10/18/23, 1:51 PM Experimental Psychology - Chapter 1 Flashcards | Quizlet
Social Science Psychology
Experimental Psychology - Chapter 1
9 studiers today Leave the first rating
Terms in this set (100)
Science Connotes content and process.
psychological science Research about the process underlying behavior
a systematic way, scientific procedure
Process
- gathering data, noting relationships, Offering explanations
Content Facts; empirical data
Data Facts and figures we gather using scientific methods.
Scientific criteria All psychologists use __ to evaluate data
Heider called nonscientific data gathering ... This approach
uses nonscientific sources of data and nonscientific
Commonsense psychology inference.
An example is believing that "opposites attract".
Sources of psychological info and 2 factors constraining common sense psych
inferential strategies
Trait theorists All common sense path are —-
Nonscientific use of information to explain or predict
behavior.
Nonscientific inference
The gambler's fallacy, overuse of trait explanations,
stereotyping, and overconfidence bias illustrate this
problem.
When we understand other people's behavior there is a
Situational data strong bias to overlook ___ in favor of data that substantiate
trait explanation
Perceiving others Can lead to overestimation
Trait Long term
Experimental Psychology - Chapter 1
[Link] 1/9
10/18/23, 1:51 PM Experimental Psychology - Chapter 1 Flashcards | Quizlet
Situations Momentary behaviors
People misuse data to estimate the probability of an event,
Gambler's fallacy
like when a slot machine will pay off.
Used to explain others' behavior; often make unwarranted
dispositional attributions and underusing situation
information .
Trait explanations
This bias can reduce the accuracy of our explanations and
predictions.
Falsely assuming that specific behaviors cluster together,
Stereotyping
ignoring individual differences.
Stereotypic expectations Can lead us to seek confirmatory instances of behavior
Brains way of coping with an immense volume of info //
Inferential biases
shortcuts
We feel more confident about our conclusions than is
warranted by available data.
Overconfidence bias
This form of nonscientific interference can result in
erroneous conclusions when we don't recognize the
limitations of supporting data.
Steps taken to gather and verify info, answer qs, explain
Scientific method
relationships and communicate this info to others
- sci mentality Characteristics of Modern Science
- gathering emp. Data
- seeking general principles
Assumes that behavior follows a natural order and can be
predicted.
Scientific mentality
This assumption is essential to science. There is no point to
using the scientific method to gather and analyze data if
there is no implicit order.
Determinism There are specifiable causes for the way ppl behave
Empirical Data are ___ when observed or experienced.
____'s empirical approach was superior to Aristotle's
Galileo
commonsense method.
Experimental Psychology - Chapter 1
[Link] 2/9
10/18/23, 1:51 PM Experimental Psychology - Chapter 1 Flashcards | Quizlet
Generality that applies to all situations
Law Universal; consists of statements generally expressed as
equations with few variables that have overwhelming
empirical support.
Unify, diverse sets of sci facts into organizing scheme
Interim explanation; a set of related statements used to
Theory explain and predict phenomena.
Integrate diverse data, explain behavior, and predict new
instances of behavior.
- Good thinking Char of Scientific Method
- self correction
- piblicizing results
- replication.
Approach to the collection and interpretation of data in a
systematic, objective, and rational ways
Being open to new ideas even when they contradict prior
Good thinking belief of attitude
Follows rule of logic
OCCAMS RAZOR
Parsimony We prefer the simplest useful explanation.
Imitative behavior involving the spread of actions, emotions,
Social contagion
and ideas.
When sci explanation & theories are challenged, revised and
replaced
Self correction
Changes in sci exp
Experience favors____ approach
Weight-of-evidence
The more support something has the more confident we are
that it is correct
Says that science is a self-correcting process; believes that
Karl Popper
anything that confirms your study should be discounted.
