gv`Kvmw³ I GBWm BDwbU

6
f~wgKv
gv`Kvmw³ ej‡Z gv`K`ª‡e¨i cÖwZ †bkv‡K †evSvq| †hme `ªe¨ †meb Ki‡j Avmw³i m„wó nq, Ávb AR©‡bi ¯ú„nv
I ¯§„wZkw³ K‡g hvq †m¸‡jv gv`K`ªe¨| e¨vcK A‡_© †h `ªe¨ MÖn‡Yi d‡j gvby‡li kvixwiK I gvbwmK Ae¯’vi
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †bwZevPK cwieZ©b N‡U Ges H `ª‡e¨i cÖwZ wbf©ikxjZv m„wó nq, cvkvcvwk `ªe¨wU MÖn‡Yi cwigvY
µgkB evo‡Z _v‡K Ggb `ªe¨‡K gv`K`ªe¨ e‡j| e¨w³i GB Ae¯’v‡K e‡j gv`Kvmw³| wmMv‡iU wewo, ZvgvK,
PziæU, g`, Zvwo, MuvRv, Pim, fvs, gvwiRyqvbv, †n‡ivBb, †dbwmwWj, giwdb, Bqvev BZ¨vw` gv`K`ªe¨| G GK
fqsKi †bkv| G †bkv †_‡K cwiÎvY cvIqv LyeB KwVb|
Avgv‡`i kix‡ii wbR¯^ †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv Av‡Q| d‡j †Kv‡bv †ivMRxevYy kix‡i mn‡R ÿwZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
wKš‘ Ggb wKQz ÿwZKi fvBivm Av‡Q hv kix‡ii †ivM cÖwZ‡ivaKvix ÿgZv‡K m¤ú~Y©fv‡e aŸsm K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i|
GBPAvBwf †Zgwb GKwU fvBivm| GB fvBivm i³, exh©, †hvwbim, ey‡Ki `ya, cÖf…wZi gva¨‡g A‡b¨i †`‡n
msµwgZ nq| †Kv‡bv gvby‡li kix‡i GB fvBivm cÖ‡ek Ki‡j †m Amy¯’ n‡q c‡o, cÖPwjZ wPwKrmvq †m my¯’ n‡q
I‡V bv| GBPAvBwf fvBivm Øviv msµwgZ e¨w³i Ae¯’v‡K GBWm e‡j|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 3 mßvn

G BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvVÑ6.1 : gv`K`ªe¨ I gv`Kvmw³
cvV-6.2 : gv`Kvmw³ †_‡K weiZ _vKvi Dcvq
cvV-6.3 : GBPAvBwf I GBWm
cvV-6.4 : evsjv‡`‡k GBPAvBwf I GBWm-Gi SzuwK I Zvi cÖwZ‡iva Kvh©µg
cvV-6.5 : AwURg
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq kvixwiK wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨ weÁvb I †Ljvayjv

cvV-6.1 gv`K`ªe¨ I gv`Kvmw³

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 gv`Kvmw³i KviY I jÿY eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 gv`K`ªe¨ †me‡bi Kzdj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gv`Kvmw³ ej‡Z gv`K`ª‡e¨i cÖwZ cÖPÛ Avmw³ ev †bkv‡K †evSvq| †hme `ªe¨ †meb ev cvb Ki‡j Zxeª
†bkvi m„wó nq †m¸‡jv gv`K`ªe¨| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Jla‡K e¨enviMZ Kvi‡Y gv`K`ªe¨ ejv nq|
Wv³v‡ii civgk© Qvov †Kv‡bv Jla AwZwi³ †meb Ki‡j Ges Avmw³ Rb¥v‡j †mUvI gv`K`ª‡e¨i AvIZvq c‡o|
evsjv‡`‡k cÖPwjZ gv`K`ªe¨¸‡jv‡K wb¤œwjwLZ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq:
1| Avwdg RvZxq gv`K`ªe¨: AvwdgRvZxq gv`K`ªe¨ cwc dz‡ji exR †_‡K A_ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv K…wÎg Dcv‡q cÖ¯ÍZ
Kiv nq| †hgbÑ
K) †dbwmwWj- GKmgq Kvwki Jla wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nZ| GLb G Jla evsjv‡`‡k wbwl×|
L) †cw_wWb- GwU e¨_v bvkK GKwU K…wÎg gv`K`ªe¨| gv`K †meKiv GwU Bb‡RKk‡bi gva¨‡g MÖnY K‡i †bkvMÖ¯Í
nq|
M) Avwdg- cwcdz‡ji exR †_‡K ˆZwi Kiv nq| GwU cvDWvi AvKv‡i cvIqv hvq| LvIqv Ges aygcv‡bi
gva¨‡g GwU w`‡q †bkv Kiv nq|
N) †n‡ivBb- Avwdg †_‡K ˆZwi GKwU gv`K`ªe¨| GKmgq e¨_vbvkK wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv n‡Zv| wKš‘ †bkv
wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kivq evsjv‡`‡k G‡K A‰ea †NvlYv Kiv nq|
O) giwdb- giwdbI Avwdg †_‡K †Zwi nq| GwU †e`bv bvkK wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq| GwU mwjDkb
AvKv‡i cvIqv hvq| gv`K †mweiv Bb‡RKk‡bi gva¨‡g GwU MÖnY K‡i|
2| MvRv RvZxq: Gme gv`K`ªe¨ MuvRv MvQ †_‡K ˆZwi nq| Gme gv`K`ª‡e¨i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q gvwiRyqvbv, nvwkk I fvs|
3| Ny‡gi Jla: †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †iv‡Mi wPwKrmvi Rb¨ Ny‡gi Jla †me‡bi civgk© †`qv nq| GB Ny‡gi Jla‡KI
gv`K`ªe¨ wn‡m‡e Ace¨envi Kiv n‡”Q|
4| UªvsKzBjvBRvi: G¸‡jv GK ai‡bi ewo| Ny‡gi ewoi †P‡q Kg kw³kvjx| wPwKrmvi cÖ‡qvR‡b Wv³viMY G
ewo LvIqvi civgk© w`‡q _v‡Kb| G¸‡jv n‡”Q wijv‡·b, †mwWj, f¨vwjqvg| G¸‡jv `xN©w`b e¨envi Kiv
DwPZ bq|
5| g` ev A¨vj‡Kvnj: Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q †`wk, we‡`wk g` I N‡i ˆZwi g`| g` †bkvi Ab¨Zg DcKiY| G‡Z
mn‡R Avm³ nIqv hvq|
6| ZvgvK RvZxq gv`K`ªe¨: ZvgvK Mv‡Qi cvZv cÖwµqvKi‡Yi gva¨‡g gv`K`ªe¨ cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| Zvgv‡Ki g‡a¨
Av‡Q wb‡KvwUb, hv gv`K`ªe¨| Avgv‡`i †`‡k wewo, wmMv‡iU, û°v, PziæU BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g wb‡KvwUb †meb K‡i
_v‡K| wb‡KvwUb kix‡ii Rb¨ LyeB ÿwZKi|
Wvbw`‡Ki Kjv‡g gv`K`ªe¨mg~‡ni Drm D‡jøL Kiæb|
wkÿv_©xi KvR Avwdg RvZxq gv`K`ªe¨
MuvRv RvZxq gv`K`ªe¨
ZvgvK RvZxq gv`K`ªe¨

gv`K`ªe¨ †me‡bi Kzdj

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 50
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

ZvgvK I gv`K`ªe¨ †meb ej‡Z a~gcvb‡K †evSvq| a~gcvb ¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ gvivZ¥K ÿwZKi| wek¦ ¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’vi Z_¨
Abymv‡i c„w_ex‡Z cÖwZ 8 †m‡K‡Û ïay a~gcvbRwbZ Kvi‡Y GKRb e¨w³i g„Zz¨ n‡”Q|
gv`K`ªe¨ †me‡bi Kzdjmg~nÑ
 AvwdgRvZxq gv`K`ªe¨ †me‡b wewfbœ kvixwiK cÖwZwµqv †`Lv †`q †hgb- ewg ewg fve, Nvg nIqv, PzjKvwb I
gv_v‡Nviv| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î k¦vm cÖk¦v‡mi Amyweav †`Lv †`q Ges gw¯Í‡®‹i Kvh©ÿgZvI n«vm cvq|
 MuvRvRvZxq gv`K`ªe¨ e¨enviKvix‡K wb‡¯ÍR K‡i †d‡j| MuvRvRvZxq gv`K`ªe¨ †me‡bi d‡j k¦vm-cÖk¦vm
msµvšÍ mgm¨v, dzmdzm Ges Mjvi K¨vÝvi ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i|
 gvÎvwZwi³ Ny‡gi Jla †L‡j ¯§„wZkw³ †jvc cvq, Ávb nvwi‡q †kl ch©šÍ g„Zz¨I n‡Z cv‡i| Ny‡gi Jla
Wv³v‡ii civgk© Qvov LvIqv DwPZ bq|
 UªvsKzBjvBRviRvZxq Jla gvÎvwZwi³ ev `xN©w`b e¨envi Ki‡j gv_v e¨_v, cvK¯’jxi †Mvj‡hvM, Pvgovi
dzmKzwo, ewg ewg fve I wSgywbi g‡Zv gvivZ¥K †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i|
 g` ev A¨vj‡Kvn‡j Avm³ n‡q co‡j e¨w³i fv‡jv g›` wePv‡ii ÿgZv K‡g hvq| †ewk cwigvY g` cvb
Ki‡j A‡PZb n‡q co‡Z cv‡i| `xN©w`b g`cvb Ki‡j cvbKvix wewfbœ cÖKvi Acywó‡Z †fv‡M Ges wjfvi
wm‡ivwm‡mi g‡Zv gvivZ¥K †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i|
 Zvgv‡Ki g‡a¨ wb‡KvwUb Av‡Q| GwU kix‡ii Rb¨ LyeB ÿwZKi| GwU i‡³i Pvc e„w× K‡i Ges ¯œvqyZ‡š¿i
ÿwZmvab K‡i| hviv eûw`b a‡i wmMv‡iU ev ZvgvK †meb K‡i Zv‡`i dzmdzm Ges k¦vmZ‡š¿i ÿwZ nq|
 g` ev Gj‡Kvn‡j Avmw³ n‡q co‡j e¨w³i fv‡jv g›` wePvi Kivi ÿgZv †jvc cvq| `xN©w`b g` cvb Ki‡j
cvbKvix wewfbœ cÖKvi Acywó‡Z †fv‡M I ewg n‡Z cv‡i| wjfvi wm‡ivwm‡mi gZ gvivZ¥K †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i|
Jla I gv`K`ª‡e¨i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
 Jla †meb Ki‡j †ivMgyw³ N‡U, Avi gv`K`ªe¨ †meb Ki‡j kix‡i †ivM evmv euv‡a;
 gv`K`ªe¨ †me‡b gvby‡li ¯^vfvweK AvPi‡Y cwieZ©b nq Jla †me‡b Zv nq bv;
 Jla MÖn‡Yi gvÎv wba©vwiZ _v‡K, gv`K`ªe¨ MÖn‡Yi †Kv‡bv gvÎv †bB| gv`Kvm³iv gv`K`ªe¨ MÖn‡Yi gvÎv
µgk e„w× Ki‡Z _v‡K|
 AmyL †m‡i †M‡j Jla Lvevi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv, wKš‘ gv`‡K Avm³ n‡q co‡j mn‡R Zv Qvov hvq bv|
gv`K`ª‡e¨i bv‡gi mv‡_ Wvbw`‡K gv`K`ªe¨ †me‡bi djvdj wgj K‡i †`Lvb|
1| nvwkk  wPšÍvkw³ n«vm cvq, wjfvi wm‡ivwmm n‡Z cv‡i|
2| †nv‡ivBb  gvsm‡cwki ˆkw_j¨ †`Lv †`q
wkÿv_©xi KvR 3| Avwdg  ¯§„wZkw³ †jvc cvq, Ávb nvwi‡q †kl ch©šÍ g„Zz¨I n‡Z cv‡i
4| Ny‡gi Jla  dzmdzm Ges Mjvq K¨vÝvi ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i
5| A¨vj‡Kvn  ÿzav, i³Pvc Ges k¦vm cÖk¦v‡mi nvi `ªæZ Kwg‡q †`q|
j

