1-3 Strength Constraints
The design of a shaft involves the study of
1. Stress and strength analyses: Static and Fatigue
2. Deflection and rigidity
3. Critical Speed
•List the type of stresses that are developed in
the shaft
•If the component is subjected to a number of loads in different
direction, some of which is tensile/compressive and some of which
are shear, how can we determine its failure?
Static or Quasi-Static Loading on Shaft
The stress at an element located
on the surface of a solid round
shaft of diameter d subjected to
bending, axial loading, and
twisting is
32 M 4 F
σ
Normal stress = +
x
πd 3
πd2
16T
Shear stress τ xy = 3
πd
12
σ x +σ y σ x −σ y
2
Non-zero principal σ A ,σ B = ± + τ xy
2
stresses 2 2
(1-1)
Static or Quasi-Static Loading on Shaft
2 1/2 2 1/2
σ ' =σ A − σ Aσ B + σ B =σ x + 3τ xy
2 2
Von Mises
stress 4 1/2
3 (
σ= 8M + Fd ) + 48T 2
2
' (1-2)
πd
σ A −σB
Maximum τ max
= =
2 2
(
1 2
σ x + 4τ xy )
2 12
(1-3)
Shear Stress
2 1/2
3 (
τ= 8M + Fd ) + 64T 2
2
Theory max
πd
Static or Quasi-Static Loading on Shaft
Under many conditions, the axial force F in the above Eqs. is either
zero or so small that its effect may be neglected. With F = 0, Eqs. 1-2
and 1-3 Become:
Von Mises 16 2 1/2
=σ' 4 M + 3T
3
2 (1-4)
stress πd
Maximum
Shear Stress 16 2 1/2
τ max
= M + T
3
2 (1-5)
Theory πd
Static or Quasi-Static Loading on Shaft
Substitution of the allowable stresses from Eqs. 1-4 and 1-5 we find
1/3
16n
= d ( 4 M + 3T )
2 2 1/2
(1-5)
Von Mises π S y
stress
=
1
n
16
π d Sy
3 ( 4 M + 3T )
2 2 1/2
(1-6)
1/3
32n
=d ( M +T )
2 2 1/2
(1-7)
Maximum π S y
Shear Stress
Theory =
1 32
n π d Sy
3 ( M +T )
2 2 1/2
(1-8)
Characterizing Fluctuating Stresses
Fluctuating stresses in machinery often take the form of a sinusoidal
pattern because of the nature of some rotating machinery.
It has been found that in periodic patterns exhibiting a single maximum
and a single minimum of force(the wave is not important)
If the largest force is Fmax and the smallest force is Fmin, then a steady
component and an alternating component can be constructed as
follows:
Fm =(Fmax + Fmin)/2 = the midrange steady component of force
Fa = (Fmax – Fmin)/2 = the amplitude of the alternating component of
force.
Characterizing Fluctuating Stresses
σmin = minimum stress
σm = midrange component
σmax = maximum stress
σr = range of stress
σa = amplitude component
σs = static or steady stress
Stressratio
Amplitude Ratio
[Link] stress-time relations:
(a) fluctuating stress with high frequency ripple;
(b and c) nonsinusoidal fluctuating stress;
(d) sinusoidal fluctuating stress;
(e) repeated stress;
(f ) completely reversed sinusoidal stress.
Characterizing Fluctuating Stresses
In the absence of a notch
σa and σm are equal to the nominal stresses σao and σmo induced by
loads Fa and Fm, respectively;
In the presence of a notch
σa = Kf σao and σm = Kf σmo, respectively, as long as the material
remains without plastic strain.
the method of Dowling for ductile materials, expresses the
steady stress component stress-concentration factor Kf m as
Fatigue Strength
Bending, torsion, and axial stresses may be present in both
midrange and alternating components.
For analysis, it is simple enough to combine the different types of
stresses into alternating and midrange von Mises stresses.
It is sometimes convenient to customize the equations specifically
for shaft applications.
Axial loads are usually comparatively very small at critical locations
where bending and torsion dominate, so they will be left out of the
following equations.
The fluctuating stresses due to bending and torsion are given by:
Fatigue Strength
The fluctuating stresses due to bending and torsion are given by
where Mm and Ma are the midrange and alternating bending moments, Tm
and Ta are the midrange and alternating torques, and Kf and Kfs are the
fatigue stress concentration factors for bending and torsion, respectively.
Assuming a solid shaft with round cross section, appropriate geometry
terms can be introduced for c, I, and J resulting in
Assuming a solid shaft with round cross section, appropriate geometry terms
can be introduced for c, I, and J resulting in
Combining these stresses in accordance with the distortion energy failure
theory, the von Mises stresses for rotating round, solid shafts, neglecting axial
loads, are given by
