igenous people in Luzon

Ind

IFUGAO
WHAT IS IFUGAO MEANS?
The word "IFUGAO" means "Earth People, Mortals, or
Humans," and it is also well-known from the spirits
and deities. It also means "from the hill." However,
before it became an Ifugao, it was also known as a
"ipugo," which means "mula sa lupa or burol." An
ipugo is a piece of rice that is believed to be harvested
from the deities (Matungulan). In addition, the
Spaniards changed the name of "ipugo" to "ipugaw."
However, after years of American invasion of the
Philippines, the ipugo that the Spaniards changed into
ipugaw was again changed to "ifugao," the name that
the people called them until now.
 Location:

The foot of the Cordillera Mountain Ranges is where Ifugao

is located. Benguet borders it on the west; Nueva Vizcaya
borders it on the south; Isabela borders it on the east; and
Mount Province borders it on the north.
 Who are ifugao?

The ethnic group that calls Ifugao province in the Philippines home
is known as the Ifugao people. They are inhabitants of the following
municipalities: Asipulo, Banaue, Hingyon, Hungduan, Kiangan,
Lamut, Mayoyao, Tinoc, Aguinaldo, and Asipulo.
HISTORY
Ifugao was formerly a part of the old
mountain province. It was created as
an independent province on june 18,
1966 by virtue of Republic Act No.
4695, otherwise known as the division
law of Mountain Province.

The name is derived from the word

IPUGO. Pugo means hill while the
prefix I means from. The Spaniards
changed "Ipugo" to "Ipugaw" and was
finally changed by the Americans to
“Ifugao”
HISTORY
Spanish regime
- the Spaniards confined their activities in Kiangan (Quiangan
at that time) but it was the cross not the sword that conquered
the people. During their stay in Ifugao, the Spaniards were able
to organize pueblos (towns) headed by the Alcalde Municipal and
barangays (barrios) headed by the Cabesa de Barangay

American regime
- a significant accomplishment made was the setting of
boundaries of the five (5) ethnic groups in the Mountain Province
in 1920 namely: Benguet, Bontoc, Kalinga-Apayao and Ifugao.
The main thrust of the American rule in the region was the
development of the natural resources. Farming and industries
were developed. The construction of schools and roads were also
built all over the province.
HISTORY
Japanese regime
- Ifugao became the center of warfare during the last stages of
World War II. It was in Ifugao, particularly in Mt. Napulawan in
Ifugao where Gen. Yamashita, the known Tiger of Malaya decided to
put his last stand against the Filipino and American forces. He
informally surrendered to Capt. Grisham of the 6th US Army in the
Philippines based in Kiangan, Ifugao before he was flown to Camp
John Hay where he formally surrendered.

Ifugao as Sub-province
- In 1905, Ifugao was made a sub-province of the old Mountain
Province. The sub-province was administered by a Lt. Governor,
which was later changed to Deputy Governor. Captain Pedro Bulan
was the first native and last official to assume the office of Deputy
Governor. Hon. Luis Pawid of Kiangan became the first Deputy
Governor during the regime. At the outbreak of the war in 1942, five
(5) municipal districts were created in Ifugao namely: Burnay (later
changed to Lagawe by virtue of R.A 3380 and the capital town of the
province), Kiangan, Banaue, Hungduan, and Mayoyao. The
municipalities of Potia, now Alfonso Lista, and Lamut were created
after the war. Ifugao finally gained provincial status on June
18,1966 with the municipality of Lagawe as the capital town.
Culture

Culture of the Ifugao people values kinship,

family ties, religious andcultural beliefs.
They’re unique among all ethnic groups in
North Luzon for their interesting customs
and traditions. The Spanish never were able
to take control of the Ifugao territory. The
Ifugao are also known for their narrative
literature such as the Hudhud. The Hudhud
consists of narrative chants. It is practised
during the rice sowing season, at harvest
time and at funeral wakes and rituals. The
Hudhud is a UNESCO Proclaimed
Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible
Heritage of Humanity.
 Woodcarving, Architecture and Textiles of the Ifugao People
The woodcarving art of the Ifugao people is unique. Most notably are
the carved granary guardians bulul and the prestige bench of the
upper class, the hagabi. The textiles of the Ifugao are renowned for
their sheer beauty, colorful blankets and clothing woven on looms.
Ifugao huts are well-constructed and characterized by as a square
with wooden floors, windowless walls, and pyramidal thatch roofs.
Elevated from the ground by four sturdy tree trunks, they feature
removable staircases that were hoisted up at night to prevent entry
by enemies and/or wild animals. We constructed such a hut for you
to stay.
Clothing
The Tuwali Ifugao also known as Kiangan,
Ifugao or Gilipanes are located in the
municipality of Kiangan at the southern end
of the Ifugao Province, they have 15
localities and 3 dialects.

