Ch 9.

Shorts [Salman]
Q1. What is phylogenetic classification system?
A.
• The groups were supposed to foreshadow the natural
relationships among living organisms and their mode
of origin.
• Such a system of classification is called Phylogenetic
System of Classification.

Q2. Why Bryophytes are called amphibians of plants?

A
• The bryophytes are said to be the amphibians of the
plant world because they cannot live away from water.
• They need water for reproduction.

Q3. Give structure of bryophyte gametophyte

A.
• They have a dominant independent free living
gametophyte.
• This may be thalloid as in many liverworts or is
differentiated into structures resembling to stem, leaves
and absorbing and anchoring organs, rhizoids, as in
mosses and some liverworts.
• The gametophyte produces a sporophyte

Q4. Give the structure of sporophyte of bryophyte?

A.
 1. Sporophyte is a less conspicuous generation, partially
or totally dependent upon the gametophyte for its
nutrition.
2. The sporophyte generally consists of foot, seta and
capsule.
3. The sporophyte is diploid (2n) which produces spores
in sporangia.

Q5. What are reproductive/sex organs of bryophytes

gametophytes.
A.
• Multicellular male and female sex organs i.e. antheridia
and archegonia are b orn on gametophyte either on same
or diferent plants.
• These sex organs are multicellular and protected by a
sterile covering of cells.
• Gametes are produced by mitosis.
• Male gametes produced within antheridia are called
antherozoids;
• Antherozoids are motile and always produced in large
number.
• Female gametes formed within archegonia are termed
as eggs.
• A single egg is formed in each archegonium.

Q6. What is alternation of generation? Give its 2 significance?

A
Alternation of generation
 • In the life cycle of plants i.e. multicellular haploid
gametophytic (gamete producing) generation alternates
with the multicellular diploid sporophytic (spore
producing) generation.
Significance
• It is a very important phenomenon, which provides
continuous genetic variabilities
• Provide selection for the best genetic make up for
survival and adaptation in the changing environment(s).

Q7. Define bryophytes?

A.
• Bryophytes can be defined more precisely as plants
with the distinguishing characters as follows
• Vascular system absent; gametophyte dominant;
sporophyte attached to gametophyte; homosporous
• Ex. Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Q8. What are vegetative/structural adaptations of

bryophytes? (Any2)
A.
• Formation of a compact multicellular plant body which
helped in the conservation of water by reducing cell
surface area exposed to dry land conditions.
Presence of cuticle further reduces loss of water by
evaporation.
• Development of photosynthetic tissues into special
chambers for the absorption of carbon dioxide without
losing much water and exposure to light.
 • Formation of special structures like rhizoids for
absorption of water and anchorage.

Q9. What are reproductive adaptations of bryophytes?(Any2)

A.
• Heterogamy (production of two types of gametes) is
evolved, forming non motile egg containing stored
food and motile sperms.
• Gametes are produced and protected by the special
multicellular organs (antheridia and archegonia).
• Multicellular embryo is formed which is retained and
protected inside the female reproductive body during
its development.
• Alternation of spore-producing generation (sporophyte)
with gamete producing generation (gametophyte)
enabled the plant to produce and test the best
genetic combinations for adapting to the versatile
terrestrial conditions.

Q10. Give about gametophyte of hepaticopsida/liverwort?

A.
• The plant body is a gametophyte.
• It may be thalloid i.e. flat, or ribbon-like, usually
dichotomously branched.
• It is attached to soil by means of rhizoids e.g.
Marchantia.
• Other species tend to grow upright and are falsely
leafy i.e., differentiated into a false stem, and leaves
e.g., Porella.
Q11. What are antheridiophore and archegoniophore?
A.
• The sex organs develop on the upper surface of the
thallus near the tips of the branches.
• Sometimes they develop on special branches on
gametophyte called the antheridiophores and the
archegoniophores as in Marchantia

Q12. Sketch life cycle of bryophytes/liverwort?

A

Q13. What is paraphyses?

A
• In mosses the archegonia and antheridia form clusters
and are mixed with sterile hairs, called paraphyses.

Q14. What is protonema?

A
• The spore of a moss, unlike that of liverworts,
develops into an alga like structure called protonema
Role
• Haploid moss plants (gametophyte) develop from buds
on the protonema and the life cycle is completed

Q14. How life cycle/spore of liver wort and mosses are

different ?
A.
• Formation of diploid sporophyte and haploid spores
follow the same sequence of events of alternation of
generation as in liverworts
• However, the spore of a moss, unlike that of
liverworts (spore directly forms gametophyte), develops
into an alga like structure, the protonema.
• Haploid moss plants (gametophyte) develop from buds
on the protonema and the life cycle is completed.

