oY ED ‘The word ‘fraction’ originally comes from the Latin word fractio which means ‘breaking into pieces. ‘This makes sense as when you ire you learn and oo something up into smaller parts you have fractions of it! Male sed these key words: ‘rom as early as 1800 BC, the Egyptians were writing fractions. armel They used pictures, called hieroglyphs, to write words and numbers. denominator Here are the hieroglyphs they used for some numbers. equivalent fraction simplify common factor cancel simplest form lowest terms highest common factor terminating recurring proper fraction improper fraction top-heavy fraction mixed number divisor dividend remainder ‘The Egyptians wrote all their fractions with a numerator (number at the top) of 1. To show they were writing a fraction they drew a mouth picture, which meant ‘part, above the number. Se 1 0, <> meant J and <> meant 1. th © . Can you use Egyptian hieroglyphs to write the fraction shaded in each of these diagrams? Hh Ww QD) = You see fractions all the time in everyday life, from signs showing distances, to posters in shops and. recipes in cookery books. In this unit you will learn more about using and calculating with fractions. 7 Fractions77 Simplifying fractions 7-4 Simplifying fractions Look at these three rectangles, In the first rectangle 1 ofthe shape is shaded. re laeieet ose of the fraction isthe In the second rectangle 2 of the shape is shaded. Letina aed 8 at the bottom is the denominator. In the third rectangle 7h ofthe shape is shaded You can see that in all three rectangles the same fraction of the shape is shaded. This shows that fe J and 7k are equivatent fractions, You can simplify fractions into equivalent fractions by dividing the numerator and denominator by the same number. This number must be a common factor of the numerator and denominator, 2 foo Forexample 4 = 2 an ple i= 2 and ‘Simplifying fractions is also called cancelling fra ‘When you have simplified a fraction to give the smallest possible numerator and denominator, the fraction is in its simplest form or lowest terms. ‘When you simplify a fraction, if you divide the numerator and denominator by their highest common factor, your answer will be in its simplest form in one step. eee 2 is the highest common factor of a 6 and 10, 80 2 is inits simplest | Dov worry if you dont know the highest ee oes common factor. Just cancel one step at a SS time. You wil end up with the same answer 2 2 4 then + b oo 6 is the highest common factor of 12 Beg and 38, so 2 is in its lowest terms. A 36 7 Fractions@ 6 Harsha says: 7 Simplifying fractions (lm + Copy and complete these equivalent fractions. +2 each fraction in its simplest form, > 2 a 2 15 u 2 f % 6 ‘3 eg @h ¢ 7 o n its lowest terms. 15 D 9 mm a 8 30 ar 4 & % ue 4 Copy and complete the equivalent fractions in these spider diagrams. 5. Each fraction in a pink star has an equivalent fraction in a blue star. @ Match each pink star with the correct blue star. There should be three blue stars left over. Which are they? b Cancel the fraction in the blue star that is leR over to its lowest terms. | am thinking of a fraction that is equivalent to 3. The numerator is bigger than 20, The denominator is smaller than go, ‘What fraction is Harsha thinking off 7 Fractions7.2 Recognisi equivalent fractions, decimals and percentags 7.2 Recognising equivalent fractions, decimals and percentages In Unit 3 you saw the connection between decimal numbers and fractions. Remember the decimal place-value table. The decimal number 0.1 can be written as the fraction te All these decimal numbers are called ‘The decimal number 0.2 can be written as the fraction * 50.3as 3 terminating decimals and so on. ib because they come to Similarly, 0.01 can be written as as 15. ‘gn end. Si ten as 7150.05 as ;55, 0.15 as 71S, and so on. ‘To write a terminating decimal as a fraction, follow these steps. + Write the number in the place-value table and look at the value (tenths, hundredths, ..) of the last digit + Write this value as the denominator of your fraction. + Write as the numerator the digits that come after the decimal point. + Cancel the fraction to its simplest form. (Worked example7.24 ) aoz=Z The 7 is in the tenths column of the place value table. Z cannot be cancelled. b 026 = & ‘The 6 is in the hundredths column of the place-value table. %-2 2S can be cancelled by dividing 26 and 100 by 2. © 0.045 = 3435 The 5 Is in the thousandths column of the place-value table. ee : stds = 25 ofS can be cancelled by dividing 45 and 1000 by 5. 