N

IO
IT
ED
ST
TE

For Class XI

Sindh Textbook Board

 All rights are reserved with the SINDH TEXTBOOK, BOARD, JAMSHORO.
Prepared by SINDH TEXTBOOK, BOARD, JAMSHORO.
Reviewed by Directorate of Curriculum Assessment and Research Sindh, Jamshoro
Prescribed by the Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education Hyderabad, Sukkur,
Shaheed Benazirabad,Larkana, Mirpurkhas and Karachi for Secondary School Examination.
Approved by the Education and Literacy Department, Government of Sindh.
No. SELD/HCW/18/2018 Dated 10th, August 2023.
Patron in Chief
Agha Suhail Ahmed
Chairman, Sindh Textbook Board.

Patron
Dr. Nusrat Parveen Sahito
Director (AR & T)

Abdul Rehman Indher

(Asst: Subject Specialist)

AUTHORS REVIEWERS
¶ Dr. Mazhar Ali Abbasi ¶ Dr. Mazhar Ali Abbasi
¶ Dr. Syed Naseem Hussain Shah ¶ Dr. Abdul Qadir Rahimoon
¶ Assoc Prof: Atta Hussain Lakho ¶ Dr. Barkat Ali Laghari
¶ Assoc Prof: Tariq Salahuddin ¶ Mr. Noor Ahmed Khoso
¶ Ms. Rozina Channar
¶ Assoc Prof: Syed Rehan Ali
¶ Mr. Sarwaruddin Jamali
¶ Mr. Zaheer Ahmed Abbasi
INTERNAL REVIEWERS
¶ Mr. Kashif Mubeen
¶ Dr. Imran Ali Halepoto
¶ Prof: Mian Saeed Ahmed Indher
¶ Lecturer Mian Ayaz Ahmed Indher EDITORS
¶ Lecturer Khalid Ahmed Abbasi ¶ Dr. Abdul Qadir Rahimoon
¶ Dr. Mazhar Ali Abbasi
CO-ORDINATOR
¶ Muhammad Ayoub Junejo

Designing and Layout

¶ Mr. Muhammad Arslan Shafaat Gaddi

Printed at:
 CONTENTS

Weightage Page
Unit No. Unit Name No.

01 Measurements 11% 01 - 29

02 Kinematics 5% 30 - 56

03 Dynamics 6% 57 - 72

04 Rotational and Circular Motion 8% 73 - 97

05 Work, Energy and Power 10% 98 - 121

06 Fluid Statics 4% 122 - 140

07 Fluid Dynamics 6% 141 - 160

08 Electric Fields 11% 161 - 182

09 Capacitors 3% 183 - 196

10 D.C Circuits 10% 197 - 223

11 Oscillations 7% 224 - 247

12 Acoustics 8% 248 - 274

13 Physical Optics 8% 275 - 304

14 Communication 4% 305 - 321

 PREFACE

The century we have stepped in, is the century of Science and technology. The modern
disciplines of Physics are strongly influencing not only all the branches of science but each and
every aspect of human life.
To keep the students abreast with the recent knowledge; it is must that the curricula at all the
levels be updated. Moreover regularly by introducing the rapid and multidirectional development
taking place in all the branches of Physics.
The recent book of Physics for Class XI has been written in this preview and in accordance
with the revised curriculum. Prepared by Ministry of Education, Govt of Sindh. Reviewed by
independent team of Directorate of Curriculum Assessment and Research, Jamshoro Sindh.
Keeping in view the importance of Physics, the topics have been revised and re-written according
to the need of the time.
Among the new editions the introductory paragraphs, information boxes, summaries and a
variety of extensive exercises have been included. Which I think will not only develop the interest
but also add a lot to the utility of the book.
The Sind Textbook Board has taken great pains and incurred expenditure in publishing this
book inspite to its limitations. A textbook is indeed not the last word and there is always room for
improvement. While the authors have tried their level best to make the most suitable presentation,
both in terms of concept and treatment. There may still have some deficiencies and omissions.
Learned teachers and worthy students are therefore requested to be kind enough to point out the
short comings of the text or diagrams and to communicate their suggestions and objections for the
improvement of the next edition of this book.
In the end, I am thankful to our Authors, Editors and Subject specialist of Board for their
relentless service rendered for the cause of education.

