SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria 8 Electromagnetic Waves troduction - : i Or ersten experimentally predicted that, the eclectic Curent proclues a Hie fielel. Faraday from Wis experiment ‘on elec meen Ircluction “Fourie that a changing maagnetie field produus an elechic field. , At thin time the Clerk Maxwell state that the magne field is not only produced by electric current b also by a time voruing electric field: Maxwell rmulote 4 set of (Ons involving electric and magnetic fields and their sources (the Charge and current). These equations are Known at Maxwell's equations. These equations alon with Loventz force formuta 1 explain asthe oadccald all the basic dows of electvomogneti sm. Maxwell tha his ejuations come out with a most important predli tin ie. the existence of electo- magnetic. waved, which can propagate in space with a very Close to the speed of Li Caxi8 ms). By this the Maxwell conclude thot Light is'@ electromagnetic” wave. Maxwell's Equations anel Lorentz Force - This equotion ib Gauss’s Law in electrostatics. This gives the volue of dete electric flux in terms of the charge, enclosed by e Surface S, @) feat =o _ Tb equation GA Gouss's Law in moagnetostedtics. This Low show that the number of magnetic field Lines erento | cleseal sundae. ib equal “Jo number of mM ic geld bes ving - It Confirms the absence of magnetic Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [O1SCIENCE CAREER COACHING ‘Umesh Rajoria Ss This equotion Us Faraday's Law of elecho magnetic induetion al ne 5 This Jaw gives a relation between sph the line and Q chan ing ic flux. It shows lel ral i elecbiie ee around omy path (e- emf) the Hime rote ef change reget flux thovgh a Surface bouncesl “by the! otbed Thu eguotion Js genmoliset form of Ampere!s Civeurtel Law, mocli feo! by Maxwell omel Ja Knovon as Ampere’- Maxwell lavo: This favo Shows +thod the Line integrod of the moanetic fiell anound any closect path Js reloded Jo the Conduction current (1) and Uaplacement curent (i) through the path. (5) Lorendz. Formula PF -a(@+ vx8) ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [0 aSCIENCE CAREER COACHING Electromagnetic Waves - ‘Umesh Rajorin Accoroling to Maxwell, the elechom Ke waves ane those Waves in whith there are Sinuscidal variation of electric and magnetic. Feld vectors at x angles 4o @ach other ak wellY os ri emales to “the aAifection of wave propagation. ae Direction of, Propegotion Both these fieds CE ond B ) vary with time and Space and have the same frequency, The electromoancte Waves Can repos od thrugh the Space. both the speed of Light Cont ms). Maxwell also found that tHe electro ic waved should travel in free space (or vacuum) uth a Speed oven by. wohune Me and €. aw permeability one} peamittivity of the. free space. respectively. Mo = 4m x107 Wh/am Ey = B-BSx10* Of um™ : : : ok The veloerty oh EM waved in medium = fue whine J and E ore the absolute peumeabili ty ond permittivity of the meclium. ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Production of Electromagnetic Waves - i An electric change at rest has oe in the ior, around aS but no mags jc Held A moving cherae produces both the electNc and magnetic fields: Th @ Change is moving with a Constant veleity Ceument & not Charing with time), He electde and magrthe fields wail] Ynd't cherye with times hence no ele sho magmatic waves Can produceol. But oy the change us moving with a non-zero acceleration, both the m ic field omd electic field toll Change with space ancl time, St then proclucea electro m: ic waved. Hence an accelerated charge emits electomofneHe waves. Te Lc Chewit Gs an oscillodory circuit where. the chenge is oscillating across the. Copacitnr plots. Am oscillecking Change In LC Clreuit hes a non-zero acceleration “hence “it emitts elechromagngtic waved; tohich have the Same frequency on th of the oscillodkinng. change. In an atem an electron ahile orbiting around the nucleus in a Stoble orbit, olees not emit ‘elecho— magneHic waves. Electromagnetic waves are emitted only cohen Ot fowls Wi enrgy ortit Jo Lower ene orbit. ee ow vs @ The Electric Field of an Oscillating Charge It Electromagnetic waves ane also produceol when fost moving eechons are suddenly stppecl on the metod tonget of higher atrmic Humber. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [OYSCIENCE CAREER COACHING ‘Umesh Rajoria Properties of Electromagne tre Waves - (1) Te electrom: ie Woaved ane procluceal by the accelerated or oscilleding cheage. (2) The EM Waves oo not require any moateriot medium for propagation (2) Rete waved trove! in Space with o& Ss 3x10* mis (speech of ugh) and Ja given bg the Yelotion - 7 SIBIEd p73 (4). In elechomagneHe waves the. sinusoidal variation in both electric and magnetic fell vectors (2B) occurs, Simulteneously: “As a “result odtol nS moximum and minimum valus eat the Same place and at the same dime. The amplituoles ok the electric and magnetic fidds in ye Space one veloted by Z = Tre equotion of electric fielol and mognetic field Voreying Smuscidatly with x and & can be aren as - (S) The, Lrection of vosation of electric amd mognedic. fidll vectors one perpencticular. fo each other “ars cell as rolicular do the clivection of propagation of waves Therebore 5 Bectromnagmetic coaved ave tans- v in nature Like Light ves. (6) The. elect metic waves Cowry 1 Wich Jd IMided equodiye between “electric field 2 moagmati. field vectors. ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING ‘Umesh Rajoria Tr Vacuum the aversge electic energy density (We) ancl average netic e€ de: (Ue) ag Ct to stote electhic fielel —€ on ic field B which olo not vary with dime are Given a [FEE] a [eT] (7) The electric. vects is yeponible for the cbtical Neon SA Called the effect of an electromagnetic wave ara] (8) The Sec ere gaa waves being uncharges| ove not Aeffectel by elbctric and magnetic. fields. (3) The velocity bk EM wave In cUelechic is tus than C (3x 10% m/s) - (10) Poynting Vector CS) The. vot of flow of energy through unit area JA catlkel Poynting vector, S Also the intensity of plane electromagnetic wove I is avenge of the poynting vector - Ls Say = SoBe ov TEE seu, | fv wesee] 2MeC Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar ‘Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [06SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Momentum and Pressure arsotiated with EM Waves An eleetromagnie wave transports Linon momentum a5 it travels ‘trogh space - Th an EM wave bamfgers a Avtal energy U to a Surface in time t, then 4otal Linear momertum Autiverd do the surface id For Completely odbsorbing Surface Momentum P = ¥ Ty the wave id totally veflected, then momentum p= 2u Cc Also for totally absorbing surface radiation presure 4s p= and for Complitely veflecting Surface p= 2 Whe Lis the Intensity of the wave. ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 oFSCIENCE CAREER COACHING a @ The magnate field in a plone electromagnete wave Ja given by By = 2x187 Sin (os xio>x. 4 1SxI0t)T. (a) whet Ys the wav length ond frequen op Hee wave (b) Walte an expression for the ‘ele he field Sok (a) Com paretry the fiven equation coith the actor, aS) ries frdel varying sinusoiolelly ttth wo t aX- By = Be Sin w(t +) = gesin a (t+) By = ® sm (2+ + zx.) = BeSin (20 + amt T TKC A T we ge- on = Os x08 ov A SR = 260m anal a = Ls x10" > anv =psxio! ane eee beau = 2-39 x10! He Cb) Bo = 24107 T Se thot €.>cRh = 3xio®xaxin’ 60 Yim Herve He electric field iv verging along 2-olivection Tus- €, = Ee Sin (2 + 2k ) ov Ez = bo Sin (osx + nex £) Ym An elictric bulb is emittin: electromag netic waves in all olixections uniformly. A ing electromagnetic. emission to Sow, Coludode of 3m from bulb (a) Intenai (6) Yadioction pressure (¢) magnitude of electric and magnetic fields . Answers (9) 0-Uu tym (b) p= u7Xx10 2p (©) Eo= 18:2 Wm 4 Bo = 6-08x168T ‘Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [OB Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, SikarSCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Hertz Experiment - The existence ob EM waves Wars Confirmed _ by Herte in iaee. experiment was bored on the fact thet an ost Sl ekect ie change, radiates electromagnetic, waves oma oe Waves Carry ening which Gs beans supplied ot the cost of Kirletic endkgy of the oscillating change» Apparatus - In the experimental setup used by Herte , A and B are twd Jorge square metal plates Copper or zinc. placed about 60 cm. apart. ore Cohnecteo| to two ‘pay polished metallic Sphe Si and $2 Hhrugh ck | Coppey coives. ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria A hi petentiod clifference of several thousand vol’s ds applies! across te spheres usin Induction ceil. Due do aah potential “clikference across S$) ancl Sa, the ob” between the sphvws gs tonisecl and provides a path for otic! e of Plotes. Due Ao It a Spark Ju ‘producol mn S&S, and $2 anol electromagnetic waves of high prequency ane vaclictecl. Here the uso plates act as a acs tor having a Small capacitance C and the Connecting wires Provides the. Jow imductence L. The hi lod he ee rs oe 2njre Im the gi igure. the oletecdor 4s in the dorm of Unclosect Sirah ing how ‘small metallic eu Cond D. Tt Gs held ‘in a iHon such tok the magnetic field Producecl by Hae. oscillating Current is “perpendicular Ao the olfne of ving. Tha oscillating magnetic piel Linked cvith mg. products donge nduceol emf “eohich Causes a Spark Ao oppear at the Spheres Cond D, since the resistance. ok the metollic ving Js very amall. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [10SCIENCE CAREER COACHING eee Main Parts of Electromagnetic Spectrum (1) Raelio Waves - These ane dlectromagnrhe waves of frequency range = fFOM S x10S He +o 10° HZ. These waves one prody- ced” by oscillating dectric circuits having an inductor anol capacitor. Uses - (1) The Em waves o} wwency range frm S30 kHe & 2 fed modlutaje Cdn) b Io ke form am, ond- It Js in gourd nave. propagation. (2) The Em waved of frequency vange t7to KHz t SYMHe ane used, for short wave bond’. Li's used in sky wave propagation. (3) The elechomagnetc waves ob qrequency remge SUMHz Ato 830 MHz ane used in television Waves. (AD The elect ic waves of trequancy ronge 88 MHz bt What g do 108 MHz form prequency, mod eo] (FM) band. It 4s used $or j@mmercdal FM ‘vaclio, Cs) The Em waves o vronge 300 MHz. +0 300M Hz whtra high 1 Oey Seu) band. T+ is used in cellutan phone © Communicotion + C2) Microwaves - These Anz EM waves prequen o eendy Yonge. 10°H2. 40 3x10! He» 3. produced! eb wa vacuum tubes called 3 Klyahrons, magnebrons and Gum Hodes etc. Uses - (1) Microwaves are usec in Radar system gov aly craft navigation « (2) Microwave ovens are usecl for cooking jpumposes. ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 TiSCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria GB) A radar using microweaver Can heb in oletectin the Speed ob cricket bell, automobiles , aircrafts: im motion. (3) Infrared Waves — Infravecl Waves were cliscoverea b Her schell. These are EM waves 0; wency venge axto! He do 4x10! He. Infre Waves SomeHmis are Called Os heot waved because, Hreir obsorption causes the heading eppect in the belies and sunoundings. “Imfrarecl waves are produced by hot tboolies and molecules. Thre voaves are not clitected by human tye but snakes Can oletect Hum. Use- Infrared Waves one Used Ud in physical Hurapy ie. to treat muscular shain, (2) tb oe electrical energy to sateblite by using. Solo ces HE n oi ie (3) in green uses, the plants Warm a proddeing dehyd vested welts” i (4) For taking photographs cluring the conclition of pgs Smoke etd. V (sD Tn scar water heaters and Cookers. (6) in checking the pwd ob Chemicals and in the stucly of molecular Shuctwe by daking Infra red absorption Spectrum. (7) in emote contro). (4) Visible Light - Tt UA the narrow region of Em spectrums cohich 2 dttected by the human eye. Tis frequency ranges 4xiol4 He ty axiolt He. TE Js produced Solue to adymic. excitaton. isi A rar or lected jects around “is vise Oe Om a or etd ke ott Swervouncding us. ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 TZSCIENCE CAREER COACHING Gs) Ultraviolet Rays - Umesh Rajoria Me Uttrviolet were cliscevered by Ritter. The frequency ange of" UV raus id exyoll He Sxil*He+ The Uthaviolet x ene produced by sun, Speciod Joamps and very hot bodlies. Most of He ulbaviolet Comi sun aredbserbed by te ozone er in the earth's cumosphere. The Uthowiclet rays in lange quantit produce hesmful ekbect ae eee o Ses- 4 Ultraviolet rays ane used GD for Checking the mineral samples through the property oh Ubtvavidlet Youys Couting flowrsrcence. (2) in the study of molecular Structure and arrangement of electrons “in “the external shill though ubhavioler x ption spectra « (3) to clistroy the bacteriqg and der sterilizing the surgiced instruments - (4) in the detection of for clocuments, finger prints in forensic. ae Pern burglar aleve * (6) X= rays - The xX-¥ one the EM woved o egquen: Yonge. fmm ed do 3x107'He - These ae be cohen high energy electrons ore stopped suddenly on a metol of bigh adymic number. Xevouys have high penetroting. power. Uses - X-vouys ane sect GD In sugery por the detection of frachies, foreign bodies Like bublets, cLiseasecl organs and stones “in the humon body’ ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131, 9309068859 (13)SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria (2) in engineerin: vy detecting faults, cracks and i al eer (3) in Raclio therapy to cure untracble skin cLiserses and malignant growths. (4) In cletecHve ckpertments for cltecton of gold, Silver and explosives in the body oly smuggters. (> Im inclustry for the cletection of aepects in rubber tyers , gold ancl tennis balls etc. () Tn scientific Research for the Inveatigodion ek the crystal Shuchnr 5 omnengement oh odoms, molecrtes me Complex Substances: G7) ¥- rays - These one the EM Waves of proquency range axio® He do axe He. y-vays have nuclear Srigin. There voys ate hus engi amd ave produced by the nucleus oh the “vadioachve substances. Uses- Y- x ane useol (4) In treatment of Cancer and tumours. (2) +p preserve the food stuff for a dong time as the Soft Y- veuys con Kill microganisms a. (3) to produce nuclear reactions. (4) to provide valuable infowmedion about Hre shucture, o} Atomic nucleus. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131, 9309068859 (14)SCIENCE CAREER COACHING iiaeu aap acme c eae blim ae & & @ Buildings Humans Honeybee Pinpoint Protozoans Molecules.» Atoms Atomic nuclei Wavelength (meters) {Gl A poral plate capacitor is being os yr by a time v ng. Cument «Explain breg dy Lo Ampere's civcuital Jaw Js generalised to incorporah, the ebbect clue to He clisblacement cumert. Sel: while dealing with te charting of poralld ~~ plode Capacitor 4 ith voruging cue, ree that Ampere's civeuital Jaw ds not Logically consistent because B-dl. how not same velue on the tuo Sidws of a plate of Charged capacitor. The inconsistency of Amper's awcute) law wow Yemoved by maxwell by preclicting the presence ol displacement Cuvwserd Jn the regi plates ok Copaciter, vohen the cheng changing with time. Maxwell aldo predicted that the sum fs Conducton cwsert and dclisplaemerd Count hos the property of Continuity. The gentralised| form of Ampere's civcuital Law modifierl by Maxwell States that fer = Me(Iet In) = te( T+ €. dds) on between the 2 or Capacitor is Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajorta Name +e Electo mate waves vohich BE (A) maintain the 's warmth and a (b> ane used In airerast navigation . Sh (a) Tnfared roys maintain the ecrth's warmth (eo) Micrpwaves Are used in alveraft navigedion due to thaeiy short wavelength. @ WwW Js Amol ozone om top of the Seis Stredpsphere crucial jer Auman swutiva) ? S008 Sol Becaue ozene deyer traps most of uthovider Tous Coming from the sun and prevents harmful Impact of Ultraviolet vars. al In an EM wave the escilloding electric. Held ees having a frequency of axio! Hz. and an amplitude of 0 Vm propagates in the positive x-clivection. (4) What Ja the wavelength of EM wave ? (b) Werte town the expression to represent the Corresponcting moagneHe Field. Sol Given that- w= 3xid°Hz 5 Ey» = 30 Ym (a) Az & = _3xw® - Jom, v 3xyol? (bd+ cs Ee > & Bo 2 fa etine Be = _30 = ix? T ° Bxi08 Hence Magnthic fied equation cm be given o- B =(107) sin (= + 2x ante) B = 167 Sin (zoo + erate) Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No 8003024134, 9308068959 (16)