7 Fractions7-2 Recognising equivalent fractions, decimals and percentages Percentages can b word: the 'e written as fractions with a denominator of 100, a "ords ‘per cent’ mean ‘out of 1007 You need to be able to rec Percentages, ‘ognise equivalent fractions, decimals and ‘The diagram shows the ones that are most commonly used. / Learn these and it will help you answer all sorts of questions in the future! . 075 0125 1s o oa ° 1 ‘i 0.2 03 04 0.6 07 of | | bl | | cal T TTT I : : o a das 2 1 3 a a y 0 54m 5 2 5 wae F BP | | l feedjent | I = | : i ! 100% 0 10% 20% =~ 30% 40% 60% 70% = 80% = 90% 2596 0% 75% @ 15%= 335 5 per cent means 5 out of 100. aes= BB canbe cancelled by dividing 5 and 100 by 5. 183% = $3 83 per cent means 83 out of 100 £2, cannot be cancelled. Bi 20%= 2 20% is a commonly used percentage, 20% as a fraction is y= 2. Hi 20% = 0.2 20% as a decimal is 0.2. 4 Write these decimal numbers as fractions in their simplest form. a 03 b 09 © 0.2 d 06 © 08 f 0.17 g 0.35 h 0.84 1 007 i 0.04 k 0.139 U 0.125 m 0.826 n 0.042 © 0.006 2 Write these percentages as fractions. a 9% b 27% © 81% d 69% e 11% 7 Fractions77-2 Recognising equivalent fractions, decimals and percentages 3, Use the numbers from the box to complete the following. You can only use each number once. You should have no numbers left at the end. aos=[] pb B20 ¢ D=75% Qe iw%=0) ¢ O-0 4 In the game of dominoes players lay out their dominoes end to end. ‘The touching ends must be the same number, even if tis not in the same form. For example these three dominoes could be arranged like this. dol ih is the sameas 0.1 70% is the same 0. ‘Work out how to arrange these ten dominoes, end to end. QB 5 Ina maths test, Archie got 1. of the questions wrong, a What was Archie’s percentage score? b Explain why it is not possible to work out his actual score. 7 FractionsEE ——_—_—— 743 Comparing fractions 7.3 Comparing fractions ‘There are like these, Un the frst rectangle 4 is shaded. ae In the second rectangle + is shaded use diagrams way is to gctions. On€ several different ways that you can compare two fraclo 5 an, Lok {( gemember that < means ‘s smaller You can see that } is smaller than 4, so you write 4 <3: | press thant and > means “is greater | , 1 re thar’. Or you can say that 1 is igger than 4.,so you write 4 > q- (ormoretayy Another way to compare two fractions is to use your calculator. wer is 0.33. ‘Take the fraction 1. To change 4 into a decimal, work out 1 + 3, The ans} You can also write 0.33 a5 0.3 The dot above the 3 shows that the number is recurting. 0.33... is called a recurring decimal. The three dots at the end show that the number goes on for ever. sot 3 1 is 0.25. So 4 =0.25, Now do the same to 4. To change 4 into a decimal, work out 1 + 4. The answer is 0 $ = 025, ite 1 an write 4 < ‘You can now compare the decimal numbers. 0.25 is smaller than 0.33... so you ¢ a (Worked example 7.3) alt The black lines show the eighths and the red lines show the P14 anne 0 ae +8 Z is the lager F is closer to 1 than 3.50 is the bigger of the two. b 2345-06 Divide the numerator by the denominator. 3 -243-066.. Write down the first two decimal places then ... to show the decimal carries on, 2 is the smaller. 7 Fractions7-3 Comparing fractions 4a Copy the number line PTT tr [ 1 Write the fracti , i Write the fractions 1 and 2 in the correct positions on the number line. b Which is the larger fraction? 2 a Copy the number line. fellate ° Write the fractions 4 and 2. 55 ™ t in the correct positions on the numbe b Which is the larger fraction? 