Experimental Psychology - Chapter 1
[Link] 3/9
10/18/23, 1:51 PM Experimental Psychology - Chapter 1 Flashcards | Quizlet
Allows us to disprove statements using a single, contrary
observation.
Principle of modus tollens
We can never prove a statement because a contradictory
observation might be found later.
Exact or systematic repetition of a study. Increases our
confidence in experimental results by adding to the weight
of supporting evidence.
Replication
More common in physical sciences
Description, prediction, explanation, What are the four main objectives of science?
control
Systematic and unbiased account of observed
characteristics of behaviors.
Description
Understanding the phenomenon
The capability of knowing in advance when certain
Prediction
behaviors should occur.
Correlational and quasi exp Used to predict behavior
quasi-experiment Look for systematic differences
Knowledge of the conditions that reliably produce a
Explanation
behavior.
Only the results of ___ allow us to make inferences about
true experiment
cause and effect
Application of what has been learned
Control
The use of scientific knowledge to influence behavior.
Addresses real-world problems like how to improve student
Applied research
graduation rates.
Tests theories and explains psychological phenomena like
Basic research
helping behavior.
Observation 3 main tools of sci method
Measurement
Experimentation
Experimental Psychology - Chapter 1
[Link] 4/9
10/18/23, 1:51 PM Experimental Psychology - Chapter 1 Flashcards | Quizlet
Systematic noting and recording of events.
Observation
• systematic & objective
Events that can be observed The key to studying internal process is defining them as
Systematic Means that procedures are consistently applied.
Observations must be ____ so that there can be strong
Objective
agreement among raters.
Assigns numbers to objects, events, or their characteristics.
This is an inherent feature of quantitative research.
Measurement
- must be consistent (same instru, procedures, units)
Openness, conscientiousness, What are the big five of personality?
extraversion, agreeableness,
neuroticism
the process undertaken to demonstrate that particular
behavioral events will occur reliably in certain specifiable
Experimentation conditions; a principal tool of the scientific method
Must be objective!!!
Able to be observed and measured.
Testable
Predictions must be testable
- must have procedures for Minimum requirements to be met for experimentation
manipulating setting
- predicted outcome must be
observable
- outcome must be measurable
Treating subjects differently by exposing them to different
sets of antecedents
Treatment
sets of antecedents is called ______
a controlled procedure in which at least two different
treatment conditions are applied to subjects whose
Psychology experiment
behaviors are then measured and compared to test a
hypothesis about the effects of the treatments on behavior
Principle of control Successful experiments rely heavily on __
Experimental Psychology - Chapter 1
[Link] 5/9
10/18/23, 1:51 PM Experimental Psychology - Chapter 1 Flashcards | Quizlet
- random assignment (within subj) Control is achieved by
- presenting treatment condition in
an identical manner to all subject
- keeping environment, procedures
for measuring instru constant
Cause and effect relationship Set of antecedents leading to a particular behavior
Indepenent variable What is manipulated in the study.
Dependent variable What is measured in the study.
Any variables other than the independent variable that seem
likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study.
Extraneous variables
Examples: the day of the week, the amount of light in the
room, etc.
Treatment condition come BEFORE behavior. Cause
precedes effect
Differences in behavior AFTER subjects are exposed to
treatment
Temporal relationship
Certain concepts precede other concepts in time
We can never establish causality from temporal relationships
Study of consciousness and mental processes
Mental Philosophy
Human mind begins as blank state
Phenomenology Reporting of one's own thoughts and feelings
Any field of science that gives the appearance of being
Psuedoscience scientific, but has no true scientific basis and has not been
confirmed using the scientific method.
All of these Schlegel (1972) cautioned that theories can determine
Whitehead credited _____ for advocating systematic
Aristotle observation and careful classification of naturally-occurring
events.
