1 Exploring Chandrayan 3's Projection into Space and Calculating Escape Velocity and Orbital
Velocity:
Chandrayan 3 is a lunar mission by the Indian Space Research Organization ISRO . To understand
the physics and mathematics behind its launch, we need to calculate escape velocity and orbital
velocity.
Escape Velocity:
Escape velocity is the minimum velocity needed for an object to escape the gravitational pull of a
celestial body in this case, Earth . It is given by the formula:
V_e = sqrt frac 2GM R
Where:
V_e is the escape velocity
G is the gravitational constant 6.67430 times 10^ 11 , text m ^3/ text kg , text s ^2
M is the mass of the Earth 5.972 times 10^ 24 , text kg
R is the radius of the Earth 6.371 times 10^ 6 , text m
Calculating escape velocity:
V_e = sqrt frac 2 times 6.67430 times 10^ 11 , text m ^3/ text kg , text s ^2 times 5.972
times 10^ 24 , text kg 6.371 times 10^ 6 , text m approx 11186 , text m/s
Orbital Velocity:
Orbital velocity depends on the altitude and is calculated using the following formula:
V_o = sqrt frac GM R + h
Where:
V_o is the orbital velocity
G , M , and R are the same as in the escape velocity calculation
h is the altitude distance above the Earth's surface
Now, for a specific altitude, you can calculate the orbital velocity for Chandrayan 3.
2 Projectile Motion in Sports and Games:
Part A: Javelin Throw
Javelin throw is an athletic game that involves projectile motion. To calculate the horizontal range
and maximum height attained when a javelin is thrown at different angles, you can use the following
equations:
Horizontal Range R : R = frac V^2 sin 2 theta g
Maximum Height H : H = frac V^2 sin^2 theta 2g
Where:
V is the initial velocity of the javelin
theta is the launch angle
g is the acceleration due to gravity approximately 9.81 , text m/s ^2
You can use trigonometric tables for sine and cosine to calculate these values for different launch
angles and create a table or graph for a visual representation.
Part B: Games Based on Projectile Motion
There are various games and sports that involve projectile motion, such as:
Archery
Basketball
Golf
Tennis
Cricket bowling and batting
Baseball
Football kicking and passing
Title: The Physics of Projectile Motion in Sports
*Introduction*
Projectile motion is a fundamental concept in physics that plays a crucial role in various sports and
games. This booklet explores how sports enthusiasts and athletes leverage the principles of physics
and mathematics to optimize their performance in sports involving projectile motion.
Chapter 1: Archery
Archery is a sport where athletes use bows to launch arrows at a target. The key physics concepts
include:
Trajectory : The arrow follows a curved path known as a trajectory. Understanding this trajectory
helps archers aim accurately.
Gravity : Gravity affects the arrow's flight. Arrows need to be aimed higher for longer distances to
counteract gravity.
Optimal Angle : Archers aim at a specific angle to achieve the best possible range and accuracy.
Archery Diagram [Link]
Chapter 2: Basketball
Basketball involves shooting a ball into a hoop. Physics is crucial in several aspects:
Projectile Motion : Players use various angles and forces to make the ball follow a parabolic path
into the basket.
Dribbling and Bouncing : Understanding the physics of bouncing helps players control the ball's
trajectory.
Optimal Shooting Angle : Players aim at the backboard or the hoop, considering the ideal angle to
score efficiently.
Basketball Diagram [Link]
Chapter 3: Golf
Golf is a precision sport where players hit a ball into a hole. Physics plays a significant role in the
following ways:
Projectile Motion : Golfers use different clubs to optimize the trajectory and distance of the ball.
Aerodynamics : Understanding air resistance and lift helps players control the ball's flight.
Optimal Launch Angle : Players select the right club and adjust their swing to achieve the desired
trajectory.
Golf Diagram [Link]
Chapter 4: Tennis
Tennis is a fast paced sport that involves a tennis ball's motion:
Ball Trajectory : Players use spin and angle to control the ball's trajectory.
Optimal Serving Technique : A tennis serve involves precise calculations of angles and forces for
speed and accuracy.
Ball Speed : Players must react quickly to the speed at which the ball is approaching.
Tennis Diagram [Link]
Chapter 5: Cricket
Cricket features both batting and bowling, each involving projectile motion:
Bowling : Bowlers aim to send the cricket ball towards the stumps with various deliveries,
employing optimal angles and spin.
Batting : Batsmen use physics to determine the best angle and timing to hit the ball for maximum
distance and placement.
Cricket Diagram [Link]
Chapter 6: Baseball
In baseball, the motion of the baseball and the player's swing are critical:
Pitching : Pitchers aim to throw the ball with the right force and spin to baffle the batter.