3. Inach part of the question copy the shapes, then: + shade in the fraction that is shown next to each shape + write down which is the smaller of the two fractions. ‘LL b 4 Use your calculator to work out which isthe larger of the two fractions in each pair. dand 3. 5 and 13 and 3 aqand ob gands oc Land hd Zand} 5, Write the symbol < or > between each pair of fractions. 3.72 aqeg be.3 d R tials) @ is bigger than 4 because 8 is bigger than 7: Is this correct? Explain your answer. @ 7 This is part of Roman’s homework. Is he right? Explain your answer. @ 8 Hassan says:‘L am thinking of a fraction, My fraction is bigger than 2 but smaller than 2. When I divide the numerator by the denominator I get an answer of 0.533.) What fraction is Hassan thinking of? 7 Fractions@ 7-4 Improper fractions and mixed numbers 7-4 Improper fractions and mixed numbers ‘An improper fraction is sometimes called a top-heavy fraction, In & Proper fraction the numerator is smaller than the denominator Example: 3 ‘An improper fraction can be Tm an improper fraction the numerator is bigger than the written as a mixed number denominator. Example: 4 a A mixed number contains a An improper fraction can be written as a mixed number. yer and a fractio so whole numb on, aia 1 complete rectangle and 4 ofthe second rectangle are shaded. 2 a a4 4 trom the first rectangle and 4 from the second gives a total of 5 quarters or = 3 is 5 halves. 4 halves makes 2 whole units and there is 1 half left. Change 4 whole units into thirds: 4 « 3 = 12 so there are 12 thirds. Then add the extra 2 thirds: 12 + 2 = 14 a Write down the fraction shaded in each of these diagrams as: i amixed number if an improper fraction. ‘COCO eS” - A AA AA AA ‘O?¢ BEER ¢h 1 ooo 2 Write each improper fraction as a mixed number. a Z b B c g 3 Write each mixed number as an improper fraction. a 44 b> 4 Sita made 5 cakes for a birthday party. She cut each cake into 12 pieces. ‘At the end of the party there were 7 pieces of cake that had not been eaten. ‘Write the amount of cake that was eaten as: a amixed number —__b an improper fraction. 7 Fractions745 Adding and subtracting fractions 7-5 Adding and subtracting fractions ‘To add or subtract fractions you want the denominators to be the same. When you add or subtract fractions follow these steps + Ifthe denominators are the same, simply add or subtract the numerators. | Once the denominators + Ifthe denominators are different, write the fractions as equivalent, ara tha sane, of Doe fractions with the same denominator, then add or subtract the numerators. | umerators but do not + Cancel your answer to its simplest form, ‘edd the denominator + Hfyour answer is an improper fraction, write it as a mixed number. The denominators are the same, so simply subtract the numerators. ‘The denominators are the same, so simply add the numerators. 3 is an improper fraction, so re-write it as a mixed number. Finally, cancel the £ to its simplest form. The denominators are not the same so change the 3 into 2. The denominators are now the same, so add the numerators. Z is an improper fraction, so resmrte it as a mixed number. CLD 4 Work these out. 142 3 3 8 a sis) 7 7 © 7 a 99 2 Work out these additions. Write each answer in its simplest form and as a mixed number. 3,3 3,2 842 Uys agte bate Sati | ate 3 Work out the answers to these additions. Write each answer in its simplest form and as a mixed number. an 3,8 5, M bats 6 7*u 4 ote © 4 Mia adds together two proper fractions. The fractions have diferent denominators, She gets an answer of 12. Write down two fractions that Mia may have added. 7 Fractionsrrr 7-6 Finding fractions of a quantity 7.6 Finding fractions of a quantity 5 ° inator of the fri You work outa unit fraction ofa quantity by dividing the quantity bythe denominas fraction Example: To work out 4 of 18 cm, divide 18 em by 3.S0 § of 18 em = 8+ 3= Gem. by the denom To work out a more complicated fraction such as 2, divide the quantity smultiply your answer by the numerator. ° pator and then Example: To work out 2 of 18 kg, you divide 18 kg by 3 then multiply by 2 18 +3=6,6x2=12.S0 3 of 18 kg = 12 kg Worked example 7.6 . ee 8 Fofisem 2 of 208 | 17 you cant work out part in your my use a writen method oF a © $105 calculator. @ 15 +35 cm Divide the quantity (15 em) by the denominator (3. B 2045-4 First ofall find 2 by dividing the quantity (20 kg) by the denominator (5) 4*2=8kg Then multiply the answer by 2 to find 2. “oF and! mean exact the na © 3054715 First ofall find 4 by dividing the number (205) by the denominator (7). 