The male traditional clothing of the Ifugaos

are called “Wanno” or G-string. Depending
on the occasion or the man’s social status,
there are six different types of wanno to be
worn.

The female traditional clothing of the

Ifugaos is called “Tapis” otherwise known as
a wraparound skirt. There are five different
types of skirts.
Beliefs
The Ifugao people, indigenous to the
Philippines, have rich beliefs and traditions.
They practice a form of animism, believing in
spirits inhabiting nature elements like trees
and rivers. Rice cultivation is central, and
rituals like the "Hudhud" epic chant are
performed during harvest to honor ancestors
and deities. The Ifugao also hold sacred sites,
practice unique burial customs, and have
communal work systems like the "mumbaki"
(ritual specialist) overseeing ceremonies. Their
cultural heritage emphasizes harmony with
nature and a strong sense of community. The
Ifugao community knew 3 social classes: at the
bottom of the social ladder are the poor
(nawotwot), then the middle class (tagu), and
finally the rich elite (kadangyans). The Ifugao
knew no written literature. The many Ifugao
myths were performed or sung. In these myths,
it is described how the Ifugao view the world
around them, and the genesis of the first man
and woman. Furthermore, many religious
rituals and practices were described, which
were used to please the gods and spirits.
 Ceremonies
Ifugao culture is rich with ceremonies, highlighted by the
renowned "Hudhud" epic chant performed by skilled chanters
known as "mumbaki." This chant, integral to funeral wakes
and harvesting rituals, narrates mythical tales and cultural
traditions. Additional ceremonies encompass rice planting
rituals, house blessings, and healing ceremonies, reflecting
the significance of rituals in Ifugao life.
 Leadership INDIGENOUS LEADERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE

Monbagas are men gifted with abilities to

persuade and influence decisions. In general,
THE IFUGAO LEADER they are "wealthy, skilled in arbitration and
bargaining, well-versed in custom laws or adat,
and traditional lore, and have a good knowledge
The ifugaos (Ipugaw, Ipugao, Yfugao) of genealogical history.
live on the steep mountains of ifugao
Province in the Central Cordillera, in Monkalun is a whole court, completely equipped,
in an embryo. He is judge, prosecuting and
an area of about 750 square miles.
defending counsel, and the court record.2 His
They are the most technically duty and his interest are for a peaceful
proficient among all rice terrace- settlement. He receives a fee, called lukba or
liwa. To the end of peaceful settlement he
building groups.
exhausts every art of Ifugao diplomacy. He
wheedles, coaxes, flatters, threatens, drives,
scolds, insinuates.

And another Leadership role in the Ifugao

community is the native priest, the Mumbaki.
"He is the spiritual protector of the community
in war and peace".

The mombagas, monkalun, and mumbaki, as

well as members of the wealthy kandangyan
class, provide leadership among the Ifugao.
Their powers and authority are however, rather
informal and based on kinship obligations.
 what economy the ifugao has In the past years, the
Banaue Rice Terraces was an obstacle to the award of
joining the 7 Wonders of the World. Planting and farming
is the livelihood of the locals here, where they earn a lot of

Economy
money during the year. The income from each crop is
small because the government does not support the
agrarian industry that much. On the other hand, Ifugao or
Mountain Province is abundant when it comes to tourism
as a whole because of the amazing places to visit. One of
these is the Kiangan Museum where you can see the past
of the war against the Americans during the time of
Aguinaldo. Caused by the war, full of trenches at every
foot of the mountain or maybe on the plateaus. Under the
leadership of General Luna and General Goyo we will
witness nationalism and a streak of courage at the Awa
Victory Site, Banaue Poblacion, Million Dollar Hill, and
Yamashita Surrender Site in Ifugao. The municipality is
full of cultural and historical wealth, what else are there
different places in other provinces? In only one province,
the preservation of Philippine heritage and culture is alive.
It is only appropriate to appreciate this and further
develop each municipality not only in terms of tourism or
agriculture, but in this total economy. We cannot truly call
the Philippines a developed country if we do not give
importance to our lands of origin.
 The problem that they're facing
In recent decades, the Ifugao people have experienced
challenging environmental and social situations, such as
increasing population density, deforestation, and erosion of rice
terraces.
 igenous people in Luzon
Ind

THANK YOU!