mvivsk
gv`Kvmw³ n‡jv e¨w³i Rb¨ ÿwZKi Ggb GKwU gvbwmK I kvixwiK cÖwZwµqv hv RxweZ e¨w³ I Zvi †mebK…Z
gv`‡Ki cvi¯úwiK wµqvi ga¨ w`‡q m„wó nq| †h `ªe¨ MÖnY Ki‡j gvby‡li kvixwiK I gvbwmK Ae¯’vi
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †bwZevPK cwieZ©b N‡U, H `ª‡e¨i cÖwZ wbf©ikxjZv m„wói cvkvcvwk `ªe¨wU MÖn‡Y cÖPÛ AvKv•Lv
µgkB e„w× cvq, Ggb `ªe¨‡K gv`K`ªe¨ e‡j| e¨w³i GB Ae¯’v‡K e‡j gv`Kvmw³| Avwdg, MuvRv, Ny‡gi Jla,
ZvgvKRvZxq `ªe¨vw`B n‡jv gv`K`ªe¨|

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 51
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq kvixwiK wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨ weÁvb I †Ljvayjv

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| gv`Kvmw³ Kx?
K) gv`K`ª‡e¨i cÖwZ Avmw³ L) gv`K †me‡bi kw³
M) gvbwmK kw³ N) kvixwiK kw³
2| wb‡KvwUb †Kvb RvZxq gv`K`ª‡e¨ _v‡K?
K) †n‡ivBb L) Pom
M) MuvRv N) ZvgvK
3| wek¦¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’vi Z_¨ Abymv‡i c„w_ex‡Z cÖwZ KZ †m‡K‡Û a~gcvbRwbZ Kvi‡Y GKRb e¨w³i g„Zz¨ nq?
K) 10 †m‡K‡Û L) 8 †m‡K‡Û
M) 9 †m‡K‡Û N) 11 †m‡K‡Û
4| `xN©w`b g`cvb Ki‡j Kx †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K?
i. k¦vm Kó
ii. ¯œvqyZ‡š¿i ÿwZmvab
iii. wjfvi wm‡ivwmm
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i L) ii
M) iii N) i I ii

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 52
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-6.2 gv`Kvmw³ †_‡K weiZ _vKvi Dcvq

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 a~gcvb I gv`K †_‡K weiZ _vKvi †KŠkj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 a~gcvb I gv`K‡meb †_‡K weiZ _vKvi wel‡q mgv‡Ri f‚wgKv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

a~gcvb I gv`Kvmw³ †_‡K weiZ _vKvi Dcvq

a~gcvb I gv`K`ªe¨ †me‡bi Kzdj m¤ú‡K© c~e©eZ©x cv‡V we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ my¯’ I
cÖvYgq Rxebhvc‡bi Rb¨ GB Rvbv h‡_ó bq| G Rb¨ `iKvi KL‡bv †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡ZB a~gcvbmn Ab¨ †Kv‡bvfv‡e
gv`K †meb bv Kivi Rb¨ `„pcÖwZÁ nIqv|
wK‡kvi wK‡kvixiv †KŠZ~nj ev D‡ËRbvi e‡k wKsev KviI Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q Ggb wKQz Ki‡Z cv‡i, hv cieZ©x
Rxe‡bi Rb¨ Aby‡kvPbvi KviY n‡q `uvovq| †mRb¨ †KŠZ~njekZ ev D‡ËRbv ev nZvkv †`Lv w`‡jI cÖ_‡gB
fve‡Z n‡e †Kv‡bv KvR Ki‡j Zvi djvdj Kx n‡Z cv‡i| a~gcvb I gv`K`ªe¨ †me‡bi Kzdj¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU
we‡ePbv Ki‡j gv`K n‡Z `~‡i _vKv mnR n‡e| GRb¨ wb‡Pi avc¸‡jv AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡eÑ
1| a~gcvb I gv`K †me‡bi d‡j cÖ_‡g Kx Ae¯’v nq, Zv g‡b g‡b fve‡Z n‡e|
2| a~gcvb ev gv`K †meb Ki‡j †¯œngq gv-evev, wcÖq fvB †evb‡`i gvbwmK I mvgvwRK Ae¯’v Kx n‡e Zv fve‡Z
n‡e|
3| a~gcvb ev gv`K †meb bv Kivi wel‡q cÖ_‡gB `„p wm×všÍ wb‡Z cvi‡j G me©bvkv KvR †_‡K weiZ _vKv hvq|
4| wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡g cwiw¯’wZ, mgm¨v, wec` wPwýZ K‡i G wel‡h Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e| G Z_¨
e¨w³MZ, cvwievwiK, mvgvwRK wKsev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv m~Î †_‡K msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡_¨i †cÖwÿ‡Z KiYxq
mgvavb wPwýZ K‡i Zv ev¯Íevq‡b m‡Pó n‡Z n‡e|
5| a~gcvb I gv`K‡meb †_‡K ïay wb‡R weiZ _vK‡j Pj‡e bv, eÜz-evÜe, mncvVx, cwiwPZ Rb‡K m‡PZb I
DØy× Ki‡Z n‡e Zviv †hb GB gvivZ¥K †bkv †_‡K `~‡i _v‡K|
6| gv`K`ªe¨ †me‡bi Kzdj m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e| gv`K`ª‡e¨i ÿwZKi w`K †R‡b mevi DwPZ G
†_‡K wb‡R gy³ _vKv, eÜz-evÜe, I Ab¨‡`i‡K gv`K`ªe¨ MÖnY Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z DØy× Kiv|

gv`Kgy³ _vKvi †ÿ‡Î Ab¨‡`i f~wgKv

gv`Kvm³ nIqvi †ÿ‡Î eÜz evÜe‡`i ÿwZKi cÖfve †ek eo f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Z‡e me eÜzB wK gv`Kvm³,
wbðqB, bv| `yÕGKRb nqZ `yÕf©vM¨µ‡g gv`Kvm³ nq| Z‡e †ewkifvM eÜzB fv‡jv nq| G fv‡jv eÜzivB Ab¨
eÜz‡`i‡K gv`K MÖnY bv Kivi Rb¨ cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| gv`Kgy³ _vKvi †ÿ‡Î mncvVx ev mgeqwm QvovI AviI
A‡b‡KB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| †hgbÑ mšÍv‡bi cÖwZ Awffve‡Ki mZK© `„wó me‡P‡q †ewk Kvh©Ki f~wgKv
iv‡L| GQvov we`¨vj‡qi wkÿ‡Ki f~wgKvI ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, Qv·`i Kv‡Q wkÿK Av`k©¯^iƒc| wkÿ‡Ki Av‡`k Dc‡`k
QvÎiv AvšÍwiKfv‡e cvjb K‡i| AvZ¥xq¯^Rb, cÖwZ‡ekxivI †¯œn, fv‡jvevmv I AvšÍwiKZv w`‡q †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i‡K
gv`Kgy³ _vK‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i| GQvov wewfbœ cÖPvi gva¨g †hgb- cÎ-cwÎKv, †iwWI, †Uwjwfk‡b,
gv`Kwe‡ivax cÖPviYv Pvwj‡q e¨vcK MYm‡PZbZv m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi evB‡i AvBwb c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ges mvgvwRK
Av‡›`vjb M‡o Zz‡jI gv`Kgy³ mgvR M‡o †Zvjv hvq|