Chairman
Sindh Textbook Board
Unit 1: Physics and Measurements

Unit 1 Physics and Measurements

Teaching Periods 17 Weightage % 11

1
 Unit 1: Physics and Measurements

2
Unit 1: Physics and Measurements

3
 Unit 1: Physics and Measurements

4
Unit 1: Physics and Measurements

newton

5
 Unit 1: Physics and Measurements

Physical
Quantities

Fig: 1.1 (a) and (b)

6
Unit 1: Physics and Measurements

7
 Unit 1: Physics and Measurements

Slow Getting faster Fast

Fig: 1.2 Measurement of speed

8
Unit 1: Physics and Measurements

(A)

Scale
Working
liquid

Reservoir
Fig: 1.3 (A)
(B)
Metal 1

Junction Voltage

Metal 2

Heat source
Fig: 1.3 (B)

Typical thermistor

Resistance (C)

: Linearized
thermistor (Two parallel resistors)
Temperature
Fig: 1.3

Fig: 1.4 (CRO)

9
 Unit 1: Physics and Measurements

Physical Quantities

10
Unit 1: Physics and Measurements

Worked Example 1.1

11
 Unit 1: Physics and Measurements

Systematic Error

12
Unit 1: Physics and Measurements

Random Error

13
 Unit 1: Physics and Measurements

14
Unit 1: Physics and Measurements

Worked Example 1.2

15
 Unit 1: Physics and Measurements

Worked Example 1.3

:
:

16
Unit 1: Physics and Measurements

Worked Example 1.4

17
 Unit 1: Physics and Measurements

Line of best fit

18
Unit 1: Physics and Measurements

Response by Time

82

80

78
y

76

74

72

Time

Volume vs temperature
Volume

V=
( )
V0
273.15
t + V0

extrapolation
(0, 0)
t = - 273.15°C Temperature (in °C)

19
 Unit 1: Physics and Measurements

20
Unit 1: Physics and Measurements

21
 Unit 1: Physics and Measurements

22
Unit 1: Physics and Measurements

:
Position (m)

30

20

10

Time (s)
0 5 10 15

23
 Unit 1: Physics and Measurements

Position (m)

30

20

10

Time (s)
0 5 10 15

24
Unit 1: Physics and Measurements

CONCEPT
MAP

Physics and Measurement

Measurement
Physics Graphs
Techniques

Significant
Measurement Errors Figures

Scope:
Science
Technology Random Types of
Society Systemic Variables Graphs

Units:
SI Base
Derived
Supplimentary

Dimensionality

Applications
Verification
of equation

25
 Unit 1: Physics and Measurements

SUMMARY

26
Unit 1: Physics and Measurements

EXERCISE

27
 Unit 1: Physics and Measurements

28
Unit 1: Physics and Measurements

29
Unit 2: Kinematics

Unit 2 Kinematics
Teaching Periods 8 Weightage % 5

30
30
 Unit 2: Kinematics

:
In graphical method vectors are denoted by a line de
nitu
segment with arrow, the starting point of line is called Mag
tail and the ending point of line having arrow is known ad
He
as head of vector. The length of line showing the
magnitude of given vector as shown in figure2.1 n
ctio
Dire
Tail

31
Unit 2: Kinematics

Fig: 2.2

:
:

Fig: 2.3

Fig: 2.4

32
 Unit 2: Kinematics

Multiplication and division of vector by number:

When multiplied by When multiplied by

a positive number a negative number
®
V ®
V
® ®
2V -2V

33
Unit 2: Kinematics

ay
ax
x
az

z
:

®
A ®
B
® ®
B = A

z
k

j
y

:
z ®
A
®
A
®
A

y
A free vector
x

34
 Unit 2: Kinematics

:
y

P
® (x, y, z)
r

x
O (o, o, o)

:
A -A

Fig: 2.10

35
Unit 2: Kinematics

Fig: 2.11 (a) Fig: 2.11 (b)

Fig: 2.11

36
 Unit 2: Kinematics

37
Unit 2: Kinematics

q A
B

Fig: 2.12

®
F

q
®
d
Worked Example 2.1

38
 Unit 2: Kinematics

Counter clockwise Clockwise

R
A A

B B
R

39
Unit 2: Kinematics

40
 Unit 2: Kinematics

Position P of a particle
: at a given time has
coordinates x, y, z.

Position vector of point P

has components x, y, z.

41
Unit 2: Kinematics

®
Vav
®
Dr

42
 Unit 2: Kinematics

Displacement

Displacement

Displacement
Time Time Time
(a) (b) (c )

43
Unit 2: Kinematics

Worked Example 2.2

(a) (a)

X components:

Y components:

Distance from the origin:

44
 Unit 2: Kinematics

45
Unit 2: Kinematics

46
 Unit 2: Kinematics

47
Unit 2: Kinematics

Worked Example 2.3

Worked Example 2.4

48
 Unit 2: Kinematics

Fig: 2.25

49
Unit 2: Kinematics

Horizontal Vertical

50
 Unit 2: Kinematics

51
Unit 2: Kinematics

Worked Example 2.5

at the angle of 50 degree

52
 Unit 2: Kinematics

CONCEPT
MAP

2
v = u + at s = ut + 1/2 at v2 = u2 + 2as

Equations of Motion

Basic Terminology Motion Graphical study

Uniform and Distance/

non-uniform motion displacement
time graph
Acceleration
Speed/ velocity
Frame of reference time graph

a = d2x/dt2
Relative motion Acceleration
a = dv/dt time graph

Distance Displacement

Speed Velocity

Average speed Average velocity

Instantaneous Speed Instantaneous Velocity

(for very small instant) (for very small instant)