554-60 Then mutipty the answer by4tofnd $. {Tee ae nouns inthis answer) Cetera 1 Work these out mentally. thing, s0 use the same method 1 of 1 m 4 3x28 a 1 ofss b Lof 8k © gxis a3 2. Use a written method or a calculator to work these out. 3 4. of 195 miles 3 1B x 345 a 2 ofsi82 bf of 195 miles ¢ 3 x 192 d 13 x34 3. Which of these cards is different from the others? Explain your answer. zB 4 Atarugby match in the Ellis Park Stadium in Johannesburg there were 58 476 rugby fans. ofthe fans were supporting South Africa. The rest were supporting Australia. How many fans were supporting Australia? How can you tell if your answer is likely to be correct? 7 Fractions7.7 Finding remainders 7-7 Finding remainders When you are working out a division, the number you are divi number you are dividing into is called the dividend. Example: In the division 163 + 12, 12 is the divisor and 163 is the dividend. When the answer to a division is not an exact whole number, there will be a remainder. Example: 163 + 12 = 13 remainder 7 1g by is called the divisor and the You can check this answer using inverse operations like this: 12+ 13 = 156, 156 + 7 = 163 ‘The remainder can be written as a fraction of the divisor. scam +e ample 163 = 12135 (ou can mink or is as hongne When you are solving a problem and you havea remainder you | 2” oper faction 0 a mized may need to decide whether to round up or down, Whether you number (see Topic 7.4) round up or down depends entirely on the questi aist 36 + 3= 5 remainder 1 in = nt 8 2 4 ng = ud 90 +8 = 11 remainder 2; 2 cancels to 2 b 50+3= 16 remainder 2 Here you have to round down so they have 16 sweets each 16 sweets each ‘There are not enough sweets for them to have 17 each. € 276 + 48 = 5 remainder 36 In this question you have to round up so they can take everyone on 6 buses are needed. the trip. 5 buses would not be enough for everyone. 41 Work out these divisions. Write the remainders as fractions. a 19+7 b 35=11 c 4146 d 65+9 2. Work out these divisions. Write the remainders as fractions in their simplest form. a6r4 b 20+8 c 26+6 d 38+10 e 50+12 f 33+9 g 55415 h 52+20 3 Angel uses this method to work out some harder Question Workout 257 +3 divisions. Use Angel's method, or a similar : method of your own, to work these out. Y Solution 85 remainder 2 a 22544 b 36345 © 373 +3 32°57 4447-6 2 e 75 f 920+12 257 43-95% ee@ @ 7.7 Finding remainders 4 Ethan uss his calculator to work out som Jorvout 778 + 1 ator to work out some son Wo hhatder divisions. This is the method he uses Question gs 15 = 51.866 Use Ethan's method to work these out Solution joer inte 78, 51 timey 2558612 bana € 895425 45 x 51 = 765 882523 e 852213 767417 378-765 = 13 (remainder) Eleri has 97 cents credit yor SATS ‘on her mobile phone. am _ Wcosts her 6 cents to send ~ = text messa Be. How many text messages can Eleri send? 1 Explain how you worked » ut your answer. = © Mrs Gupta has 250 sweets to share among her class of 32 children. Each child gets the same number of sweets. Mrs Gupta keeps the sweet How many sweets does Mrs Gupta keep? ‘Use an inverse operation to check your answer. 7 A farmer can ft 12 bales of hay on his trailer. He has 187 bales of hay to move. How many trips will he have to make with his trailer? Use a method of your own choice to check your working. ts that are left over, You should now know that: You should be able to: ; + Equivalent fractions are equal. 4 Simply fractions into equivalent factions. 