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 53
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq kvixwiK wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨ weÁvb I †Ljvayjv

gv`K`ªe¨ MÖn‡Yi 4wU Kzdj wjL‡eb, hv fve‡j Avcwb KLbI gv`K`ªe¨ MÖnY
Ki‡eb bv|
1|
wkÿv_©xi KvR
2|
3|
4|

mvivsk
gvby‡li Rb¨ ÿwZKi gv`Kvmw³i g‡Zv gvivZ¥K Af¨vmwU hv‡Z Z¨vM Kiv hvq †mRb¨ ev¯Íe Kg©cš’v MÖnY Ki‡Z
n‡e| GRb¨ cÖ_‡gB `iKvi a~gcvbmn †Kv‡bv gv`K`ªe¨ MÖnY bv Kivi cÖwZÁv Kiv| gv`K †meb I a~gcvb
†_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z n‡j g‡b g‡b wPšÍv Ki‡Z n‡eÑ gv`K †meb Ki‡j Kx Ae¯’v n‡e, gv-evev A¯^w¯ÍKi Ae¯’vq
co‡eb, Zvn‡j gv`K †meb †_‡K weiZ _vKv m¤¢e n‡e| gv`K`ª‡e¨i Kzdj m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e,
eÜzevÜe mKj‡K Gi Kzdj m¤ú‡K© †evSv‡Z n‡e Zvn‡j †Kej gv`K MÖnY Kiv †_‡K weiZ ivLv m¤¢e n‡e|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| a~gcvb I gv`K MÖn‡Yi d‡j cÖ_‡g Kx Ae¯’v nq Zv wb‡qÑ
K) Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡e L) g‡b g‡b fve‡e
M) Zv wPšÍv Ki‡e bv N) g‡b Ki‡e bv
2| wK‡kvi wK‡kvixiv Kxfv‡e gv`‡Ki mv‡_ Rwo‡q c‡o?
i. Kv‡iv Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q
ii. Ggwb Ggwb
iii. †KŠZ~njekZ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i L) ii
M) i I iii N) i, ii I iii
3| Kxfv‡e MYm‡PZbZv m„wó Ki‡Z nq?
i. †iwWI I †Uwjwfk‡bi gva¨‡g
ii. cÎ cwÎKvi gva¨‡g
iii. iv¯Ívq Ny‡iNy‡i
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) ii
M) i I iii N) i, ii I iii
4| gv`K MÖnY Ki‡j AvZ¥xq ¯^Rb I cvovcÖwZ‡ekx‡`i wbKU †Kgb AvPiY cvIqv hvq?
K) †¯œn cvIqv hvq L) mevB fv‡jvev‡m
M) mevB Wv‡K N) †¯œn I fv‡jvevmv †_‡K ewÂZ nq

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 54
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-6.3 GBPAvBwf I GBWm

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 HIV-AIDS Kx Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 HIV-AIDS-Gi we¯Ívi e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 HIV-AIDS-Gi we¯Ívi cÖwZ‡iv‡a KiYxq ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

GBPAvBwf (HIV)
Avgv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki kix‡i wbR¯^ †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv Av‡Q| GB cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv _vKvi Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv
†iv‡Mi RxevYy cÖ‡ek Ki‡j mn‡R kix‡ii †Kv‡bv ÿwZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Ggb wKQz fvBivm Av‡Q hv kix‡ii †ivM
cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv‡K Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í `ye©j K‡i| GK mgq Zv m¤ú~Y©fv‡eB wbt‡kl K‡i †dj‡Z cv‡i| GBPAvBwf
GgbB GKwU fvBivm|
GBPAvBwf gvby‡li kix‡i Drcbœ Zij c`v_© †hgb i³, exh©, †hvwbim, I ey‡Ki `ya BZ¨vw`‡Z _v‡K| GBPAvBwf
AvµvšÍ e¨w³i GB Zij c`v_©¸‡jv (i³, exh©, †hvwbim) wewfbœfv‡e my¯’ †jv‡Ki kix‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡j Ges
msµwgZ gv‡qi `ya my¯’ wkï cvb Ki‡j Zvi kix‡iI GBPAvBwf-i msµgY NU‡e|
HIV-Gi c~Y© iƒc:
H = Human (gvbyl)
I = Immuno-deficiency (†ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv n«vm)
V = Virus (RxevYy)
HIV -‡K m¤úªmviY Ki‡j `uvovq Human Immuno deficiency virus hvi evsjv A_© gvby‡li †ivM cÖwZ‡iva
ÿgZv n«vmKvix RxevYy| GB fvBivm †Kv‡bv e¨w³i kix‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡j cwiYv‡g Zvi GBWm nq|
GBWm (AIDS)
GBWm †Kvb †ivM bq, GwU GKwU Ae¯’v| Gi wbf©i‡hvM¨ wPwKrmv ev cÖwZ‡laK Ily‡ai Avwe®‹vi AvRI nqwb|
ZvB †Kv‡bv e¨w³i GBWm n‡j g„Zz¨ Zvi GKgvÎ cwiYwZ|
HIV †Kv‡bv gvby‡li kix‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡j i‡³i †k¦Z KwYKv aŸsm Kivi gva¨‡g ax‡i ax‡i †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv
bó K‡i †`q| ZLb †m e¨w³ bvbv ai‡bi †iv‡M (†hgb- Wvqwiqv, h²v, wbD‡gvwbqv BZ¨vw`) Nb Nb AvµvšÍ nq|
GBPAvBwf msµwgZ †Kv‡bv e¨w³i Giƒc Ae¯’v‡K GBWm e‡j| AIDS-Gi c~Y©iƒc Acquired Immune
dificiency Syndrome hvi A_© †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv n«vmg~jK AwR©Z Ae¯’v|
A = Acquired (AwR©Z)
I = Immune (†ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv)
D = Deficiency (n«vm)
S = Syndrome (jÿYmg~n)
GBPAvBwf †Kv‡bv e¨w³i kix‡i cÖ‡e‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ †Kv‡bv jÿY †`Lv †`q bv| GBWm-G AvµvšÍ e¨w³i jÿY
cÖKvk †c‡Z †ek wKQzw`b mgq jv‡M| HIV msµg‡Yi ïiæ †_‡K GBWm nIqvi mgq 6 gvm †_‡K K‡qK eQi
n‡Z cv‡i| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î 5 eQi †_‡K 10 eQi ev ZviI †ewk mgq †j‡M †h‡Z cv‡i| GB mgqKvj‡K
myßve¯’v e‡j| GB mg‡qi g‡a¨ HIV AvµvšÍ e¨w³i Øviv my¯’ e¨w³i kix‡i GBWm msµwgZ n‡Z cv‡i|

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 55
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq kvixwiK wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨ weÁvb I †Ljvayjv

GBWm-Gi jÿYmg~n
GBWm-Gi wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv jÿY bvB| Z‡e GBWm AvµvšÍ e¨w³ Ab¨ †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nq| †m jÿY¸‡jv n‡jvÑ
1| GK gv‡mi †ewk mgq Uvbv Kvwk
2| mviv †`‡n PzjKvwb RwbZ Pg©‡ivM
3| gyL I Mjvq †dbvhy³ GK ai‡bi Nv
4| jwmKvMÖwš’ dz‡j hvIqv
5| ¯§iY kw³ I eyw×gËv K‡g hvIqv
G QvovI GBWm-Gi cÖavb jÿY¸‡jv n‡jvÑ
1| AwZ `ªæZ IRb n«vm cvIqv
2| iv‡Z R¡i Avmv
3| kix‡i AwZwi³ Nvg nIqv
4| Aemv`MÖ¯’ _vKv
5| `yÕgv‡mi AwaK mgq a‡i Wvqwiqv
6| `xN©w`b a‡i ïK‡bv Kvwk
D‡jøL¨ †h, Kv‡ivi g‡a¨ Dc‡ii GKvwaK jÿY †`Lv w`‡jB Zvi GBWm n‡q‡Q e‡j wbwðZ nIqv hv‡e bv| AwfÁ
Wv³v‡ii civgk© wb‡q i³ cixÿvi gva¨‡g HIV msµg‡Yi e¨vcv‡i wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e|
GBPAvBwf Ges GBWm-Gi we¯Ívi
GBPAvBwf GKwU bxie NvZK| GB bxie NvZ‡Ki weiæ‡× mZK©Zvg~jK e¨e¯’v †bqvi Av‡M GBPAvBwf I GBWm
Kxfv‡e we¯Ívi jvf K‡i Zv Rvbevi Rb¨ cÖ_‡gB Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb GB fvBivm Kx‡m _v‡K| gvby‡li kix‡i Drcbœ
wewfbœ Zij c`v_© †hgb- i³, exh©, †hŠwbim, jvjv G¸‡jv‡Z HIV evm K‡i| G ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ gy‡Li jvjvq HIV -i
cwigvY Kg _v‡K e‡j jvjv SzuwKc~Y© bq| wKš‘ i³, †hvwbim I exh© †Kv‡bvfv‡e AvµvšÍ e¨w³ †_‡K my¯’ e¨w³i
kix‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡j GBPAvBwf msµgY N‡U| wewfbœ Dcv‡q GBPAvBwf Qov‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ
1| Awbivc` ˆ`wnK m¤úK©
GBPAvBwf Qov‡bvi me‡P‡q eo KviY Awbivc` †hŠb m¤úK©| cÖvß Z_¨ Abymv‡i mviv we‡k¦i GBPAvBwf e¨w³‡`i
kZKiv Avwk (80%) fvMB Awbivc` ˆ`wnK wgj‡b n‡q‡Q| AvµvšÍ e¨w³i exh© ev †hvwbi‡mi gva¨‡g †hŠb m½xi
†`‡n GBWm-Gi fvBivm cÖ‡ek K‡i| AviI wec`RbK n‡jv †hŠbmw½bx hw` mšÍvb aviY K‡i Z‡e H mšÍv‡bi
†`‡nI GBPAvBwf cÖ‡ek K‡i|
2| AvµvšÍ e¨w³i i³MÖnY
A‡bK mgq wewfbœ †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡j ev Acv‡ik‡bi mgq ev `yN©Ubvq co‡j A‡b¨i i³ wb‡Z nq| ZvQvovI
wewfbœ †iv‡Mi wPwKrmvi Rb¨ GKR‡bi kix‡ii A½ †hgb- Kwb©qv, ürwcÛ, wKWbx ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv A½ GK e¨w³i
†`n †_‡K Ab¨ e¨w³i †`‡n cÖwZ¯’vcb Kiv nq| Am‡PZbZv ev `vwqZ¡nxbZvi Kvi‡Y A‡bK mgq Acv‡ik‡bi
hš¿cvwZ RxevYygy³ Kiv nq bv| GBPAvBwf msµwgZ i³ ev GBPAvBwf AvµvšÍ †Kv‡bv e¨w³i A½ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv
e¨w³i †`‡n cÖwZ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g GBPAvBwf we¯Ívi jvf K‡i|
gv`Kvm³ e¨w³iv cÖvqB GK myP I wmwiÄ e¨envi K‡i| G‡Z my¯’ e¨w³i †`‡n GBPAvBwf fvBiv‡mi msµgY nq|
GBPAvBwf ev GBWm AvµvšÍ gv‡qi wbKU †_‡K wZbwU ch©v‡q wkïi kix‡i Gi fvBivm msµwgZ n‡Z cv‡i|
†hgb-
K) Mf©Kvjxb mg‡q
L) cÖmeKvjxb mg‡q
M) gv‡qi `ya cv‡bi gva¨‡g|