53
Unit 2: Kinematics

SUMMARY

54
 Unit 2: Kinematics

EXERCISE

55
Unit 2: Kinematics

56
Unit 3: Dynamics

Unit 3 Dynamics
Teaching Periods 9 Weightage % 6

57
57
 Unit 3: Dynamics

58
Unit 3: Dynamics

Worked Example 3.1

59
 Unit 3: Dynamics

East mass = 3000kg

mass = 1000kg speed = 60km/h
speed = 60km/h

Momentum p is a vector quantity

Fig: 3.2

60
Unit 3: Dynamics

61
 Unit 3: Dynamics

Worked Example 3.2

62
Unit 3: Dynamics

Before collision

At collision

After collision
Fig: 3.4

Fig: 3.5

63
 Unit 3: Dynamics

64
Unit 3: Dynamics

Worked Example 3.3

The friction and normal forces are

really components of a single
contact force

Fig: 3.6

65
 Unit 3: Dynamics

On a microscopic level, even smooth surfaces

are rough; they tend to catch and cling
Fig: 3.7

66
Unit 3: Dynamics

No applied force, Weak applied force, Stronger applied force, Box sliding at
box at rest. box remains at rest. box remains just about to slide. constant speed.
No friction: Static friction: Static friction: kinetic friction:

Box at rest; static friction Box moving; kinetic friction

equals applied force. is essentially constant.
Fig: 3.8

67
 Unit 3: Dynamics

Fig: 3.10

68
Unit 3: Dynamics

CONCEPT
MAP

Inertia of Motion Inertia of Rest Inertia of Direction

Newtons’s First
Law of Motion
Angle of friction

Types of Friction Laws of

Friction Momentum
Motion

Kinetic Friction Angle of Repose Impulse

Newtons’s Second
Static Friction Law of Motion

Newtons’s Third Law of

Law of Motion conservation
of momentum
Inelastic collision
Collision
Elastic collision

69
 Unit 3: Dynamics

SUMMARY

EXERCISE

70
Unit 3: Dynamics

71
 Unit 3: Dynamics

72
Unit 4: Rational and Circular Motion

Unit 4 Rational and Circular Motion

Teaching Periods 11 Weightage % 8

73
73
 Unit 4: Rational and Circular Motion

The full circumference is 2pr,

so 1 revolution is 2p radians.
That makes 1 radian 360°/2p
or about 57.3°.

Angle in radians is the

ration of arcs s to radius r. q = s/r.
Here q is a little less than 1 radian.
Fig: 4.1

74
Unit 4: Rational and Circular Motion

Fig: 4.2

Fig: 4.3

75
 Unit 4: Rational and Circular Motion

76
Unit 4: Rational and Circular Motion

Worked Example 4.1

77
 Unit 4: Rational and Circular Motion

Worked Example 4.2

Fig: 4.4

78
Unit 4: Rational and Circular Motion

Centripetal
r force

Fig: 4.5

Fig: 4.6

79
 Unit 4: Rational and Circular Motion

Worked Example 4.3

80
Unit 4: Rational and Circular Motion

e l
rc eta
Fo trip
n
Ce
r

m
Path traveled by ball

Fig: 4.8

Fig: 4.8

81
 Unit 4: Rational and Circular Motion

Fig: 4.9

82
Unit 4: Rational and Circular Motion

Worked Example 4.4

83
 Unit 4: Rational and Circular Motion

Fig: 4.10

84
Unit 4: Rational and Circular Motion

Worked Example 4.5

85
 Unit 4: Rational and Circular Motion

Fig: 4.11

Fig: 4.12

86
Unit 4: Rational and Circular Motion

Fig: 4.13

Fig: 4.14

Fig: 4.15

87
 Unit 4: Rational and Circular Motion

axis of rotation

Fig: 4.16

88
Unit 4: Rational and Circular Motion

Fig: 4.17

89
 Unit 4: Rational and Circular Motion

Worked Example 4.6

Fig: 4.18

90
Unit 4: Rational and Circular Motion

Fig: 4.19

Worked Example 4.7

91
 Unit 4: Rational and Circular Motion

Fig: 4.20

By combining equations we get

92
Unit 4: Rational and Circular Motion

CONCEPT
MAP

93
 Unit 4: Rational and Circular Motion

SUMMARY

94
Unit 4: Rational and Circular Motion

95
 Unit 4: Rational and Circular Motion

96
Unit 4: Rational and Circular Motion

97
Unit 5: Work, Energy and Power

Unit 5 Work, Energy and Power

Teaching Periods 15 Weightage % 10

98
1
 Unit 5: Work, Energy and Power

If a body moves through a

displacement s while a constant
force F acts on it in the same direction
the work done by the force on the body is
W = Fs.