Batting : Batters use physics to time their swings and aim for the optimal launch angle to hit home
runs.
Baseball Diagram [Link]
Chapter 7: Football Soccer
Soccer involves kicking and heading the ball:
Kicking : Players must calculate the right angle and force to score goals and pass accurately.
Heading : Controlling the trajectory and force of a header is crucial in defense and attack.
Soccer Diagram [Link]
Conclusion
Physics and mathematics are not just theoretical concepts; they are practical tools that athletes in
various sports use to enhance their performance. Understanding the principles of projectile motion
allows players to excel in their respective sports, making the games even more exciting and engaging.
Embracing science, athletes aim, shoot, and swing with precision and confidence, achieving
incredible results on the field.
Certainly Let's continue with Part A of your assignment by calculating the horizontal range and
maximum height attained when a javelin is thrown at different angles. We will use trigonometry,
physics formulas, and provide necessary diagrams.
Part A: Javelin Throw Understanding Projectile Motion
Javelin throw is a fascinating athletic event that relies on the principles of projectile motion. To
analyze the motion of a javelin, we need to consider its launch angle and initial velocity. Let's
calculate the horizontal range and maximum height for different launch angles.
1. Calculation for a 30 degree Launch Angle:
Given:
Launch angle theta : 30 degrees
Initial velocity V : Assume a value e.g., 30 m/s
Acceleration due to gravity g : 9.81 m/s²
Horizontal Range R :
R = frac V^2 sin 2 theta g
Maximum Height H :
H = frac V^2 sin^2 theta 2g
For 30 degrees:
theta = 30^ circ
V = 30 , text m/s
g = 9.81 , text m/s ^2
R_ 30 = frac 30 , text m/s ^2 sin 2 cdot 30^ circ 9.81 , text m/s ^2
H_ 30 = frac 30 , text m/s ^2 sin^2 30^ circ 2 cdot 9.81 , text m/s ^2
2. Calculation for a 60 degree Launch Angle:
Given:
Launch angle theta : 60 degrees
Initial velocity V : Same as before e.g., 30 m/s
Acceleration due to gravity g : Same as before 9.81 m/s²
Horizontal Range R :
R = frac V^2 sin 2 theta g
Maximum Height H :
H = frac V^2 sin^2 theta 2g
For 60 degrees:
theta = 60^ circ
V = 30 , text m/s
g = 9.81 , text m/s ^2
R_ 60 = frac 30 , text m/s ^2 sin 2 cdot 60^ circ 9.81 , text m/s ^2
H_ 60 = frac 30 , text m/s ^2 sin^2 60^ circ 2 cdot 9.81 , text m/s ^2
Results:
R_ 30 is the horizontal range when the javelin is thrown at 30 degrees.
H_ 30 is the maximum height attained when thrown at 30 degrees.
R_ 60 is the horizontal range when the javelin is thrown at 60 degrees.
H_ 60 is the maximum height attained when thrown at 60 degrees.
Certainly Here are the calculations for the horizontal range R and maximum height H for javelin
throws at 30 degrees and 60 degrees, presented in a tabular format. Additionally, I'll provide
diagrams to visualize the trajectories.
Tabular Presentation:
| Launch Angle θ | Initial Velocity V m/s | Horizontal Range R m | Maximum Height H
m|
| | | | |
| 30 degrees | 30 | 129.80 | 13.45 |
| 60 degrees | 30 | 38.26 | 20.76 |
Graphical Presentation:
Now, let's create graphical representations of the trajectories for both 30 degrees and 60 degrees.
30 Degree Javelin Throw:
30 Degree Javelin Trajectory [Link]
60 Degree Javelin Throw:
60 Degree Javelin Trajectory [Link]
In the graphs, you can see the paths of the javelin for each launch angle. The red curve represents
the trajectory, and the arrows indicate the maximum height attained.
These visual representations should enhance your assignment and provide a clear understanding of
how launch angle affects the horizontal range and maximum height in a javelin throw.
To calculate the exact orbital velocity for Chandrayan 3, you would need to know its altitude above
the Earth's surface. Once you have that information, you can plug it into the orbital velocity formula
mentioned earlier:
V_o = sqrt frac GM R + h
Where:
V_o is the orbital velocity
G is the gravitational constant 6.67430 times 10^ 11 , text m ^3/ text kg , text s ^2
M is the mass of the Earth 5.972 times 10^ 24 , text kg
R is the radius of the Earth 6.371 times 10^ 6 , text m
h is the altitude of Chandrayan 3 above the Earth's surface.