4 When a fraction isin its simplest form, teannot __-* Cancel action tits lowest terms or be cancelled further. Simplestion. + Towrtea fraction ints simplest form you divide Write terminating decimal asa fraction both the numerator and denominator by the + Witea percentage asa fraction Highest comrson factor. ‘4. Recognise commonly used equivalent fractions, + Aterminating decimal is 2 decimal that comes to decimals and percentages. anne ‘& Compare fractions, using diagrams or 2 calculator. + recurring decal 2 decimal that oes on 4 Wate improper fractions as mixed numbers and forever. vice versa. & na proper fraction the numeratorissmallerthan gg wr subtract rations when the ‘the denominator. denominators are the same. > Inanimproper fraction the numerator is BigEer agg and subtract rations when one denominator than the denominator. isa mutipl ofthe other. 4 Amined number contains awhote-mmber Part sin tractins of quantities and whole ube. ped eer on Pe '* Write the answer to a division as a mixed number, 4 You can only add and subtract fractions when the eee eae ton dvsionas snes denominators are the sam ere ; nd an answer up or down when solving a 4 Finding a fraction ofa quantity isthe same as eee e oso acs sonlonatanexact —_* between these: a 3{) 5 Bi 4 @ Write 33 asan improper fraction. —_b Write 32 asa mixed number, QJ 5 Emmy made four apple pies for a party. She cut each pie into cight pieces At the end of the party there were three pieces of apple pie that had not been eaten, Write the amount of apple pie that was eaten as: a mixed number b an improper fraction. 6 Work out the answers to these additions and subtractions. Write each answer in its simplest form. a 3-3 b4yd 15*15 7 Work these out mentally. m 3 1 2 1 4 a Lofsiz2 b Zof2ike ¢ Lxu 4 4x30 8 Use a written method or a calculator to work these out. 6 4 z a Jofss3s b Softesmge $x215 d 2 x288 @ 9 In the New York marathon there were 45 360 runners, { ofthe runners were women. How many ofthe runners were men? 10 Work out these divisions. Write the remainders as fractions in their simplest form. a 38+5 b42+8 @Q +4 Aiden has $135 to spend on DVDs. Each DVD costs $16. DVDs a How many DVDs can he buy? only $16 each! b How much money will he have left? Use a method of your own choice to check your working.‘Throughout history, symmetry has played a major part in people ‘y: symmetry has pl i le. yy has played a may Granada isa city in the south of Spain. It is the eaptal ofthe Province of Andalusia, The Alhambra Palace in Granada is full of symmetrical designs. It was builtin the thirteenth century and, although it was originally designed as a military area, it became the residence of royalty and of the court of Granada. You can see symmetry everywhere you look, from the design of, the gardens and buildings to the tile patterns on the walls. Look around you at gardens, buildings, windows and tile designs land see how many symmetrical patterns you can see, They are everywhere! In this unit you will look at the symmetry of shapes and patterns. 8 symmetry Ci — ‘Make sure you learn and understand these key words, 20 shape square rectangle parallelogram rhombus | kite | | trapezium | scalene triangle isosceles triangle equilateral triangle right-angled triangle side parallel equal angle solid shape 3D shape cube cuboid square-based pyramid triangular-based pyramid triangular prism oylinder cone sphere face edge vertex (vertices) symmetrical line of symmetry rotational symmetry order8.1 Recognisir shapes and solids You need to be able to recognise and describe 2D shapes and solids. ‘These are some of the 2D shapes that you should know. Quadrilaterals ERweeta Triangles a& a2 A & scalene triangle isosceles triangle equilateral triangle right-angled triangle You should be able to use the words sides, parallel, equal and angles to describe 2D shapes. Look at the rectangle to the right. You can see that all the angles are right angles (90 ‘You can also see that opposite sides are both equal in length and parallel. ‘These are the solid shapes that you should know. Solid shapes are also called 3D shapes, ay J as they have three dimensions: length, cube cuboid square-based pyramid triangular-based pyramid width and height. twiangular prism cylinder cone sphere You should be able to use the words faces, edges and vertices to describe solid shapes. Look at the triangular-based pyramid to the right. ‘You can see that it has 4 faces, 6 edges and 4 vertices, Vertices are comers. Of the shapes. Each comer is a vertex. The mathematical name for a triangularbased Pyramid is tetrahedron. Worked example 8.1 ‘a Rhombus _The sides are the same length, so it could be a square or a thombus. As the opposite angles are not 90° it is not a square. Opposite angles are equal so it is a rhombus. 