Fig: 5.1(a)

Fig: 5.1(b)

99
Unit 5: Work, Energy and Power

s
Fig: 5.2 (a)

s
mg
Fig: 5.2 (b)

mg s

100
 Unit 5: Work, Energy and Power

Fig: 5.3

Fig: 5.4

101
Unit 5: Work, Energy and Power

Worked Example 5.1

Fig: 5.5 Variable force

102
 Unit 5: Work, Energy and Power

(a and b).

(a) (b)
Fig: 5.6 (a and b)

103
Unit 5: Work, Energy and Power

Fig: 5.7

Worked Example 5.2

104
 Unit 5: Work, Energy and Power

Fig: 5.8

105
Unit 5: Work, Energy and Power

Fig: 5.9

Fig: 5.10

106
 Unit 5: Work, Energy and Power

Fig: 5.11

107
Unit 5: Work, Energy and Power

Or

108
 Unit 5: Work, Energy and Power

Or

109
Unit 5: Work, Energy and Power

Or

110
 Unit 5: Work, Energy and Power

Worked Example 5.3

Fig: 5.12

111
Unit 5: Work, Energy and Power

112
 Unit 5: Work, Energy and Power

113
Unit 5: Work, Energy and Power

V1 V2

F F

s
Fig: 5.13

114
 Unit 5: Work, Energy and Power

Worked Example 5.4

115
Unit 5: Work, Energy and Power

Fig: 5.14

116
 Unit 5: Work, Energy and Power

117
Unit 5: Work, Energy and Power

SUMMARY

118
 Unit 5: Work, Energy and Power

CONCEPT
MAP

Positive if Zero if Negative if

q < 90 q = 90 q > 90

Work done by a Work energy

Work
variable force theorem

Kinetic Energy
Work, Energy Energy
Power
and Power Potential Energy

Mechanical
Work done against Energy
gravitational field
When conservative
forces are acting
Absolute potential
Escape velocity
energy
Total mechanical
energy conservation

119
Unit 5: Work, Energy and Power

EXERCISE

120
 Unit 5: Work, Energy and Power

121
Unit 6: Fluid Statics

Unit 6 Fluid Statics

Teaching Periods 5 Weightage % 4

122
122
 Unit 6: Fluid Statics

123
Unit 6: Fluid Statics

Fig: 6.1

Fig: 6.2

124
 Unit 6: Fluid Statics

Fig: 6.3

When the hand pump handle is pushed

down and the piston is raised, air in the
pipe is 'thinned' as
it expands to fill a
larger volume.
Atmospheric
pressure on the
well surface
: pushes water up
into the pipe,
causing water to
overflow at the
sprout.

125
Unit 6: Fluid Statics

Worked Example 6.1

126
 Unit 6: Fluid Statics

Fig: 6.4
Worked Example 6.2

127
Unit 6: Fluid Statics

Fig: 6.5

128
 Unit 6: Fluid Statics

129
Unit 6: Fluid Statics

Because gas (Hydrogen or Helium) filled in balloons that

rises in air are less dense than air. Air becomes less dense at
high altitude; a lesser weight of air is displaced per given
volume as the balloon rises. When the weight of displaced
air equals the total weight of the balloon, upward motion of
balloon ceases. It can be stated as when the buoyant force on
the balloon equals its weight, the balloon ceases to rise.

Fig: 6.6

130
 Unit 6: Fluid Statics

Worked Example 6.3

131
Unit 6: Fluid Statics

Worked Example 6.4

: Tension
T superficial

132
 Unit 6: Fluid Statics

Fig: 6.8 (a)

Fig: 6.8 (b)

133
Unit 6: Fluid Statics

Fig: 6.9 (a)

Fig: 6.9 (b)

Fig: 6.10

134
 Unit 6: Fluid Statics

Worked Example 6.5

135
Unit 6: Fluid Statics

Worked Example 6.6

SUMMARY

136
 Unit 6: Fluid Statics

CONCEPT
MAP

137
Unit 6: Fluid Statics

EXERCISE

138
 Unit 6: Fluid Statics

139
Unit 6: Fluid Statics

140
Unit 7: Fluid Dynamics

Unit 7 Fluid Dynamics

Teaching Periods 9 Weightage % 6

141
141
 Unit 7: Fluid Dynamics

:
:

142
Unit 7: Fluid Dynamics

Fig: 7.1

143
 Unit 7: Fluid Dynamics

144
Unit 7: Fluid Dynamics

Worked Example 7.1

145
 Unit 7: Fluid Dynamics

146
Unit 7: Fluid Dynamics

dye

tank of fluid

dye flow

Fig: 7.3

147
 Unit 7: Fluid Dynamics

Fig: 7.4
Worked Example 7.2

148
Unit 7: Fluid Dynamics

Fig: 7.5

Fig: 7.6
Laminar flow

Turbulent flow

Fig: 7.7

149
 Unit 7: Fluid Dynamics

Fig: 7.8

150
Unit 7: Fluid Dynamics

Worked Example 7.3

151
 Unit 7: Fluid Dynamics

152
Unit 7: Fluid Dynamics

Worked Example 7.4

153
 Unit 7: Fluid Dynamics

154
Unit 7: Fluid Dynamics

Lift
High speed,
reduced pressure

Drag

Low speed,
increased pressure

155
 Unit 7: Fluid Dynamics

SUMMARY

156
Unit 7: Fluid Dynamics

CONCEPT
MAP

157
 Unit 7: Fluid Dynamics

EXERCISE

158
Unit 7: Fluid Dynamics

159
 Unit 7: Fluid Dynamics

Numericals:

160
Unit 8: Electric Fields

Unit 8 Electric Fields

Teaching Periods 16 Weightage % 11

161
161
1
 Unit 8: Electric Fields

Fig: 8.1

162
Unit 8: Electric Fields

Fig:

Fig:

Fig:
Fig: 8.3

163
 Unit 8: Electric Fields

Fig: 8.4

Worked Example 8.1

e-

164
Unit 8: Electric Fields

Worked Example 8.2

165
 Unit 8: Electric Fields

Worked Example 8.3

166
Unit 8: Electric Fields

Fig: 8.5

167
 Unit 8: Electric Fields

Fig: 8.6

168
Unit 8: Electric Fields

Worked Example 8.4

Worked Example 8.5

169
 Unit 8: Electric Fields

Fig: 8.7

Fig: 8.8

170
Unit 8: Electric Fields

(a)

(b)

171
 Unit 8: Electric Fields

Fig: 8.9

172
Unit 8: Electric Fields

Fig: 8.10

173
 Unit 8: Electric Fields

Worked Example 8.7

174
Unit 8: Electric Fields

Worked Example 8.8

175
 Unit 8: Electric Fields

Worked Example 8.9

176
Unit 8: Electric Fields

177
 Unit 8: Electric Fields

SUMMARY

178
Unit 8: Electric Fields

CONCEPT
MAP

Electrostatic

Electrostatic
Electric Field Electric Potential
force

Coulomb’s Law

Potential
gradient
Electric Dipole Electric Flux

179
 Unit 8: Electric Fields

EXERCISE

180
Unit 8: Electric Fields

Numericals:

181
 Unit 8: Electric Fields

x
-q q

Normal

182
Unit 9: Capacitors

Unit 9 Capacitors
Teaching Periods 5 Weightage % 3

183
183
1
 Unit 9: Capacitors

Conductive
plates
+Q -Q
Lead

Electric Field
Electric
Charge

Fig: 9.1

184
Unit 9: Capacitors

Fig: 9.2

185
 Unit 9: Capacitors

Fig: 9.3

186
Unit 9: Capacitors

Worked Example 9.1

187
 Unit 9: Capacitors

Capacitor
symbol

Battery +
symbol -

Switch Open
symbol
Closed

Fig: 9.4

C1
+ - C1
+Q1 -Q1 Ceq
V1 Q1
C2
+ - C2 Q1
+Q2 -Q2
V2 Q2
C3
- C3
+
+Q3 -Q3 V
Q3
V3
+ - V
+ -
+ -
V

Fig: 9.5

188
Unit 9: Capacitors

C1 C2 C3
+Q2
-Q2

+Q1 -Q1 +Q3 -Q3

V1 V2 V3

+ -

C1 C2 C3

V1 V2 V3

+ -
V

+ -

Fig: 9.6

189
 Unit 9: Capacitors

C C
V V
R R
2 2

1 S 1 S

190
Unit 9: Capacitors

Q0

0.632Q0

t Time (s)

Q0

0.368Q0

t Time (s)

Fig: 9.8

191
 Unit 9: Capacitors

192
Unit 9: Capacitors

SUMMARY

193
 Unit 9: Capacitors

CONCEPT
MAP

Capacitor

Charge storing
Device

Charging of Capacitors
Capacitance Types of Capacitors

Series Combination
Parallel Plate Discharging of Capacitors
Capacitor
Parallel Combination

