Floor division will return
float value if one or both
operands are floats.
The in operator
An operator to check for membership of a sequence. Examples
c in "aeiou"
num in range(1, 100)
Result: True or False
for loop
• Use a for loop when you know how many times you want to repeat a computation
while loop
• Use while when you want to exit a loop when a certain situation arises
• Often not knowing in advance how times you need to loop.
Examples
1. You want to repeatedly read in marks to a class of n students and find the average. Should
you use for loop or while loop?
2. You want to repeatedly read in marks to a class of students but you do not know the number
of students before hand. You will enter a negative mark when there are no more students.
Should you use for loop or while loop?
Example 1: Use for loop
sum = 0
for i in range(n):
marks = int(input("Enter score:"))
sum += marks
print("Average marks: ", sum/n)
Example 2: Use while loop
sum = 0
n=0
mark = int(input("Enter mark: "))
while mark >= 0:
sum += mark
n += 1
mark = int(input("Enter next mark: "))
print("Average mark: ", sum/n)
Example 3:
• Write a loop to evaluate this summation series given n:
n
1
∑ i(i+1)
i=1
sum = 0
for i in range(1, n+1):
sum += 1/(i*(i+1))
Example 4:
• Write a loop to evaluate this summation series to 8 decimal places:
❑
1
∑ i(i+1)
i=1
Summation Series 2
sum = 0
eps = 1e-8
i = 1
term = 1/2 # = 1/(1*(1+1)) for first term
while term > eps:
sum += term
i += 1
term = 1/(i*(i+1))
Nested loops
• The inclusion of a loop inside another
• The nesting can be any combination of for and while
• for – for
• for – while
• while – while
• while – for
n m
• Example: ∑ ∑ ¿ ¿ ¿)
i=1 j=1
• There can be more levels of nesting
n m p
• Question: can you write the nest loop for ∑ ∑ ∏ (i∗j+ k) ?
i=1 j=1 k=1
Summation Series 3 with nested loops
sum = 0
for i in range(1, n+1):
for j in range(1, m+1):
sum += i * j
Infinite loop
• A loop that goes on for ever. Your program doesn’t terminate.
• Usually this is an error.
• Sometimes this is deliberate, but with a condition within the loop that allows breaking
out
Break
• Stops the computation in a loop and forces exit from the loop
• In a nested loop situation, a break statement breaks out of the loop directly containing
it.
Summation Series 4
sum = 0
eps = 1e-8
i = 1
term = 1/2 # = 1/1*(1+1) for first term
while True:
sum += term
i += 1
term = 1/(i*(i+1))
if term < eps:
break
continue
• Stops the computation in a loop and return to the top of the loop
• In a nest loop situation, a continue statement returns to the top of the loop directly
containing it.
for … else (and while … else too)