8 symmetry4 Copy and complete the table to show a description of the 2D quadrilaterals. The parallelogram has been done for you. Square Rectangle | Parallelogram vw v 4 Rhombus Kite ‘Trapezium 2 Write down the name of each 2D shape that is described. a ‘Ihave three sides. All my angles are different sizes and all my sides are different lengths? b ‘Ihave four sides. Two of my sides are the same length. The other two sides are the same length. Opposite sides are different lengths. Two of my angles are the same, but the other two are different. 3. This card has an isosceles triangle and a circle drawn on it. ‘The card is turned three times. Copy the diagram and draw the missing triangle on each of the cards. 4 Copy and complete the table to show a description of the 3D solids. The cone has been done for you. Cube Cuboid ‘based pyramid “Triangular-based pyramid | 4 ‘Triangular prism. QB 5 Write down the name of the solid shape that is being described. ‘When you cut me in half, the number of faces on one of my halves is double the number of faces that I started with. Vertices is the plural of vertex, so one vertex means one comer. GY) © Which two solid shapes can be joined together to form a new shape that has three faces, two edges and one vertex? 8 symmetry8.2 Recogn ‘This trapezium is symmetrical, You use dashed lines to show lines of symmetry on a shapes. Ifyou fold a shape along a line of symmetry, one half ofthe shape a will fit exactly on top of the other half, & 2 This shape has a vertical line of symmetry and a line of symmetry. bo. This shape has no lines of symmetry. 1 Each of these shapes has one line of symmetry. Copy the shapes and draw the lines of symmetry on your diagrams. ‘@ = a‘c 2 Each of these shapes has two lines of symmetry. . ‘Copy the shapes and draw the lines of symmetry on your diagrams. ‘—)? p>‘ @p' ) 3 Write down the number of lines of symmetry for each of these shapes. 2 °O em IO 4 Copy and complete the table for these triangles. The first one is done for you. a ) b 2B c ' an8.2 Recognising tine symmet 5. Here are some road signs. Fe tn part b the lines | of symmetry are not | orizontal or vera A | but are diagonal, at | an angle, as shown, ® A o no MI) ello Copy and complete the table to record their lines of symmetry. Parts a and b have been done for you. [Horizontal line of Vertical ine of symmetry |v | Diagonal line of symmetry Zi aS No lines of symmetry Co : 6 In each diagram the dashed blue lines ae lines of symmetry. Copy and complete each diagram. a \ b QB 7 Copy these patterns onto squared paper. a Add one blue square to each pattern to make a new pattern that has a line of symmetey. b Draw the line of symmetry onto each of your patterns, € Write down whether each line of symmetry is a horizontal, vertical or diagonal line of symmetry. 8 Sofi has a box of tiles. All the tiles have the same pattern. ae This is what one of the tiles looks like. Sofi uses four of the tiles to make a square pattern that has four lines of symmetry, Draw two different patterns that Sofi could make. 8 Symmetry8.3 Recognising a y 8.3 Rec ing rotational symmetry A shape has rotational symmet eile iae care Hy if it can be rotated about a point to another position and ‘The order of rotational symmetry is the number of times the shape looks the same in one full turn. A rectangle has rotational symmetry of order 2. This button has rotational symmetry of order 4, a Order 2 The parallelogram looks the same after a half-tumn and a full turn, so has order 2. b Orders The trapezium only looks the same after a full turn so has order 1. 