Energy stored in a
capacitors

194
Unit 9: Capacitors

EXERCISE

195
 Unit 9: Capacitors

196
Unit 10: D.C Circuits

Unit 10 D.C Circuits

Teaching Periods 15 Weightage % 10

197
197
1
 Unit 10: D.C Circuits

198
Unit 10: D.C Circuits

Insulating cover
Co Carbon
lou composition
rc
od
e
Laed

Resistance element

Ceramic core
Stainless steel End cap

Insulating Protective coating

Ceramic body

Cold weld Electrodes

contacts

Ciramic

Photoconductive
material

199
 Unit 10: D.C Circuits

200
Unit 10: D.C Circuits

201
 Unit 10: D.C Circuits

Worked Example 10.1

202
Unit 10: D.C Circuits

Worked Example 10.2

203
 Unit 10: D.C Circuits

204
Unit 10: D.C Circuits

205
 Unit 10: D.C Circuits

Electron
flow

Symbol

Two layer
semiconductor

Positive (+)
electrode
terminal

Electrolyte

Negative (-)
electrode can

Metal A

Heat
Leads

Metal B
Cold
junction

Hammer

Piezoelectric
crystal

206
Unit 10: D.C Circuits

207
 Unit 10: D.C Circuits

208
Unit 10: D.C Circuits

Cold junction

Hot junction Wire Type A Copper

wire

mv
Wire Type B

209
 Unit 10: D.C Circuits

210
Unit 10: D.C Circuits

Anode Cathode
(+) (-)

211
 Unit 10: D.C Circuits

(a) (b) (c )

212
Unit 10: D.C Circuits

213
 Unit 10: D.C Circuits

Fig: 10.16

214
Unit 10: D.C Circuits

215
 Unit 10: D.C Circuits

216
Unit 10: D.C Circuits

Fig: 10.17
Wheatstone Bridge

217
 Unit 10: D.C Circuits

Electric Current
Current Out

Current
in
Coil of wire C
A

Fig: 10.18

218
Unit 10: D.C Circuits

219
 Unit 10: D.C Circuits

SUMMARY

220
Unit 10: D.C Circuits

CONCEPT
MAP
Conductivity (s) Parallel combination of
Reciprocal of resistance equivalent
resistance Series combination of
resistances equivalent resistance
1 1 1 1 1
s= resistance, = + + ... +
r Rp R1 R 2 Rn
Rs = R1 + R2 ... Rn

On length
(land area of cross
section) Power dissipation Colour coding of resistance
Rµ1
µ
A
}
1 R=r
1
A
R = AB ´ C ± D% A, B - First
two significant figures of resistance
C-multiplier D-tolerance

On temperature
Rt = R0 (I + µt) Combination of resistance
Ohm’s law if the
Dependence of physical conditions
resistance remain same,
current I µ V = V = IR

DC Circuits Thermocouple

Kirchhoff’s Current Electricity Thermo electricity Thermistor

Laws

Electric cell source of

energy that maintains Therminal potential
continuous flow of difference
charge in a circuit

Internal Resistance Electromotive force (EMF)

Source of EMF

Rheostat as a Balanced condition Potentiometer used to

potential of wheats one (i) compare emfs
bridge E1 I1
P R E2 = I2
Q = S (ii) Find internal resistance
of cell

(
r = E -1 S
V )

221
 Unit 10: D.C Circuits

EXERCISE

222
Unit 10: D.C Circuits

0.4A
0.6A
0.2A
0.5A
I 0.7A

5 Ohm 10 Ohm 12 Ohm

15 Ohm

8 Ohm

I1 I2 I3
4V 6V

223
Unit 11: Oscillations

Unit 11 Oscillations
Teaching Periods 11 Weightage % 7

224
224
1
 Unit 11: Oscillations

Fig: 11.1

Fig: 11.2

225
Unit 11: Oscillations

Fig: 11.3

226
 Unit 11: Oscillations

Sc
ree
n
Pin

Lamp

227
Unit 11: Oscillations

Fig: 11.5

Fig: 11.6

Fig: 11.7

228
 Unit 11: Oscillations

Fig: 11.8

229
Unit 11: Oscillations

Fig: 11.9

230
 Unit 11: Oscillations

:
:

231
Unit 11: Oscillations

:
Fig: 11.11

Fig: 11.12

232
 Unit 11: Oscillations

Worked Example 11.1

233
Unit 11: Oscillations

Worked Example 11.2

+x
x
A
k Object I +t

Applied 3A
Fx

Applied Object II
-Fx
FxApplied
2A
Object III
Applied
Fx

234
 Unit 11: Oscillations

Fig: 11.13

235
Unit 11: Oscillations

Fig: 11.14

Arm
swing

236
 Unit 11: Oscillations

Fig: 11.15

237
Unit 11: Oscillations

: Fig: 11.16

Compressed spring

238
 Unit 11: Oscillations

Fig: 11.17

:
Fig: 11.18

Fig: 11.19

239
Unit 11: Oscillations

Fig: 11.20

240
 Unit 11: Oscillations

Fig: 11.21

Fig: 11.22

241
Unit 11: Oscillations

Mathematically, the Q-factor is the ratio of energy

stored to energy lost per oscillation, and it is a
dimensionless quantity.

