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Coordination

(i) Double salts are compounds that are stable in the solid state but break down into individual constituents when dissolved in water, exhibiting the properties of the individual compounds. For example, Mohr's salt breaks down into Fe2+, NH4+, and SO42- ions in solution. (ii) Coordination or complex compounds contain ions that do not completely break up into individual ions when dissolved in water, retaining their identity in both the solid and dissolved states. Complex ions like [Cu(NH3)4]2+ and [Fe(CN)6]4- contain central metal ions bonded to surrounding ligand molecules or ions. (iii) Ligands are neutral molecules, anions, or c

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32 views3 pages

Coordination

(i) Double salts are compounds that are stable in the solid state but break down into individual constituents when dissolved in water, exhibiting the properties of the individual compounds. For example, Mohr's salt breaks down into Fe2+, NH4+, and SO42- ions in solution. (ii) Coordination or complex compounds contain ions that do not completely break up into individual ions when dissolved in water, retaining their identity in both the solid and dissolved states. Complex ions like [Cu(NH3)4]2+ and [Fe(CN)6]4- contain central metal ions bonded to surrounding ligand molecules or ions. (iii) Ligands are neutral molecules, anions, or c

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(i) Double salts compounds: The addition compounds which are stable in solid state only but

are broken down into individual constituents when dissolved in water are called double salts or
lattice compounds. Their solutions have the same properties as the mixture of individual
compounds. For example, when Mohr's salt, [FeSO 4.(NH4)2SO4·6H2O], is dissolved in water, it
exhibits the properties of FeSO4 and (NH4)2SO4, i.e., they produce Fe2+, NH4+ and SO42- ions in
solution. Thus, each ion has its identity in double salt

(ii) Coordination or complex compounds: The addition compounds in which some of the
constituent ions or molecules lose their identity and when dissolved in water they do not break
up completely into individual ions, are called coordination compounds. The ions [Cu(NH3)4]2+
and [Fe(CN)6]4- are called complex ions. A coordination or complex compound may be defined
as a molecular compound that results from the combination of two or more simple stable
molecular compounds and retains its identity in the solid as well as in dissolved state.

TERMINOLOGY OF COORDINATION COMPOUNDS Some important terms used in the


study of coordination compounds. These are discussed here

1. Ligands: The neutral molecules, anions or cations which are directly linked with the central
metal atom or ion in a complex ion are called ligands. The ligands are attached to the central
metal ion or atom through coordinate bonds or dative linkage. Some examples are:

NH3, H2O, CN-, Cl-

The ligand acts as a donor as it donates one or more electron pairs to the central metal atom or
ion which acts as an acceptor. The ligands are thus Lewis bases and central metal ions or atoms
are Lewis acids. The formation of a complex ion involves following two things:

(i) Ligands should have lone pair or pairs of electrons which can be donated to the central metal
ion or atom.

(ii) The central atom or ion should have vacant orbitals of nearly equivalent energy as to
accommodate the electrons donated by ligands. This condition is easily fulfilled by atoms or ions
of transition metals.

Types of· ligands: Ligands can be of following types depending on the number of donor atoms
present in them.

(i) Mono- or unidentate ligands: They have one donor atom, i.e., they supply only one electron
pair to central metal atom or ion. NH3, H2O, CN-, Cl-,OH-, CO etc., are examples of mono
dentate ligands.

(ii) Bidentate ligands: Ligands which have two donor atoms and have the ability to link with
central metal ion at two positions are called bidentate ligands. Some examples
(iii) Tridentate ligands: The ligands having three donor atoms are called tridentate ligands.
Examples are:

(iv) Pentadentate ligands: They have five donor atoms. For example, ethylenediaminetriacetate
ion.

(v) Hexadentate ligands: They have six donor atoms. The most important example is
ethylenediaminetetraacetate ion.

(vi) Chelating ligands : A bidentate or Polydentate ligand is called as Chelating ligand. It forms
closed or cyclic ring structure with metal ion such a complex is called as chelates.
2. Coordination number: The number of atoms of the ligands that are directly bound to the
central metal atom or ion by coordinate bonds is known as the coordination number of the metal
atom or ion. It is actually, the number of chemical bonds which the ligands form with the central
metal atom or ion. For example, in [Cu(NH3)4]2+ the coordination number of copper is 4, in
[Co(en)3]3+ the ,coordination number of cobalt is 6 as (en) is the bidentate ligand.

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