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 56
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

GLb Rvb‡Z n‡e HIV fvBivm Kxfv‡e Qovq bvÑ

 gkv ev †cvKv gvK‡oi Kvg‡oi gva¨‡g GBWm Qovq bv|
 GBPAvBwf AvµvšÍ e¨w³i mv‡_ IVvemv Ki‡j GBWm Qovq bv|
 GBPAvBwf AvµvšÍ e¨w³i †mev Ki‡j GBWm Qovq bv|
 GBPAvBwf AvµvšÍ e¨w³i mv‡_ Kig`©b ev †KvjvKzwj Ki‡j GBWm Qovq bv|
 GBPAvBwf AvµvšÍ e¨w³i e¨eüZ †MvmjLvbvq ev cyKz‡i †Mvmj Ki‡j GBWm Qovq bv|
 GBPAvBwf AvµvšÍ e¨w³i e¨eüZ weQvbvcÎ, evmb‡Kvmb e¨envi Ki‡j GBWm Qovq bv|
 GBPAvBwf AvµvšÍ e¨w³i mv‡_ †jLvcov ev †Ljvayjv Ki‡j GBWm Qovq bv|
 GBPAvBf e¨w³i nuvwP ev Kvwki gva¨‡g GBWm Qovq bv|

HIV Kxfv‡e Qovq G wel‡q wb‡P wKQz wee„wZ †`qv n‡jv| cÖwZ wee„wZi wecix‡Z mZ¨
n‡j ÔmÕ wg_¨v n‡j ÔwgÕ wjLyb|
wee„wZ m/wg wee„wZ m/wg
1. GBPAvBwf AvµvšÍ e¨w³i 7. AvµvšÍ e¨w³i mv‡_ GKB
†mev Ki‡j weQvbvq kqb Ki‡j
2. AvµvšÍ e¨w³i mv‡_ GKB 8. GBPAvBwf AvµvšÍ e¨w³i
_vjvq Lvevi †L‡j e¨eüZ †MvmjLvbv, cyKz‡i
†Mvmj Ki‡j
wkÿv_©xi KvR 3. AvµvšÍ e¨w³i i³ wbR 9. Bb‡RKk‡bi Rb¨ AvµvšÍ
kix‡i MÖnY Kiv‡j e¨w³i e¨eüZ myP I wmwiÄ
e¨envi Ki‡j
4. my¯’ e¨w³i kix‡i RxevYyg³
y 10. AvµvšÍ e¨w³‡K ¯úk© Ki‡j
i³ cÖ‡ek Kiv‡j
5. gkvi Kvg‡oi gva¨‡g 11. AvµvšÍ e¨w³i nuvwP/Kvwki
gva¨‡g
6. AvµvšÍ gv‡qi `ya cvb 12. AvµvšÍ e¨w³i mv‡_ ˆ`wnK
Ki‡j wgjb NU‡j

mvivsk
we‡k¦ †h K‡qKwU NvZK e¨vwa Av‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ GBWm Ab¨Zg| wewfbœ †iv‡Mi cÖwZ‡laK ev wbivgq e¨e¯’v
_vK‡jI GBWm m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c wbivgq Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb Jla GL‡bv Avwe®‹vi nqwb| cÖ‡Z¨K gvby‡li †ivM
cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv Av‡Q| d‡j †Kv‡bv †iv‡Mi RxevYy mn‡R kix‡ii †Kv‡bv ÿwZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ Ggb wKQz
fvBivm Av‡Q hv kixi‡K ax‡i ax‡i `ye©j K‡i †d‡j| GgbB GKwU fvBiv‡mi bvg HIV| GBPAvBwf GKwU ÿz`ª
we‡kl ai‡bi fvBivm hv †Kv‡bv gvby‡li kix‡i wbw`©ó K‡qKwU Dcv‡q cÖ‡ek K‡i i‡³i †k¦ZKwbKv aŸs‡mi
gva¨‡g †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv bó K‡i †`q| ZLb †m wewfbœ ai‡bi †ivM Wvqwiqv wbD‡gvwbqv, h²v cÖf…wZ‡Z Nb
Nb AvµvšÍ nq| GBPAvBwf msµwgZ †Kv‡bv e¨w³i Giƒc Ae¯’v‡K GBWm (AIDS) e‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.3

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 57
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq kvixwiK wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨ weÁvb I †Ljvayjv

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|

1| GBPAvBwf Kx?
K) Ilya L) GKwU fvBivm
M) †iv‡Mi bvg N) GKwU i‡³i bvg
2| GBWm n‡Z cv‡i KLb?
K) AvµvšÍ gv‡qi `ya cvb Ki‡j L) †ivMxi †mev Ki‡j
M) GKB weQvbv e¨envi Ki‡j N) GKmv‡_ †Mvmj Ki‡j
3| GBWm Kx?
K) †Kv‡bv †ivM bq L) GwU GKwU wUKvi bvg
M) GwU †ivMvµvšÍ kvixwiK Ae¯’v N) GKwU fvBiv‡mi bvg
4| GBW‡mi jÿY n‡”QÑ
i. IRb n«vm cvIqv
ii. iv‡Z R¡i Avmv
iii. `xN©w`b a‡i ïK‡bv Kvwk
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i, ii L) i
M) i, ii, iii N) i I iii

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 58
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-6.4 evsjv‡`‡k GBPAvBwf I GBWm Gi SzuwK I Zv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Dcvq

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 HIV-AIDS †_‡K SzuwKgy³ _vKvi Dcvq eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 HIV-AIDS-Gi SzuwK m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZvi c×wZ ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 HIV-AIDS cÖwZ‡iv‡a †mev`vbKvix cÖwZôv‡bi †mev`v‡bi aib eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

evsjv‡`‡k GBPAvBwf I GBW‡mi SzuwK

GBWm GKwU Av_©mvgvwRK Rb¯^v¯’¨ mgm¨v| evsjv‡`‡kI GBW‡mi we¯Ívi N‡U‡Q| Z‡e mvaviY RbM‡Yi
g‡a¨ GBWm GLbI gvivZ¥K AvKvi aviY K‡iwb| D”P SzuwKc~Y© Rb‡Mvwôi Kvi‡Y AwP‡iB Avgv‡`i †`‡kI GBWm
gvivZ¥K iƒc wb‡Z cv‡i| G †iv‡Mi cwiYwZ g„Zz¨| ZvB mKj‡K we‡kl K‡i Aí eqmx †g‡q‡`i‡K G wel‡q
we‡klfv‡e m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e Ges mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e| evsjv‡`‡k wK‡kvi‡`i †P‡q wK‡kvixivB †ewk
SzuwKi g‡a¨ Av‡Q| Gi cÖavb KviYmg~n n‡”Q-
1| Av_©mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv‡Z †g‡q‡`i `ye©j Ae¯’vb
2| HIV I AIDS mg‡Ü †g‡qiv Kg AewnZ|
3| bvix cyiæl ˆel‡g¨i Kvi‡Y cyiæl Øviv †g‡q‡`i wbM„nxZ nIqv
4| †g‡q‡`i Awbivc` †hŠb m¤úK© ¯’vc‡b evav`v‡bi ÿgZvi Afve
5| ‡g‡q‡`i we‡kl kvixwiK ˆewkó¨
6| Awbivc` ˆ`wnK m¤úK©

evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi GK PZz_©vsk n‡”Q 10 †_‡K 19 eQi eqmx wK‡kvi wK‡kvix| eqtmwÜKv‡j Zv‡`i
kvixwiK I gvbwmK cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Zv‡`i wPšÍv I AvPi‡Y †KŠZ~nj R‡b¥| eo‡`i mv‡_ Zviv G wel‡q Av‡jvPbv
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB Zviv A‡bK Av‡eMcÖeY _v‡K Ges Awbivc` ˆ`wnK m¤úK© ¯’vc‡b AvMÖnx n‡q I‡V| d‡j G
Ae¯’vq Zviv GBPAvBwf msµg‡Yi SzuwK‡Z c‡o hvq|

