digital Object
Identifier (DOI) or Internet address (URL)?
 Remove the hyperlink on URLs?
 Add a DOI or retrieval statement for items retrieved from the Internet?
 Add a retrieval date (Month day, year) for electronic items likely to change (wikis)?
 Follow the guidelines in Chapter 9?

81