Q15. What are advanced features of sporophyte of

anthoceropsida/hornwort? OR Why sporophyte is
independent in hornwort?
A.
• The sporophyte has stomata and chloroplasts in the
epidermis and can thus photosynthesize its own food
rather than obtaining it from gametophyte.
• It also has a waxy cuticle to check excessive loss of
water (desiccation).
 • At the junction of foot and spore producing region
there is a band of meristematic tissue. This tissue
keeps on adding cells towards the spore-producing
region during the formation, maturation and dispersal
of spores from the opposite end. Due to the fast
growth rate of this meristematic tissue the sporophyte
keeps on increasing in length for an indefinite period
of time.

Q16. Sketch/graphical representation alternation of

generation?
A.

Q17. Give vegetative/structural/non-reproductive adaptations

of tracheophytes/vascular plants?
A.
• Root, stem and leaves.
• Vascular systems in stems, roots and leaves.

Q18. What are reproductive adaptations of tracheophytes?

A
• Protected sporangia, leading to the evolution of seed.
• Pollen tube for safe and water-independent
transmission of male gamete to female gamete.
• Flower and fruit.
• Heteromorphic alternation of generation.

Q19. Write groups of tracheophytes?

A.
• The Tracheophytes are further sub-divided into four
sub-divisions, Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida and
Pteropsida.

Q20. Write names of extinct and living genera kf psilopsida?

A
Extinct.
• Horneophyton,
• Psilophyton,
• Cooksonia
Livings
• Psilotum
• Tmesipeteris.
Q21. Give about gametophyte of psilopsida?
A
• The gametophyte is thalloid.
• It is colorless and underground. Its cells contain a
fungus which provides food to the gametophyte and in
return gets protection from it.
• Such beneficial symbiotic relationship among the two
members (fungus and plant) is said to be symbiosis;
or mycorrhizal association.
• Examples are Psilotum, and Tmesipeteris.

Q22. Give the structural layout of Cooksonia?

A.
• Cooksonia had the same structural layout i.e. naked stem
without leaves.
• Such plants started to form leaves as small scale like
out growths.
• These out growths were not supplied with vascular
tissues, therefore they were not regarded as true
leaves.

Q23. What are microphyll and megaphyll?/Give the types of

leaves?
A.
Microphyll
• In lycopods (e.g. Lycopodium) the leaves are small in
size.
• Each leaf has a single undivided vein (vascular supply).
• Such a leaf is called microphyll.
Megaphyll
• Large leaves having divided veins and veinlets with an
expanded leaf blade or lamina are known as
megaphylls.
• Megaphylls are characteristic for ferns and seed
plants.

Q24. What is overtopping?

A.
• 1st step in the evolution of megaphyll is over topping.
• The dichotomously branched aerial portion of the stem
showed unequal branching.
• Some branches remained short while others grew and
expanded at a much faster pace.
• All these branches grew in diferent planes.
• Such an unequal development of various branches is
called overtopping.

Q25. What is planation?

A.
• It’s the 2nd step of evolution of megaphyll.
• The arrangement of unequal dichotomies in one plane.
This process is termed as planation.

Q26. What is fusion/webbing?

A.
• It’s the 3rd step of evolution of megaphyll
• Overtopping and planation was followed by a process
known as fusion or webbing.
 • The space between the overtopped dichotomous
branches was occupied by a sheet of parenchyma cells
which connected these branches forming a flat lamina
or leaf blade type of structure, having many
dichotomously branched veins.

Q27. What is reticulate venation?

A.
• During the course of evolution fusion of the vascular
strands resulted in net or reticulate venation pattern.

Q28. Why lycopsida is called club or spike mosses?

A.
• Lycopsids are also called club mosses/spike mosses
because of their club/spike shaped strobili and small
leaves resembling mosses.

Q29. Why sphenopsida are called arthrophytes?

A.
• Plants belonging to sphenopsida are called arthrophytes
because the whole plant body is composed of large
number of joints.

Q30. What is sporangiophore?

A.
• In hornworts, the sporangia are born on structures
called sporangiophores, aggregated to form strobili.
• Each sporangiophore has a slender stalk and an expanded
disc at its free end.
 • The sporangia appear on the underside of the disc.

Q31. What is circinate vernation?

A.
• When the frond is immature and young, it is coiled,
this pattern of development is called circinate
vernation
• It is an important character of fern.

Q32. Write the habitat of ferns?

A.
• The Filicineae or ferns are mostly shade and moisture
loving plants.
• A very few are able to live under dry conditions.
• They grow on the hills and in plains.
• Some are epiphytic and grow on the bark of trees.
• Although ferns are worldwide in distribution, they are
especially abundant in the tropics.
• They vary greatly in size. Important ferns are
Dryopteris, Pteridium, Adiantum and Pteris etc.

Q33. Write examples of fern/Filicinae?

A.
• Dryopteris, Pteridium, Adiantum and Pteris etc.

Q34. Write 4 structural features of fern?