4 Write down the order of rotational symmetry of these shapes. ‘Oo C°vO's ‘a 'S ‘a 2 Sort these cards into their correct groups. Each group must have one blue, one green and one yellow card, 8 symmetry8.3 Recogn ese road signs: order of rotational symmetry of each of the i , A | 1 k : | [0] 3 Write down the o® e AX 4 Copy this table, T 2 [En 4 Write the letter of each of the shapes below in the correct space in the table, Shape a has been done for you. a Ff '“ = . : <==. a ap e f g h @ia ‘A's J 5 Samir has five red tiles and four white tiles. Draw two different ways that Samir could arrange these tiles so that he has a shape with an order of rotational symmetry of 4 BQ 6 Alex is making a pattern by colouring squares. ‘This is what he has drawn so far. He has coloured seven squares. OL Make two copies of the diagram. ‘a In the first diagram, colour one more square so that the new pattern has rotational symmetry of order 2. Inthe second diagram, colour five more squares so that the new pattern has rotational symmetry f order 4. 8B Symmetey8.4 Sy t You should know thes perties of ilaterals and Se symmetry properties of triangles, quadrilaterals and some regular polygons. Ascalene triangle has Baicesy inet + different size angles + no lines of symmetry ‘order 1 eotational symmetry. an ‘An isosceles triangle has: + 2sides the samme angles the same + Thine of symmetry + order 1 rotational symmetry in ‘An equilateral triangle has: + all sides the same length + all angles the same size + Shines of symmetry + order 3 rotational symmetry. A ‘A square has: + all sides the same length 2 pairs of parallel sides all angles 90° 4llines of symmetry order 4 rotational symmetry. ‘A rectangle has: + 2pairs of equal length sides + 2pairs of parallel sides + all angles 90° + 2lines of symmetry + oder 2 rotational symmetry. ‘A rhombus has: + all sides the same length + 2 pairs of parallel + opposite angles equal + 2lines of symmetry + order 2 rotational symmetry. pty Eas bid ie ‘A parallelogram has: ‘A trapezium has: ‘An isosceles trapezium has: @ © + 2pairs of equal length sides _|+ different length sides + 2 sides the same length + 2paits of parallel sides + 1 pair of parallel sides + Ipair of parallel sides + opposite angles equal + different-sized angles + 2 pairs of equal angles + no lines of symmetry + pe lites of symmetry +L line of symmetey + order 2 rotational symmetry. |- order I rotational symmetry. |+ order I rotational symmetry. PATEL aX Ee EES ee Akkite has: + 2 pairs of equal length sides + no parallel sides + 1 pair of equal angles PA tescoe tyne + order | rotational symmetry. ic has: Aregular hexagon has: A regular octagon has: sept cee eet iG ci ihe ec beats eidader is acacia 5 lines of symmetry + Glines of symmetry + Bilines of symmetry. * order rotational symmetry |+ order 6 rotational symmetry _|+ order 8 rotational symmetry + Sangles the same size. + Bangles the same size + angles the same sie.84 ney pads . -_ ea (Worked exampie 8) etry of order 1. @ ‘lam a quadrilateral with one tin Eos 1e of symmetry and rotational I angles. | have two pairs of sides of equal length, no parallel sides and one Pal of e002 : What shape am i?” Describe the similarities and differences between a square and a rhombus. mmetry of order 1 could be a kite aoe i ional s ore in eye ree tne inrmatio el YOU could ol b All sides the same length Onan in a square are equal, but they are ae — This is not the case in the rhombus. They also have different symmetry properties. : _Skaares z Differences az | Opposite angles are equal |All angles in a square are 90°. | This is not | ‘A square has four lines of symmetry. All sides the same length A thombus has two lines of symmetry. a Two pairs of parallel sides ‘A square has order 4 rotational symmetry. |__Arhombus has order 2 rotational symmetry. Cc=Im 4 Name the shapes that are being described. a ‘Thave three sides that are all the same length. Thave three equal angles. Ihave three lines of symmetry and rotational symmetry of order 3. b ‘Ihave four sides. [have one line of symmetry and rotational symmetry of order 1. ‘Two of my angles are equal. Ihave two pairs of equal length sides. © ‘Thave six sides. Alll my sides are the same length. Thave six lines of symmetry and rotational symmetry of order 6? 