242
 Unit 11: Oscillations

SUMMARY

243
Unit 11: Oscillations

CONCEPT
MAP

Oscillations

Simple Harmonic Motion

Conditions for SHM

Uniform circular Free and forced
graphical and experimental
motion and SHM oscillations
methods of SHM

Spring-mass system Motion of projection Damping

Simple pendulum of a body and SHM Resonance
Time period of Amplitude Period Frequency Damped oscillator
Simple pendulum and Phase like shock absoebers
Energy conservation a = -w2x its applications
in SHM system

244
 Unit 11: Oscillations

EXERCISE

245
Unit 11: Oscillations

246
 Unit 11: Oscillations

247
Unit 12: Acoustics

Unit 12 Acoustics
Teaching Periods 11 Weightage % 8

248
248
1
 Unit 12: Acoustics

Fig: 12.1

Fig: 12.2

249
Unit 12: Acoustics

:
The audible ranges for animals

Dogs can hear frequencies as

high as 50 kHz

Dolphins make use of

frequencies as high as 250
kHz (these are
Ultrasound waves).

Elephants
communicate over long
distances (up to 4 km)
using sounds with
fundamental
frequencies as low as
14 kHz.

A rhinoceros uses
frequencies down
to 10 Hz.

250
 Unit 12: Acoustics

Fig: 12.3

251
Unit 12: Acoustics

252
 Unit 12: Acoustics

Joule

253
Unit 12: Acoustics

Worked Example 12.1

Worked Example 12.2

254
 Unit 12: Acoustics

Fig: 12.4

255
Unit 12: Acoustics

Fig: 12.5 (a)

Fig: 12.5 (a)

Fig: 12.5 (c)

256
 Unit 12: Acoustics

Fig: 12.6

Fig: 12.7

Small amount
of wax
Constructive Constructive
Destructive Destructive

440 Hz

438 Hz

Fig: 12.8

257
Unit 12: Acoustics

Fig: 12.9 (a)

Fig: 12.9 (b)

258
 Unit 12: Acoustics

Fig: 12.10

Fig: 12.10

:
Fig: 12.12

Fig: 12.13

259
Unit 12: Acoustics

:
:

Fig: 12.14

Fig: 12.15

260
 Unit 12: Acoustics

Fig: 12.16

261
Unit 12: Acoustics

Fig: 12.17

Fig: 12.18

262
 Unit 12: Acoustics

Fig: 12.19

263
Unit 12: Acoustics

:
:

Fig: 12.20

264
 Unit 12: Acoustics

:
:

Fig: 12.21

Fig: 12.22

265
Unit 12: Acoustics

Worked Example 12.3

266
 Unit 12: Acoustics

Fig: 12.23

Fig: 12.24 (a)

Fig: 12.25

Fig: 12.24 (b)

Fig: 12.24 (c )

267
Unit 12: Acoustics

Fig: 12.26

Fig: 12.27

Fig: 12.28

268
 Unit 12: Acoustics

:
Fig: 12.29

Computer
records
sound wave
echoes and
displays
picture

Sonographer Electrode
Patient lies on Heart patches
bed on left side

Fig: 12.30

269
Unit 12: Acoustics

SUMMARY

270
 Unit 12: Acoustics

CONCEPT
MAP

Waves

Transverse Longitudinal
waves waves

Stationary Sound
Waves waves

Waves in a Speed of sound in

stretched string Air newton’s formula with
Laplace correction

Factors affecting speed of Factors affecting speed of

Tension Sound
Length Pressure
Linear density Density
Temperature

Superposition of waves
interference of waves

Fundamental frequency and Beats

overtones (Harmonics) in
stretched string and
open and closed organ pipes
Doppler’s effect
Medical and communication
Applications of sound

271
Unit 12: Acoustics

EXERCISE

272
 Unit 12: Acoustics

273
Unit 12: Acoustics

274
Unit 13: Physical Optics

Unit 13 Physical Optics

Teaching Periods 12 Weightage % 8

275
275
1
 Unit 13: Physical Optics

Light
beam
Light Mirror
source perpendicular
to light beam

: Rotating
slotted wheel

Fig: 13.1

276
Unit 13: Physical Optics

Fig: 13.2

Fig: 13.3

277
 Unit 13: Physical Optics

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Fig: 13.4

Fig: 13.5
g

278
Unit 13: Physical Optics

Fig: 13.6

279
 Unit 13: Physical Optics

Fig: 13.7

Fig: 13.8 (a, b)