GBPAvBwf Ges GBWm †_‡K SzuwKgy³ _vKvi Dcvq

1| SzuwKc~Y© AvPiY: SzuwKc~Y© AvPiY cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| Av‡eM cÖkgb: cÖavbZ †KŠZ~nj I Av‡e‡Mi ekeZ©x n‡qB wK‡kvi-wK‡kvixiv SzuwKc~Y© AvPiY K‡i| GRb¨
wK‡kvi wK‡kvix‡`i †KŠZ~nj ev Av‡eM cÖkg‡bi `ÿZv AR©b Kiv AZ¨šÍ Riæix| evev-gv‡qi mv‡_ me wel‡q
†Lvjv‡gjv K_v ej‡Z cvi‡j G †KŠZ~nj `~i I Av‡eM cÖkwgZ nq|
3| SzuwKc~Y© cÖ¯Íve cÖZ¨vLvb: SzuwKc~Y© cÖ¯Íve ev A‰bwZK cÖ¯Ív‡e ÔbvÕ ejvi `ÿZv I †KŠkj Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e|
4| ag©xq I mvgvwRK Abykvmb I ixwZbxwZ †g‡b Pjv: †bkv Kiv ev gv`Kvm³ nIqv, A‰bwZK ˆ`wnK ev †hŠb
m¤úK© BZ¨vw` †Kv‡bv ag© ev mgvR Aby‡gv`b K‡i bv| ZvB ag©xq Abykvmb †g‡b Pj‡j GBW‡m AvµvšÍ nIqvi
AvksKv A‡bK K‡g hvq|
5| GBPAvBwf Ges GBWm m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv m„wó: GBPAvBwf Ges GBWm Gi fqvenZv m¤ú‡K© e¨vcK
MYm‡PZbZv m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e| GB D‡Ï‡k¨ MYgva¨‡g e¨vcK cÖPvi, †cv÷vi cÖ`k©b, e¨vbvi, †d÷zb ˆZwi,
i¨vwji Av‡qvRb, B‡jKUªwbK gva¨g e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki †jvKR ms¯‹…wZi aviK eqvZxi
cvjvMvb, c_bvUK, mvs¯‹…wZK Abyôv‡bi gva¨‡g RbMY‡K mn‡R DØy× Kiv hvq| Gme Kvh©µg e¨w³i
AvZ¥m‡PZbZv m„wó Ges RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ MYm‡PZbZv e„wׇZ LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L|

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 59
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq kvixwiK wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨ weÁvb I †Ljvayjv

GBPAvBwf GBWm cÖwZ‡iv‡a †mev`vbKvix cÖwZôv‡bi f~wgKv

eZ©gvb we‡k¦ GBWm msµgY eûj Av‡jvwPZ welq| GBWm GZB gvivZ¥K †h, gvby‡li cÖZ¨vwkZ Avqy®‹vj Kwg‡q
ax‡i ax‡i g„Zz¨i w`‡K †V‡j †`q| 2010 mv‡ji cÖvß miKvwi Z_¨vbyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k GBPAvBwf msµwgZ e¨w³i
m¤¢ve¨ msL¨v cÖvq 7500, GBPAvBwf msµwgZ wPwýZ e¨w³i msL¨v 2088, GBWm-G Avµv‡šÍi msL¨v 850 Ges
g„Zz¨eiYKvixi msL¨v-251 Rb| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k GBPAvBwf msµg‡Yi nvi Kg n‡jI AvMvgx‡Z G nvi
GiKgB _vK‡e Zvi wbðqZv †bB|
GBPAvBwf AvµvšÍ‡`i mnvqZv`v‡bi Rb¨ miKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi cvkvcvwk †emiKvwi †mev`vbKvix cÖwZôvbmg~n
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| miKvwi †gwW‡Kj K‡jR I nvmcvZvj¸‡jv‡Z HIV msµwgZ †ivMx‡`i i³ cixÿv,
civgk©`vb Ges wKQzUv wPwKrmvi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| †emiKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ ÔAvkvi Av‡jv †mvmvBwUÕ RvMiYx
†gwW‡Kj wK¬wbK, gy³ AvKvk evsjv‡`k, nvmve (HASAB) cÖf…wZ GBPAvBwf Ges GBWm AvµvšÍ‡`i †mev`v‡bi
wel‡q e¨vcK Kvh©µg MÖnY K‡i‡Q| †mev`vbg~jK Kvh©µ‡gi g‡a¨-
1| KvD‡Ýwjs ev civgk©`vb Ges
2| cyb©evmb D‡jøL‡hvM¨
GBPAvBwf msµg‡Yi †ÿ‡Î SzuwKc~Y© 1|
AvPiYmg~‡ni GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z 2|
Kiæb| 3|
wkÿv_©xi KvR
4|
MYm‡PZbZv m„wó‡Z †Kvb †KŠkj †ewk 1|
Dc‡hvMx eY©bv Kiæb| 2|

1| KvD‡Ýwjs
GBPAvBwf Ges GBWm-Gi †Kv‡bv cÖwZ‡laK wUKv ev Jla GL‡bv Avwe®‹vi nqwb| Z‡e gvbwmK mg_©b I kw³
mwVK wPwKrmv I †mevhZœ †c‡j GBPAvBwf Ges GBWm AvµvšÍ e¨w³ `xN© w`b my¯’ I mej _vK‡Z cv‡i| ZvB
Zv‡`i civgk©`vb ev KvD‡Ýwjs AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRb| wewfbœ †emiKvwi cÖwZôvb AwfÁ civgk©K wb‡q GBWm
AvµvšÍ‡`i evwo‡Z wM‡q wbqwgZ cwi`k©b Kvh©µg MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| Zv‡`i‡K wewfbœ †mev`vbmn wPwKrmv myweavI
w`‡q _v‡K|

†ivM Dck‡gi civgk© †`qvi †KŠkj: †Kv‡bv e¨w³i i‡³ GBPAvBwf Av‡Q wKbv Zv i³ cixÿvi gva¨‡g wbwðZ
nIqv hvq| i³ cixÿvi Av‡M I c‡i KvD‡Ýwjs Kiv nq| GB KvD‡Ýwjs LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| KviY GBWm GKwU
giYe¨vwa Gi †Kv‡bv wPwKrmv †bB| Z‡e †mev hZœ, Dchy³ Lv`¨ mngwg©Zv I mvnm †c‡j GBWm AvµvšÍivI
`xN©Rxeb jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i| civgk© †`qvi †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi welq¸‡jv AbymiY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡iÑ
K) i³ cixÿvi ci civgk©: i³ cixÿvi ci †Kv‡bv e¨w³i GBPAvBwf aiv co‡j †m cÖ_‡gB Nve‡o hvq I
gvbwmKfv‡e †f‡½ c‡o| ZvB H mgq KvD‡Ýwjs LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| KvD‡Ýwjs-Gi gva¨‡g Zv‡K ¯^vfvweK Rxeb
hvc‡b Af¨¯Í K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e| wbqwgZ cywóKi Lvevi MÖnY ch©vß wekÖvg I Ny‡gi w`‡K jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e|
mg‡q mg‡q Wv³v‡ii civgk© MÖnY K‡i g‡bvej AUzU ivLvi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
L) Ab¨vb¨ †ivM †_‡K mZK© _vKv: GBPAvBwf‡Z AvµvšÍ n‡j Zvi †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv K‡g hvq| ZLb
Wvqwiqv, h²v, gy‡L Nv, bvbv cÖKvi Pg©‡ivM, wbD‡gvwbqv, cÖPÛ R¡i BZ¨vw` AvµgY K‡i| ZLb AwfÁ
Wv³v‡ii civgk© I cÖ‡qvRbxq wPwKrmv wb‡Z n‡e|

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 60
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

M) Wv³v‡ii civgk© Abyhvqx wPwKrmv MÖnY Kiv: GBWm †_‡K †m‡i IVvi †Kv‡bv wPwKrmv GLbI †ei nqwb Z‡e
Gw›U‡i‡Uªv fvBivj Jl‡ai gva¨‡g A‡bKUv my¯’ _vKv hvq, Rxeb `xN©vwqZ Kiv hvq Z‡e G Ila LyeB
e¨qeûj|

2| cybe©vmb
A‡bK †emiKvwi cÖwZôvb GBWm AvµvšÍ‡`i ¯^vej¤^x K‡i M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ wewfbœ KvwiMwi cÖwkÿY †`q| ZvQvov
Zv‡`i cybe©vm‡bi Rb¨ we‡kl †ÿ‡Î Avw_©K Aby`vb w`‡q _v‡K|

wbR wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ GBWm we‡ivax m‡PZbZvg~jK †d÷zb I

wkÿv_©xi KvR
†cv÷vi ˆZwi Kiæb|

mvivsk
GBWm GKwU Av_© mvgvwRK Rb¯^v¯’¨ mgm¨v| evsjv‡`‡kI mZK©Zv Aej¤^b bv Ki‡j gvivZ¥K iƒc aviY Ki‡Z
cv‡i| evsjv‡`‡k Kg n‡jI Gi we¯Ívi N‡U‡Q| †h‡nZz G †ivM cÖwZKviwenxb, g„Zz¨ AeavwiZ ZvB Aíeqmx
†Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i‡K we‡klfv‡e m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e| evsjv‡`‡k wK‡kvixivB †ewk SzuwKi g‡a¨ Av‡Q| KviY †g‡q‡`i
Awbivc` †hŠb m¤úK© ¯’vc‡b evav †`qvi ÿgZv Kg| GBWm †_‡K SzuwKgy³ _vKvi Rb¨ SzuwKc~Y© AvPiY cwinvi
Ki‡Z n‡e| Av‡eM cÖkg‡Yi `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| †KŠZ~njekZ wKQz Kiv hv‡e bv| SzuwKc~Y© cÖ¯Íve
cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡Z n‡e| mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡j wb‡R‡K GBW‡mi SzuwK †_‡K `~‡i ivLv
hv‡e| RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ m‡PZbZv m„wó Ki‡Z cvi‡j mgvRI SzuwKgy³ _vK‡e| hvivB GBWm-G AvµvšÍ n‡e
Zv‡`i‡K KvD‡Ýwjs Ges cÖ‡qvRb n‡j cybe©vm‡bi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.5
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| evsjv‡`‡k RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ Kviv †ewk SzuwKc~Y©?
K) eq¯‹ †jv‡Kiv L) wK‡kvi-wK‡kvixiv
M) wkïiv N) eq¯‹ gwnjviv
2| GBW‡mi fqvenZv m¤ú‡K© Kxfv‡e MYm‡PZbZv m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e?
K) Abykvmb †g‡b Pjv L) cvV¨eB‡Z AšÍfz©³ K‡i
M) MYgva¨‡g e¨vcK cÖPv‡ii gva¨‡g N) eB-cy¯ÍK c‡o