2 Describe the similarities between a rectangle and a parallelogram, 3 Describe the differences between an isosceles trapezium and a kite. 4 Match each description with the correct shape from the box. esses a ‘Thave five lines of symmetry and order 5 rotational symmetry; Sua" Isosceles triangle b ‘Ihave no lines of symmetry and order 2 rotational symmetry: ¢ ‘Ihave one line of symmetry and order I rotational symmetry. di ‘Thave eight lines of symmetry and order 8 rotational symmetry? e f g <[have no lines of symmetry and order 1 rotational symmeti “T have four lines of symmetry and order 4 rotational symmetry? [have two lines of symmetry and order 2 rotational symmetry. 8 Symmetryi j | | i By 5. Put each shape through this ch vt assification flo Write down the letter where oe each shape comes out. @ trapezium b square d rectangle © scalene triangle © rhombus Dis another point on the grid. When D is at (7,4) quadrilateral ABDC is a square. a Point D moves so that quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram. What are the coordinates of point D? b Point D moves so that quadrilateral ABDC is a kite. Write down two possible sets of coordinates for the f isosceles triangle of @ 6 A,BandC are three points on this grid. point D. eas You should now know that: % To describe 2D shapes you need to use the words * ‘sides’, ‘parallel’ ‘equal’ and ‘angles’. e To describe solid or 30 shapes you need to use * the words ‘faces’, ‘edges’ and ‘vertices’ Ifyou fold a shape along a line of symmetry, one * half of the shape will it exactly on top of the other half. The order of rotational symmetry is the number of times the shape looks the same in one full turn. You can describe triangles, quadrilaterals and polygons by using their side, angle and symmetry properties. You should be able to: Identify and describe 2D shapes. Draw 2D shapes in different orientations. Recognise and describe common solid or 3D shapes. Recognise line symmetry in 2D shapes and patterns. Draw Lines of symmetry and complete patterns with two lines of symmetry. Identify the order of rotational symmetry. ‘Name and identify side, angle and symmetry properties of special quadrilaterals and triangles and regular polygons with five, six and eight sides. Recognise and use spatial relationships in two and three dimensions. Draw accurate mathematical diagrams. 8 SymmetryEnd of unit review 4 Write down the name of the 2D shapes that are being described. @ Thave three sides. ‘Two of my angles are the same size and WO b Ihave four sides, Two of my sides are the same length. The other All of my angles are 90°, of my sides are the same length, vo sides are the same length, Write down the names of each of the solid shapes that are being described a Ihave four triangular faces and one square face. Ihave ive vertices and eight edges. b Thave two triangular faces and three rectangular faces. Ihave six vertices and nine edges, 3. This card has a trapezium and a cirel ‘The card is turned three times. @ '§ aw Copy the diagram and draw the missing trapezium on each of the cards. drawn on it 4 Write down the number of lines of symmetry that each of these shapes has. a i b c ap d co. 5 In each diagram the dashed blue lines are lines of symmetry. Copy and complete each diagram. a ! b : mS 6 Write down the order of rotational symmetry of the shapes in question 4 7 Write a sentence to describe a regular hexagon. ‘sides lines of symmetry ‘You must use the words in the box. edi aris oprtaliontal @Q 8 Diya has four blue, four white and one yellow tile. symmetry ae eeeeooooo Draw two different ways that Diya could arrange these tiles so that she has @ shape with rotational symmetry of order 2. Z @ 9 Aand Bare two points on this square grid. . Cis another point on the grid. 5 When C is at (3,6) triangle ABC is a scalene triangle. ; > 2 a Point C moves so that triangle ABC is an isosceles triangle, Write down two possible sets of coordinates for the point C. b Point C moves so that triangle ABC is a right-angled isosceles triangle. Write down two possible sets of coordinates for the point C. °