Primes, Highest Common Factor- = and Lowest Common Multiple ==-— CHAPTER estieccnsccotsat y 3 4 a* Whole numbers can be classified into prime numbers, composite numbers or neither prime nor composite numbers. Whole Numbers (0, 1, 2,3, 4, ...) Neither Prime nor composite Prime Numbers Composite Numbers 0,1) (2,3,5,7, 1, «.) (4, 6,8,9, 10, ...) ‘The process of expressing a composite number as a product ofits prime factors is known as prime factorisation. 5, thea J35 = 5, A perfect square is a number whose square root is whole number. Square and square roots: For example, 5 ‘Cubes and cube roots: For example, 5° = 125, then VI25 =5. A perfect cube is a number whose cube root is a whole number ‘The Highest Common Factor (HCF) of two or more numbers is the largest factor that is common (o all the numbers, ‘The Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) of two or more numbers is the smallest mudtiple that is common to all the numbers,Integers, Rational Numbers cuarren a Wagers Rational = a=) 1» sex ame a_ —~ os Lao en Patom Non Ressing i (cod Tein) vase ae (285 Dace 2 ths eee) restive Ze ieee end 2. Adaliion and Sebracton invoving Negative Numbers: Example: Explanation Algebra Discs: Answer 542) [Absolute value of positive | More posive discs [3 numbee is greater OOOO 2 Answers postive OO 42 Absolute valu of negative | Mote negative cscs 3 number is greater BOO0@ + Answer is negative @O®@ Aiton ofwo negative |All eave des 7 numbers QOO0O Answers negative aa 4 Concept of negative @O42O@]} ? 3. Multiplication and Division of Numbers positive x nepative = neyative il) positive + negative = negative Note: You may also: 4. Square Roots and Cube Roots i) negative x negative = positive v)negative = negative = positive kc of groups of algebra dises to help you recall the results in multiplication, (@) A positive number (cz. 64) has wo square roots (Le, + JG =28) but only ane cube root tie. Y64 =a). (0) A negative number (g. 64 has no square rot but one cube 00! ie. UBT = VEApproximation and CHAPTER@D. Estimation =— ‘There are three situations when approximation is used. 1. The actual value is known but itis not used for various reasons such as + the actual value is not necessary, + it is easier to remember an approximate value than the actual value, + itis too messy to write a long string of digits for non-exact numbers, + itis impossible for calculators to store all the digits of non-exact numbers. The exact value cannot be obtained due to the limitation of the measuring instrament used, but we do nor use estimation to obtain an approximate value. 3. The actual value is too troublesome or impossible to obtain, and so We need to use estimation to obtain an approximate value which can be very far off from the actual value, 4, There are five rules to identify digits in a number which are significant. Rule 1: All non-zero digits are significant. Rule 2: All zeros between non-zero digits are significant, Rule 3: Ina decimal, all zeros after a non-zero digit are significant. Rule 4: Ina decimal, all zeros before a non-zero digit are no7 significant Rule 5: In whole numbers, the zeros at the end may or may not be significant It depends on how the numbers are approximated. > 5. Generally, we count significant figures from the first non-zero number starting from the left.Basic Algebra and jap Algebraic Manipulati ion = ie In algebra, we use symbols, e.2. x, y, a? and xy, to represent numbers, ‘The linear expression 3x— 4y + 5 consists of three terms, namely 3x, —4y and 5. + The constant is 5. + ‘The variable is y and its coefficient is ~4, + The variable is x and its coefficient is 3. Evaluating an algebraic expression means finding the value of the expression when the variables take on certain values. ‘We add or subtract the like terms by adding or subtracting the coefficients, We do not add or subtract the coefficients of unlike terms, c.g. adding 2x and 3y gives 2x + 3y. ‘Simplification of algebraic expressions with different numerical denominators involves finding the LCM of the denominators. Distributive Law: a(b + ¢) =ab + ac To simplify an algebraic expression that contains brackets, + work with expressions within the brackets first, + work with the innermost pair of brackets first if there is more than one pair of brackets. ‘One way in which factorisation of algebraic expressions can be done is by extracting common factors from all the terms in the given expressions. It is the reverse of expansion, | | | | | | | | |re Linear Equations and ‘ CHAPTER ©) _ Simple inequalities = ‘To solve an equation, we ‘+ add the same mumber to both sides, Example: x3 wo343 axel “+ subiract the same number from both sides, Example: x47 x47 + multiply by the same number on both sides, Example: 3x4 =n + aivide bythe same number on bh sides, Example: 3H= 21 aM A formula expresses a rule in algebraic terms. It makes use of variables to write instructions for performing calculation, ‘To solve an inequality, we + multiply or divide both sides by a positive number without having to reverse the inequality sign, + reverse the inequality sign if we multiply or divide both sides by a negarive number:Functions and HAPTER Linear Graphs e=) aces 1. A Cartesian plane consists of two axes ~ the x-axis and the y-axis ~ intersecting at right angles at the origin 00,0. 2. The coordinates of a point P in the Cartesian plane are (x, y), where x is the x-coordinate and y is the coordinate of the point. |A function is a relationship between two variables x and y such that every input x produces exactly one outpu:y, 4, Every pair of values (x,y) that satisfies the equation ofa function appears as a point on the graph of the function, Conversely, every point on the graph of the function has coordinates that satisfy the equation of function. 5. The gradient of a straight line is the measure of the ratio of the vertical change (tise) to the horizontal change (or nun), ie vertical change ise Gradient = forizontal change ° Tun. 6, The equation of a straight line is in the form y= mx +c, where the constant m is the gradient of the line and. the constant ¢is the y-intereept. CHAPTER ie Number Patterns 1. A number sequence is formed by a set of numbers. These numbers, known as the terms of the sequence, are governed by a specific rule. 2. ‘The general term 7, of a number sequence can be represented by an algebraic expression.