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 61
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq kvixwiK wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨ weÁvb I †Ljvayjv

cvV-6.5 AwURg
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 AwURg m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 AwUR‡gi g~j ˆewkó¨mg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
AwURg (Autism)
Avgiv cÖwZw`b wewfbœ mgm¨vi ga¨ w`‡q Rxeb AwZevwnZ Kwi| myL-`ytL nvwmKvbœv Avgv‡`i cÖwZ wbq‡Zi
NUbv| GKwU cwiev‡i hLb GKwU wkï Rb¥MÖnY K‡i ZLb H cwiev‡i Avb‡›`i eb¨v e‡q hvq| wkïi my›`i
fwel¨Z M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ gv-evev wewfbœ cwiKíbv Ki‡Z _v‡K| GB cwiKíbvi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask n‡jv wkïi
my¯’ I ¯^vfvweK weKvk| wkï‡`i kvixwiK g‡bvmvgvwRK I eyw×e„wËK weKvk GKwU wbw`©ó wbq‡g NU‡jI wKQz wKQz
†ÿ‡Î Gi e¨wZµg n‡Z cv‡i| hLb †Kv‡bv evev-gv eyS‡Z cv‡i †h, Zvi wkïwU Ab¨vb¨ mvaviY wkï‡`i †_‡K wfbœ
AvPiY Ki‡Q A_ev weKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î eq‡mi Zzjbvq A‡bK wcwQ‡q c‡o‡Q, ZLb Zv‡`i gv‡S D‡Ø‡Mi m„wó nq|
ax‡i ax‡i cwieviwU‡Z †b‡g Av‡m nZvkv| Avevi †mB mv‡_ wkïwUi cÖwZ mgv‡Ri I cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i
weiƒc/‡bwZevPK g‡bvfv‡ei Kvi‡Y gv-evev‡K cÖwZwbqZB A‡bK evavi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq|
R‡b¥i ci wkïi eqm e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ kvixwiK, gvbwmK, mvgvwRK I †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î eqm Abyhvqx `ÿZv
AR©b Kiv‡KB wkïi ¯^vfvweK weKvk ejv nq| Avi weKvkRwbZ mgm¨v n‡jv Ggb GK ai‡bi `xN©¯’vqx Ae¯’v hv
wkïi gw¯Í®‹ weKv‡ki mgq N‡U _v‡K Ges wkïi kix‡ii †h †Kv‡bv Ask A_ev m¤ú~Y© kvixwiK cÖwµqv‡K evavMÖ¯Í
K‡i| wkï‡`i bvbv ai‡bi weKvkRwbZ mgm¨v cwijwÿZ nq, AwURg n‡jv †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg|
AwURg Kx?
AwURg †Kvb †ivM bq| GwU ¯œvqy weKvkRwbZ GKwU we¯Í…Ziƒc- hv AwURg †¯úKUªvg wWmAW©vi bv‡g cwiwPZ|
GLv‡b Ô¯œvqyÕ kãwU ¯œvqyZš¿ ev gw¯Í‡®‹i mv‡_ ¯œvqyi m¤úK© †evSvq| weKvkRwbZ kãwUi gva¨‡g wkïi weKvk
cÖwµqv‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
cÖvK-ˆkke Kvj †_‡K GB mgm¨vwU ïiæ nq hv wkïi ¯^vfvweK weKvk cÖwµqv‡K evavMÖ¯Í K‡i| mvaviYZ wkïi
R‡b¥i †`o eQi †_‡K wZb eQ‡ii g‡a¨ AwUR‡gi jÿY¸‡jv cÖKvk cvq| mvgvwRK m¤úK©, †hvMv‡hvM Ges
AvPi‡Yi wfbœZvB GB mgm¨vwUi cÖavb welq| GQvovI AwUR‡g wkïi kvixwiK I eyw×wfwËK, wkÿY cÖwµqv I
Bw›`ªqvbyf~wZ msµvšÍ mgm¨vI we‡klfv‡e jÿYxq| me AwUw÷K wkïB GKiKg bq †hgbÑ AwUR‡gi wKQz mvaviY
ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q hv me AwUw÷K wkïi g‡a¨ Kg‡ewk jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| Avevi wKQz ˆewkó¨ cÖwZwU wkïi Rb¨ Avjv`v
Avjv`v n‡q _v‡K|
AwURg †¯úKUªv‡g wewfbœ ˆewk‡ó¨i AwURg jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| AwURg †¯úKUªvg‡K GKwU isabyi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv
hvq| isaby‡Z †hgb A‡bK is _v‡K AwURg †¯úKUªv‡gI †Zgwb wewfbœ ai‡bi AwURg _v‡K| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwU
n‡jv A¨vmcvR©vm© wmb‡Wªvg|
A¨vmcvR©vm© wmb‡Wªvg
GwUI GK ai‡bi AwURg hv AwURg †¯úKUªv‡g †`Lv hvq| wkï‡`i AvPiYMZ mgm¨v _vK‡jI eyw×wfwËK I
fvlvMZ weKv‡k †Kv‡bv mgm¨v _v‡K bv| Z‡e fvlvi weKvk ¯^vfvweK Ges kãfvÛvi ch©vß nIqv m‡Z¡I mvgvwRK
AvjvcPvwiZvq Ask wb‡Z G‡`i mgm¨v nq| Giv GKB ai‡bi AvPiY cybive„wË K‡i _v‡K| we‡klZ A‡b¨i mv‡_
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi m~² welq¸‡jv †hgb- †Pv‡L †PvL †i‡L ZvKv‡bv, A‡b¨i †gŠwLK Awfe¨w³, Bkviv, Bw½Z, kvixwiK
A½fw½ Ges Av‡e‡Mi ewntcÖKvk Zviv eyS‡Z cv‡i bv| Giv K_vi AvÿwiK e¨vL¨v K‡i, d‡j evMaviv, cÖev`,

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 62
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

iwmKZv ev e¨½ eyS‡Z cv‡i bv| Ggb wkï‡`i weKvk wejw¤^Z nq bv, wkÿv‡ÿ‡ÎI Giv GwM‡q _v‡K, Ggb wK
eyw×gËvI _v‡K mvavi‡Yi †P‡q †ewk| AwUR‡gi Zzjbvq A‡bK †`wi‡Z GgbwK eqtmwÜKv‡j ev c~Y©eq¯‹ mg‡q
Zv‡`i mgm¨vwU kbv³ nq| †g‡q‡`i Zzjbvq †Q‡j‡`i g‡a¨ A¨vmcvR©v‡m©i nvi `k¸Y †ewk|
Giv †h †Kv‡bv welq mwVK I mvejxjfv‡e co‡Z †k‡L Z‡e welqwUi cÖvmw½KZv eyS‡Z cv‡i bv| mvaviYZ
A¨vmcvR©vm© wkÿv_©x‡`i kãfvÛvi A‡bK †ewk| Giv Lye my›`ifv‡e ¸wQ‡q ej‡Z cv‡i I A‡bK mgq Zv‡`i
cQ‡›`i wel‡qi Dci `xN© Av‡jvPbvI Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e †mmgq †m †Lqvj K‡i bv †h Av‡kcv‡ki †jvKRb Zvi
welqwU‡Z AvMÖnx wKbv|
Bw›`ªqvbyf~wZ cÖwµqvi mgm¨vi Ges kvixwiK bovPovi Amyweav nevi cvkvcvwk Zv‡`i †Kv‡bv wel‡qi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvM
Kg _v‡K, mgqÁvb K‡g hvq Ges gvsm‡cwkI wkw_j _v‡K, d‡j †Ljvayjvi gva¨‡gI mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM iÿv
Kiv Zv‡`i Rb¨ KwVb n‡q c‡o|
mvsMVwbK ÿgZv I g‡bv‡hvMmgm¨v _vKvi Kvi‡Y A¨vmcvR©vm© wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ DwØMœZv †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|
wbqgbxwZ, wewa iæwUb BwZ¨vw` †g‡b Pj‡Z Zviv cQ›` K‡i| wbq‡gi †ni‡di NU‡j Zviv gvbwmK Uvbv‡cv‡o‡b
c‡o hvq|
AwURg Av‡Q Ggb wkï‡`i wKQz AvPiY
 †Pv‡L †PvL bv ivLv ev Kg ivLv
 WvK‡j mvov bv †`qv
 weKvkRwbZ `ÿZvi g‡a¨ AmvgÄm¨Zv
 cÖvZ¨wnK iæwUb cwieZ©‡b evav `vb
 AwZwi³ PÂjZv ev D‡ËRbv
 Av‡eM cÖKv‡k Amyweav
 A¯^vfvweK kvixwiK A½fw½
 mwZ¨Kvi wec‡` fq bv cvIqv
 AmsMwZc~Y© nvwmKvbœv
 †Kv‡bv wKQzi cÖwZ A¯^vfvweK AvKl©Y
 LvIqv, Nyg, gjg~Î Z¨v‡M A¯^vfvweKZv
 wb‡Ri ev Ac‡ii Rb¨ wec¾bK ev ÿwZKi e¨envi
 ALv`¨ LvIqv
AwUR‡gi g~j ˆewkó¨mg~n
AwUR‡gi ˆewkó¨ I gvÎv cÖwZwU wkïi †ÿ‡Î Avjv`v| g~j kbv³Kvixi ˆewkó¨ n‡jv- mvgvwRK †gjv‡gkv,
†hvMv‡hvM I cybive„wËg~jK AvPiY| GB wZbwU ˆewkó¨B AwUR‡gi g~j jÿY| AwUR‡gi Rb¨ Bw›`ªqvbyf~wZ,
Ac‡ii mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Kivi †KŠkj Ges mvgvwRK wg_w¯Œqv cÖwµqv¸‡jv evavcÖvß nq| d‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GKB
ai‡bi AvPiY A_ev AmvgÄm¨ AvPi‡Yi Drmvn †`Lv hvq| GUv Rvbv Riæix †h, AwUR‡gi jÿY¸‡jv ¯œvqyweK
Kvi‡Y nq Ges GKR‡bi mv‡_ Av‡iKR‡bi ûeû wgj †bB|
K) mvgvwRK jÿYmg~n
AwURg Av‡Q Ggb wkï‡`i AwaKvs‡ki g‡a¨B A‡b¨i mv‡_ mvgvwRK wg_w¯Œqvi ¸iæZi mgm¨v †`Lv hvq| Rxe‡bi
cÖ_g K‡qK gv‡m Zviv A‡b¨i †Pv‡L †PvL †i‡L ZvKvq bv| Zviv A‡b¨i cÖwZ wbwj©ß _v‡K Ges GKv _vK‡Z cQ›`
K‡i| Zviv A‡b¨i g‡bv‡hvM †c‡Z Pvqbv Ges Rwo‡q aiv cQ›` K‡i bv| Zviv A‡b¨i ivM ev Av`‡ii cÖwZ
¯^vfvweK cÖwZwµqv †`Lvq bv|