It uses nonscientific data and makes Two characteristics of commonsense psychology are that
nonscientific inferences
Experimental Psychology - Chapter 1
[Link] 6/9
10/18/23, 1:51 PM Experimental Psychology - Chapter 1 Flashcards | Quizlet
Bama keeps playing the same slot machine because it has
The gambler's fallacy not paid off during the last 2 hours. His behavior
demonstrates the phenomenon of
In the experiment by Baron, the different concentrations of
Antecedent conditions
negative ions were the specified
Einstein predicted that gravity could bend light to create the
appearance of two stars when there was only one. Since he
Testable made his prediction before researchers possessed the
technology to observe this phenomenon, this prediction was
not _____ at the time.
Inferential strategies and sources of As commonsense psychologists, our ability to systematically
psychological information. and impartially gather data is most seriously limited by ou
Treatments are specific sets of _____ that are created in a
Antecedent conditions
psychology experiment.
Researchers should use _____ to counteract the influence of
Good thinking
theories on their selection of questions for study.
random assignment of subjects to In experiments, researchers most often achieve control over
different treatment conditions or use possible explanations by
of within-subjects designs.
presenting a treatment condition in
an identical manner to all subjects.
keeping the environment, the
procedures, and the measuring
instruments constant for all subjects
in the experiment.
____ is a systematic and unbiased account of the observed
Description
characteristics of behaviors.
Amy wanted to know whether drinking alcohol reduces
college students' academic performance. She asked
A second experimental condition students to keep a diary of alcohol consumption for one
semester and then obtained their semester GPA. This was
not a true experiment because it lacked
Fred heard a loud crash and left his study to investigate. He
found his playful, 100-pound German shepherd, Hobbes,
Spatial cowering near an overturned dining room table. Since he
did not observe this act of domestic mayhem, he can only
establish a _____ relationship between Hobbes and the table.
Experimental Psychology - Chapter 1
[Link] 7/9
10/18/23, 1:51 PM Experimental Psychology - Chapter 1 Flashcards | Quizlet
Jon wears his favorite black tank top whenever he invites a
dating partner over for dinner. He claims, on the basis of 4
Commonsense psychology
years' experience, that it makes him irresistible. Jon's belief
illustrates
The word science comes from the Latin scientia, which
Knowledge
means
The North, Hargreaves, and McKendrick (1999) supermarket
Music study demonstrated that _____ can influence purchase
decisions.
_____ involves changes in scientific explanations and theories
Self-correction
as we acquire new information.
According to Schlegel (1972), _____ strongly influence what
Theories
we decide to observe.
The effect of cell phone use on Studies investigating _____ illustrates applied research?
driving performance
Who described the role of the "weight of evidence" in
Sir Carl Popper
revising scientific explanations?
Both generalizability and realism Laboratory experiments may trade _____ for precision.
Amanda asked 20 subjects to use a new elliptical exercise
machine for 45 minutes. Afterwards, she asked the subjects
Two treatment conditions
to rate how good they felt and found that they all felt "really
buff." This was not a true experiment because it lacked
Kacie designed an experiment to disprove the hypothesis
Falsification that people are more likely to help others when they are in a
good mood. Her approach illustrated the concept of
New explanations and theories Science replaces old explanations and theories when
receive greater support.
The principle of parsimony "Occam's razor" is another name for
_____ involves changes in scientific explanations and theories
Self-correction
as we acquire new information.
_____ is everyday nonscientific data collection that shapes our
Commonsense psychology
expectations and beliefs, and influences our social behavior
Researchers who study how parenting style affects moral
The scientific mentality development implicitly accept Alfred North Whitehead's
assumption of ...
Experimental Psychology - Chapter 1
[Link] 8/9
10/18/23, 1:51 PM Experimental Psychology - Chapter 1 Flashcards | Quizlet
Both the content and process of The modern connotation of science includes ...
science.
Psychologists often study unobservable processes, like
Observable
feelings, by defining them in terms of _____ events.
Consists of the scientific techniques we use to collect and
Methodology
evaluate data.
[Link] 9/9
