Yr 12
Year 13 Biology AO1 quiz; DNA structure (3.1.5.1) and replication (3.1.5.2, mitosis and cell cycle
(3.2.2).
(to be done before chapter 21 recombinant DNA technology)
1. What is the basic role of DNA?
2. What is the basic role of (m)RNA?
3. What are ribosomes made of?
4. What are the components of a nucleotide? (draw the structure)
5. What are the components of a DNA nucleotide?
6. What are the components of a RNA nucleotide?
7. How are nucleotides joined?
8. Describe the structure of DNA.
9. Why did some early scientists doubt that DNA carried the genetic code?
10. How are RNA molecules different from DNA?
11. If a double stranded DNA molecule contains 26% Adenine, calculate the percentages of the other
bases.
12. Why is DNA replication important?
13. Name and describe the process of DNA replication.
14. When does DNA replication occur?
15. What does mitosis produce?
16. Name the stages of mitosis.
17. Describe what happens at each stage.
18. What is the final stage of the cell cycle.
19. What could happen if mitosis is uncontrolled?
20. How do many cancer treatments work?
21. How do prokaryotic cells divide? Describe what happens during the process.
22. Viruses are non living, do not undergo cell division. How do they replicate?
23. Do all cells in multicellular eukaryotic organisms divide, explain?
24. What is mitotic index and how is it calculated?
Answers.
1. holds genetic information
2. transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosomes.
3. Proteins and RNA
4.
5. deoxyribose, a phosphate group and one of the organic bases adenine, cytosine, guanine or
thymine.
6. ribose, a phosphate group and one of the organic bases adenine, cytosine, guanine or uracil.
7. phosphodiester bond from a condensation reaction
8. double helix with two polynucleotide chains held together by hydrogen bonds between specific
complementary base pairs.
9. DNA is a relatively simple molecule
10. RNA are short, single stranded, uracil instead of thymine.
11. T 26%, C 24%, G 24%
12. ensures genetic continuity between generations of cells.
13. Semi conservative replication
unwinding of the double helix
breakage of hydrogen bonds between complementary bases in the polynucleotide strands
the role of DNA helicase in unwinding DNA and breaking its hydrogen bonds
attraction of new DNA nucleotides to exposed bases on template strands and complementary
base pairing
the role of DNA polymerase in the condensation reaction that joins adjacent nucleotides.
14. interphase
15. two daughter cells, genetically identical
16. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
17. prophase- nuclear membrane disintegrates, chromosomes condense, appear as bivalents.
Metaphase- chromosomes line up at equator, spindle fibres attach to centromeres.
Anaphase- centromeres split, chromatids separate and pulled to each pole by spindle fibres.
Telophase- nuclear membranes reform, chromosomes become longer and thinner.
18. cytokinesis
19. tumours, cancers
20. control the rate of cell division (reduce it)
21. Binary fission;
replication of the circular DNA and of plasmids
division of the cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells, each with a single copy of the
circular DNA and a variable number of copies of plasmids.
22. Following injection of their nucleic acid, the infected host cell replicates the virus particles.
23. NO! Only some cells, e.g. stem cells, are able to divide.
24. Proportion of cells in different stages of mitosis. Mitotic index = Number of cells in mitosis ÷ total
number of cells.