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 63
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq kvixwiK wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨ weÁvb I †Ljvayjv

AwUw÷K wkï‡`i †Kvb wKQz wkL‡Z A‡bK mgq jv‡M| Zviv Kv‡ivi mvaviY Bkviv, Bw½Z †ev‡S bv| †hgb-
gyPwKnvwm, †gŠwLK Awfe¨w³ Zv‡`i Kv‡Q Kg A_©en welq| AwUw÷K wkï‡`i D‡ËwRZ I AvµgYvZ¥K n‡q IVvi
cÖeYZv mgv‡Ri mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡Z ev m¤úK© ˆZwi‡Z evav n‡q `uvovq| hLb Zviv evB‡ii cwi‡e‡k hvq ZLb
Zviv †i‡M hvq ev nZvk nq, Avevi Zv‡`i †KD †KD wb‡Ri Dci wbqš¿Y nvwi‡q †d‡j| G mgq Zviv wRwbmcÎ
fvsPzi Ki‡Z cv‡i, Ab¨‡K ev Avevi wb‡Ri kix‡iI AvNvZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
L) †hvMv‡hvM mgm¨v
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ab¨Zg gva¨‡g n‡jv fvlv| fvlvMZ Amyweavi Kvi‡Y AwUw÷K wkï‡`i A‡b¨i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡b
mgm¨v †`Lv †`q| wKQz AwUw÷K wkï KLbB K_v ej‡Z †k‡L bv| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv wkï R‡b¥i K‡qKgvm c‡i
e¨ewjs ev Av‡av Av‡av K_v ej‡Z †k‡L wKš‘ wKQzw`b ci †mUvI eÜ n‡q hvq| Avevi Kv‡iv †ÿ‡Î fvlv wkL‡Z 5-
9 eQi mgq †j‡M hvq| Z‡e AwUw÷K wkïiv Qwe, Bkviv, fvlv ev ¯ú‡k©i mvnv‡h¨ A‡b¨i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb
Kiv wkL‡Z cv‡i| AwURg Av‡Q Ggb A‡bK wkïi fvlvi e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î wKQzUv A¯^vfvweKZv †`Lv hvq| Zviv
¸wQ‡q kã web¨vm K‡i mwVK evK¨ MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †KD †KD GKwU kã w`‡q g‡bi fve cÖKvk K‡i| †KD
†KD †h kãwU †kv‡b †mwUB evi evi ej‡Z _v‡K| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv AwUw÷K wkï †Kv‡bv GKwU wbw`©ó kã e‡j Ges
wUqv cvwLi gZ kãwU evi evi ej‡Z _v‡K, hv‡K B‡Kvjvwjqv e‡j|
M) cybive„wËg~jK AvPiY
AwURg wkïiv kvixwiKfv‡e ¯^vfvweK Ges meviB wbqš¿Y ÿgZv fv‡jv| wKš‘ A¯^vfvweK cybive„wË g~jK AvPiY
Zv‡`i‡K Ab¨ wkï‡`i †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i iv‡L| GB A¯^vfvweK cybive„wËg~jK AvPiY Zxeª †_‡K g„`y n‡Z cv‡i|
Zv‡`i A‡b‡KB evi evi nvZ bvovq, cv‡qi mvg‡bi As‡ki Dci fi w`‡q nuv‡U, A_ev †Kv‡bv we‡kl fw½‡Z
`xN©mgq w¯’ifv‡e `uvwo‡q _v‡K| Zviv A‡bKmgq †Ljbv Mvwo ev †Uªb wb‡q †Ljv Kivi e`‡j G¸‡jv‡K GK jvB‡b
mvRvq| AmveavbZvekZ †KD hw` GB mvRv‡bv Mvwo ev †Uªb bvwo‡q †d‡j Z‡e Zviv Lye nZvk ev wePwjZ n‡q c‡o|
AwUw÷K wkïiv Pvq Zv‡`i Pvicv‡k †hgb Av‡Q †ZgbB _vK| Zviv †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b cQ›` K‡i bv| ˆ`bw›`b iæwUb
Abyhvqx LvIqv, †Mvmj Kiv, GKB iv¯Ívq wbw`©÷ mg‡q ¯‹z‡j hvIqv BZ¨vw` wel‡q mvgvb¨Zg †ni‡di n‡j Zviv
wei³ †eva K‡i| cybive„wËg~jK KvR Zv‡`i AvPiY‡K Av‡M †_‡KB hy³ K‡i iv‡L| †hgbÑ `xN© mgq a‡i d¨vb
†Nviv‡bv I Av‡jvi w`‡K ZvwK‡q _vKv| Zv‡`i Kv‡iv Kv‡ivi g‡a¨ `viæY AvMÖn †`Lv hvq msL¨v, wPý ev weÁvb
wel‡q|
AwURg wkï‡`i wKQz mej w`K
 mywbcyYfv‡e †`Lvi ÿgZv
 myk„sLj wbqgbxwZi aviYv, avivevwnKZv, c¨vUvb© BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv eyS‡Z I g‡b ivL‡Z cv‡i|
 we¯ÍvwiZ gyL¯’ Kivi g‡Zv welq (MwYZ, †Uª‡bi mgqm~wP, †Ljvi †¯‹vi) g‡b ivL‡Z cv‡i|
 `xN©‡gqv`x ¯§„wZ
 Kw¤úDUvi I cÖhyw³MZ `ÿZv
 msMxZ I ev`¨h‡š¿i cÖwZ AvMÖn
 we‡kl cQ›`bxq wel‡qi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvM
 ˆkwíK `ÿZv
 Aíeq‡m wjwLZ fvlv co‡Z cviv (eyS‡Z cviæK ev bv cviæK)
 evbvb g‡b ivLv
 mZZv
 mgm¨v mgvav‡b `ÿZv

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 64
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

AwURg †¯úKUªvg wWmAW©vi-Gi KviY Kx?

AwURg †Kb nq Zv, mywbw`©ó †Kv‡bv KviY GLb ch©šÍ Lyu‡R cvIqv hvqwb| Z‡e AwURg wel‡q m‡PZbZv I Áv‡bi
cwiwa e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ KviY AbymÜv‡bi KvRwUI †e‡o P‡j‡Q|
wewfbœ Kvi‡Y AwURg n‡q _v‡K G welqwU eZ©gv‡b weÁvbm¤§Zfv‡e cÖwZwôZ| wewfbœ ch©v‡q AwUR‡gi †h RwUj
jÿY †`Lv hvq Zv †_‡K ejv hvq †h, GKvwaK Kvi‡Y AwURg n‡Z cv‡i| Rb¥c~e©, Rb¥Kvjxb I Rb¥cieZ©x †h
†Kv‡bv mg‡q †R‡bwUK (eskMZ) Ges SuzwKc~Y© cwi‡e‡ki cÖfv‡e AwURg n‡Z cv‡i| †Kv‡bv wkïi g‡a¨ AwUR‡gi
wKQz jÿY _vK‡jB AwURg Av‡Q Ggb wm×všÍ †bqv hv‡e bv| †KejgvÎ we‡klÁ wPwKrmKB ej‡Z cvi‡eb wkïwUi
AwURg Av‡Q wKbv| wkï we‡klÁ, g‡bv‡ivM we‡klÁ, wkï ¯œvqy‡ivM we‡klÁ, g‡bvweÁvbx wKsev AwURg-G
cÖwkÿY cÖvß wPwKrmKivB AwURg wbY©q Ki‡eb|