280
Unit 13: Physical Optics

Fig: 13.9

281
 Unit 13: Physical Optics

Fig: 13.11 Fig: 13.11 (a) Fig: 13.11 (b)

282
Unit 13: Physical Optics

Fig: 13.12

:
:

Fig: 13.12 (a)

Fig: 13.12 (b)

283
 Unit 13: Physical Optics

Fig: 13.13

: Fig: 13.14

Fig: 13.15

284
Unit 13: Physical Optics

Fig: 13.16

Fig: 13.17

285
 Unit 13: Physical Optics

Worked Example 13.1

286
Unit 13: Physical Optics

Fig: 13.18

Fig: 13.19

287
 Unit 13: Physical Optics

288
Unit 13: Physical Optics

Worked Example 13.2

Fig: 13.21 (a)

289
 Unit 13: Physical Optics

Fig: 13.21 (b)

Worked Example 13.3

290
Unit 13: Physical Optics

Fig: 13.22

291
 Unit 13: Physical Optics

Fig: 13.23

292
Unit 13: Physical Optics

a b c d
Fig: 13.24 (a)

Fig: 13.25

293
 Unit 13: Physical Optics

Fig: 13.26

Fig: 13.27

294
Unit 13: Physical Optics

: Spectrometer table Focus knob

Grating holder

Collimator
Telescope

Fine adjustment

Lock screw

Vernier scale
Slit Lock screw
Focus knob

Fine adjustment

Magnifying glass

295
 Unit 13: Physical Optics

Fig: 13.29

Fig: 13.30

296
Unit 13: Physical Optics

Fig: 13.31

Fig: 13.31

are not scattered by the sample.

Fig: 13.32

parallel planes of atoms.

297
 Unit 13: Physical Optics

Fig: 13.32

298
Unit 13: Physical Optics

SUMMARY

299
 Unit 13: Physical Optics

CONCEPT
MAP

Physical
Optics

Nature of light

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Radio waves Visible Ultraviolet

Microwaves X-ray
infrared Gamma Rays
Wave fronts

Spherical Huygen’s Plane

wavefornts Principle wavefronts

Interference of light Diffraction of light

Diffraction of light is also Diffraction of light is also

interference of light interference of light
Diffraction through a Diffraction through a
narrow slit narrow slit
Diffraction Grating Diffraction Grating
X-ray diffraction X-ray diffraction
through crystal through crystal

300
Unit 13: Physical Optics

EXERCISE

301
 Unit 13: Physical Optics

302
Unit 13: Physical Optics

303
 Unit 13: Physical Optics

304
Unit 14: Comminication

Unit 14 Comminication
Teaching Periods 6 Weightage % 4

305
305
1
 Unit 14: Comminication

Fig: 14.1

306
Unit 14: Comminication

Fig: 14.2

Fig: 14.3

Fig: 14.4

Fig: 14.5

307
 Unit 14: Comminication

Fig: 14.6

Fig: 14.7

308
Unit 14: Comminication

Fig: 14.8

309
 Unit 14: Comminication

Carrier Signal

Modulating
Signal

Modulated
Signal

Fig: 14.9 Modulating

Fig: 14.10

310
Unit 14: Comminication

Amplitude
Message Signal

Time

Amplitude Carrier Signal

:
Time

Amplitude Frequency Modulated Signal

Time

Fig: 14.11
:

311
 Unit 14: Comminication

312
Unit 14: Comminication

Information Channel Source Digital

Input Encoder Encoder Modulator

Transmitter
Noisy
Channel

Receiver

Information Source Channel Digital

Output Decoder Decoder Demodulator

Fig: 14.13

313
 Unit 14: Comminication

Continuous
Analog
Time

Discontinuous
Discrete
Time

Fig: 14.14

314
Unit 14: Comminication

Analog Signal Encoded Bits (From A/D) Digital Signal

Fig: 14.15

Sample points
Sample period
Amplitude (V)

time (sec)

Sample frequency

Fig: 14.16

315
 Unit 14: Comminication

316
Unit 14: Comminication

Digital word for Quantization level for

this voltage range this voltage range

Fig: 14.17

Fig: 14.18

Fig: 14.19

317
 Unit 14: Comminication

SUMMARY

318
Unit 14: Comminication

CONCEPT
MAP

Communication

Input signal Modular

Transducer Amplifier
(information signal) AM FM

Antenna Transmitter

Communication channel

Wired Wireless

Twisted Pair Cable Coaxial Cable Radio Wave

Fibre optics communication Receiving Antenna Satellite communication

Director Demodular

Amplifier

Transducer

Back to information signal

319
 Unit 14: Comminication

EXERCISE

320
Unit 14: Comminication

321