A.
• Stem is a short, thick and underground, usually
unbranched horizontally growing rhizome.
 • The rhizome is protected by brownish scales (ramenta)
and covered by persistent leaf basis.
• Fibrous adventitious roots arise from the lower side of
the rhizome.
• Large, pinnately compound fronds arise from the upper
side of rhizome.
• Young leaves (fiddle heads) show circinate vernation.

Q35. Why adiantum is called maiden hair fern?

A.
• The stipe (stalk) and rachis of adiantum are black,
smooth, shiny hence called maiden hair fern.

Q36. What are pinnae and pinnules?

A.
• The leaflets (pinnae, and pinnules - leaflets of second
order) show dichotomous venation.
• E.g. adiantum

Q37. What are sori/sorus and false indusium?

A.
• Sori (groups of sporangia) are born on the underside
of reflexed lobes of the margins of leaflets, and are
protected by bent margin of the leaflet, forming false
indusium.

Q38. Give structure of sporangia of adiantum?

A.
 • Each sporangium is slightly flattened, biconvex body
(capsule) born on a multicellular stalk.
• The capsular wall consists of a single layer of flat,
thin walled cells.
• The edge of the capsule is made up of two parts, the
annulus and the stomium.
• The annulus occupies three fourth of the edge and
remaining one fourth is the stomium.
• Inside the sporangia, haploid spores are formed by
reduction division, from diploid spore mother cells.

Q39. What are annulus and stomium?

A.
• In adiantum ,the edge of the capsule is made up of
two parts, the annulus and the stomium.
• The annulus occupies three fourth of the edge and
remaining one fourth is the stomium.
• Annular cells have their radial and inner walls
thickened.
• The stomial cells are thin- walled.

Q40. What is prothallus/Gametophyte of adiantum?

A.
• The prothallus (gametophyte) is an autotrophic, small,
flay, heart shaped structure.
• At the anterior end of the prothallus is a notch in
which lies the growing point.
• Its size is about 8mm at its longest diameter.
 • It is horizontally placed on the soil, and has
unicellular rhizoids on its lower surface towards the
posterior end.
• The rhizoids fix the prothallus to the soil and absorb
nutrients for it.
• It is composed of rounded thin walled cells.
• The margin of the prothallus is one-celled thick but
the middle part is many-celled and is cushion-like.
• It is monoecious

Q41. What is monoecious?

A.
• Monoecious is that having both sex organs.
• For e.g. adiantum is monoecious having both antheridia
and archegonia

Q42. Give 4 features of bryophyta?

A
• These are homosporous, produce one kind of spores.
• These have not vascular system i.e. xylem and phloem
• They need water for fertilization.
• These are 1st plants to live on the land.

Q43. What are arthrophytes?

A.
• In Sphenopsida (Horsetails), the sporophyte is
differentiated into root, stem and leaves.
 • The leaves may be expanded or scale-like and are always
arranged in whorls.
• Plants belonging to this group are also called
arthrophytes because the whole plant body is
composed of large number of joints.
• Main stem is not smooth, it has large number of
ridges and furrows.
• Each node has whorl of branches. The sporangia are
born on structures called sporangiophores, aggregated
to form strobili.

Q44. Name the sub-divisions of bryophyta?/classify

bryophytes?
A.

[Link] tracheophytes
A.
[Link] 4 vegetative/structural features of psilopsida?
A.
• In Psilopsida plants have rootless sporophytes.
• The stem is differentiated into an underground
rhizome and an aerial part. Both are dichotomously
branched.
• The rhizome bears rhizoids, both perform the function
of root.
• The aerial branches are green, leafless and bear small
veinless outgrowths and carry out photosynthesis.

Q47. Give reproductive features of psilopsida?

A.
• The reproductive organs of sporophyte are sporangia
which develop at the tips of long or short branches,
or on lateral sides of branches.

Q48. What is rhizome?

A.
• Underground horizontal stem is known as rhizome.
• Present in psilopsida, fern etc

Q49. How megaphyll are evolved? / explain evolution of

megaphyll?
A.
• Megaphylls are characteristic for ferns and seed plants.
• It is suggested that evolution of megaphylls started
from a dichotomous branching system in some
 primitive psilopsids approximately 350 million years
ago.
• It is assumed that evolution of a megaphyll included
series of successive evolutionary steps i.e. overtopping,
planation and webbing or fusion.
• It take more than 15-20 million years

Q50. Name male and female organs of bryophytes?

A
• Male organ is antheridium
• Female organ is archegonium

Q51. What are foliar sporangia and fronds?

A.
• The class Filicineae contains seedless plants with foliar
sporangia (sporangia attached to fronds.
• The mature leaves of ferns are called fronds.
• When the frond is immature and young, it is coiled,
this pattern of development is called circinate
vernation.

Q52. Write 2 vegetative/structural features of lycopsida?

A.
• The plants of Lycopsida have sporophytes
differentiated into roots, stem and true leaves.
• The leaves are small and single- veined, they are also
called microphylls.
• The arrangement of leaves is spiral or opposite.
• E.g. lycopodium