AwUw÷K wkï‡`i wkí I g~javivi wkÿv Kvh©µ‡g AšÍfy©³KiY

AwUw÷K wkï‡`i wkÿv`v‡bi Kvh©µg wVK Kivi Rb¨ we‡klÁ †ckvRxex‡`i cÖ‡qvRb| wkÿv_©xi AvPiY, weKvk,
mvgvwRK I GKv‡WwgK cÖ‡qvR‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i mßv‡n cÖ‡qvRbxq Kv‡Ri Rb¨ KZ mgq e¨q Ki‡Z n‡e Zv
wba©viY Kiv nq| †KejgvÎ GKwU c×wZi gva¨‡g wkï‡`i wkÿv`vb m¤¢e bq, GKmv‡_ ev µgvš^‡q GKvwaK
c×wZi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖv‡qvwMK AvPiY we‡kølY (Applied behaviour analysis) bxwZgvjvi Dci wfwË
K‡i A‡bK¸‡jv wkÿv`vb c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
AwUw÷K wkÿv_©xi wkÿvq mnvqZv cÖ`vb I cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Zv‡`i wkÿv e¨e¯’vi mv‡_ mswkøó
wkÿK‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqZv w`‡Z n‡e| wkïi mej w`K I Pvwn`vi mnvqZvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡Z AwffveKmn
mKj m`‡m¨i g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM _vKv Riæix Ges BwZevPK mdjZvi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki †KŠkj wba©viY, mgš^q, I
mn‡hvwMZvi cÖ‡qvRb| wkÿv_©x‡`i ïay †kÖwYK‡ÿ ewm‡q †`qvB bq, Zv‡`i g~javivi Kvh©µ‡g AšÍfy©³ Kiv Riæix|
AwUw÷K wkï‡`i mdjZvi Rb¨ Zv‡`i cÖwZ BwZevPK `„wófw½ cÖ‡qvRb| †mRb¨ †QvU †QvU mvdj¨I D‡jøL Ki‡Z
n‡e| AwUR‡gi ˆewk‡ó¨i cvkvcvwk GKRb wkÿv_©xi ¸Yvewj Rvbv _vK‡j Dchy³ cwiKíbv Ki‡Z myweav nq|

†kÖwYK‡ÿ ev mgv‡R AwUw÷K eÜz‡`i Kxfv‡e mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv hvq

AwUw÷K wkï‡`i mncvVx‡`i Ômn‡hvMx eÜzÕ wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv nq| mncvVx‡`i g‡a¨ eÜz‡Z¡i aviYv Ges jÿ¨
AR©‡b GKZve×Zvi cwi‡ek M‡o †Zvjv cÖ‡qvRb hv‡Z AwUw÷K wkïiv h_vh_ mnvqZv, m¤§vb wb‡q †e‡o DV‡Z
cv‡i| AwUw÷K wkï‡`i cÖwZ ms‡e`bkxjZv I BwZevPK gvbwmKZvq cÖvq mevB Avgiv DcK…Z n‡ev †Kbbv G‡`i
g‡a¨ †KD Avgv‡`i fvB †evb, cÖwZ‡ekx ev AvZ¥xq| AwURg msµvšÍ wkÿv ev ms‡e`bkxjZvi cÖwkÿY †Kv‡bv
wbw`©ó wkÿv_©xi Dci wfwË K‡i n‡e bv, Zv mvwe©Kfv‡e n‡Z n‡e|
†kÖwYK‡ÿ wb‡`©kbv eyS‡Z ev wg_w¯Œqv evov‡Z mncvVx‡`i KiYxqÑ
1| GK †kÖwY Kÿ †_‡K Ab¨ †kÖwY K‡ÿ wb‡q hvIqv
2| †kÖwYK‡ÿi KvR I wkÿvmsµvšÍ DcKiY ¸wQ‡q ivLv
3| †kÖwYK‡ÿi Rb¨ wbw`©ó iæwUb †g‡b Pjv
4| mncvVx‡`i mv‡_ †gjv †gkvi Rb¨ Drmvn cÖ`vb Kiv
5| †kÖwY‡Z cov‡bvi welqwUi mvigg© ejv I g~j welqwU cybivq ejv
6| †kÖwYK‡ÿi Av‡jvPbvq AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqZv cÖ`vb
7| †gŠwLKfv‡e A_ev †hvMv‡hvM mnvqK h‡š¿i gva¨‡g cÖ`Ë DËimg~n wjwLZ iƒ‡c cÖKv‡k mvnvh¨ Kiv|
8| nZvk n‡j cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©kbv I Drmvn cÖ`vb Kiv
9| A‡b¨i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ me©`v Zv‡K cyi¯‹…Z Kiv
10| †kÖwYK‡ÿi KvR mwVKfv‡e Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Kiv

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 65
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq kvixwiK wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨ weÁvb I †Ljvayjv

mvaviYZ mvivRxeb a‡i AwUR‡gi jÿY¸‡jv GKR‡bi g‡a¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e h_vh_ mvnvh¨, wb‡`©kbv I
Dchy³ wkÿv †c‡j mg‡qi mv‡_ wKQz wKQz jÿ‡Yi DbœwZ nq| hv‡`i gv‡S AígvÎvi mgm¨v _v‡K Zv‡`i
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ DbœwZ nq Ges Zviv ¯^vfvweK Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z cv‡i| gvSvwi I †ewk mgm¨vMÖ¯’ wkï‡`i †ÿ‡Î †`Lv
hvq †h Zviv wVKgZ K_v ej‡Z cv‡i bv Ges wb‡Ri hZœI wb‡Z cv‡i bv| Z‡e cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q kbv³ Kiv †M‡j
Ges wbweo cÖwkÿY I wb‡`©kbv †c‡j AwUw÷K wkïiv bvbv‡ÿ‡Î mdjZv †c‡Z cv‡i|
AwUw÷K wkï‡`i wkÿv`v‡bi Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡kI K‡qKwU †¯^”Qv‡mex msMVb M‡o D‡V‡Q| †hgbÑ cÖqvm, AwURg
I‡qj‡dqvi dvD‡Ûkb, †mvqvK, AwUw÷K wPj‡Wªb I‡qj‡dqvi dvD‡Ûkb BZ¨vw`| G Qvov wKQz ¯‹zj cÖwZwôZ
n‡q‡Q hviv AwURg wkï‡`i wkÿv I cÖwkÿ‡Y Kg©iZ i‡q‡Q| miKvwi c„ô‡cvlKZv †c‡j G mg¯Í cÖwZôvb AviI
Kvh©Ki f~wgKv ivL‡Z I DbœwZ‡Z Ae`vb ivL‡Z cvi‡e|

AwUR‡gi g~j ˆewk󨸇jv wjLyb

1|
2|
3|
AwUw÷K wkï‡`i cÖavb 5wU mej w`K
wkÿv_©xi KvR
1|
2|
3|
4|
5|

mvivsk
AwUR‡gi ˆewkó¨ I gvÎv wkï‡f‡` wfbœZi| g~j kbv³Kvix AwUR‡gi ˆewkó¨ n‡jv wZbwUÑ 1| mvgvwRK
†gjv‡gkv, 2| †hvMv‡hvM I 3| cybive„wËg~jK AvPiY| G¸‡jvB AwUR‡gi g~j jÿY wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|
AwUwóK wkï‡`i AwaKvs‡ki g‡a¨B mvgvwRK wg_w¯Œqvi ¸iæZi mgm¨v †`Lv hvq| Zviv A‡b¨i †Pv‡L †PvL †i‡L
ZvKvqbv, A‡b¨i cÖwZ wbwj©ß _v‡K Ges GKv _vK‡Z cQ›` K‡i| Zviv A‡b¨i ivM ev Av`‡ii cÖwZ †Kv‡bv
cÖwZwµqv †`Lvq bv Ges Kv‡iv Rwo‡q aiv cQ›` K‡i bv|
fvlvMZ weKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î AwUw÷K wkï‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| fvlvMZ Amyweavi Kvi‡Y AwUw÷K
wkï‡`i A‡b¨i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡b mgm¨v nq| Z‡e AwUw÷K wkïiv Qwe, Bkviv, fvlv ev ¯ú‡k©i mvnv‡h¨
A‡b¨i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv wkL‡Z cv‡i|
wKQz AwUw÷K wkï cybive„wËg~jK AvPiY K‡i| Zviv GKB KvR evi evi Ki‡Z Pvq| Zv‡`i A‡b‡KB evi evi
nvZ bvovq| Zviv cv‡qi mvg‡bi As‡ki Dci fi w`‡q nuv‡U Ges †Kvb GK we‡kl fw½‡Z w¯’ifv‡e `uvwo‡q
_v‡K|
G‡`i wKQz mej w`KI Av‡Q †hgb- mywbcyYfv‡e †`Lvi ÿgZv, m½xZ I ev`¨h‡š¿i cÖwZ AvMÖn, evbvb g‡b ivLv,
we¯ÍvwiZ I gyL¯’ Kivi ÿgZv| AwUw÷K wkï‡`i‡K mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZv Kiv Avgv‡`i mevi KZ©e¨|

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 66
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.6
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| AwUR‡gi g~j ˆewkó¨ KqwU?
K) 3 wU L) 4 wU
M) 5 wU N) 2 wU
2| AwURg Av‡Q Ggb wkï‡`i mej w`K¸‡jv Kx?
i. mywbcyYfv‡e †`Lvi ÿgZv
ii. evbvb g‡b ivLv
iii. `xN©‡gqv`x ¯§„wZ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I iii L) iii
M) i, ii N) i, ii I iii

P‚ovš— g~j¨vqb
mswÿß cÖkœ
1| AwURg Kx?
2| A¨vmcvR©vm© wmb‡Wªvg ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
3| cybive„wËg~jK AvPiY Kv‡K e‡j?
4| AwUR‡gi wkï‡`i mv‡_ Kx iKg AvPiY Kiv DwPZ?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| AwUR‡gi GKwU ˆewkó¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb?
2| GKwU AwURg wkïi mej w`K¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
3| †kÖwYK‡ÿ AwUw÷K wkï‡`i Kxfv‡e mvnvh¨ Kiv hvq?
4| AwUw÷K wkï‡`i Rb¨ †¯^”Qv‡mexg~jK msMVb¸‡jvi bvg wjLyb|

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 6.1 : 1| K 2| N 3| L 4| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 6.2 : 1| L 2| M 3| K 4| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 6.3 : 1| L 2| K 3| N 4| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 6.4 : 1| L 2| K 3| M 4| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 6.5 : 1| L 2| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 6.6 : 1| K 2| N

BDwbU 6 c„ôv 67