Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF CAVITE PROVINCE
GENERAL MARIANO ALVAREZ TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
“The Comparison between the Academic Performances of Working and Non-
working Senior Highschool Students in General Mariano Alvarez Technical
Highschool”
Benitez, Angel Jhen J.
Patyag, Rhizel
Camodoc, Dexter
Nayad, Joshua
Cascaño, Lymrose
Cubol, Rechelle
Olaes, Nyles
Roxas, Mary
G12- Pahiyas
Mrs. Mary Grace Florentino
Practical Research 2 Teacher
Congressional Road, Brgy. Poblacion I, General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite
(046) 443-9890, 487-3947, 487-1912
[email protected] “GMATHSIANS, LIFELONG CHAMPIONS”
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF CAVITE PROVINCE
GENERAL MARIANO ALVAREZ TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND THE BACKGROUND
Academic performance is the base of the student’s grades in class. Students are striving
and doing their best in order to perform well and have a great rating in school. Some students are
working students, and most are non-working students. In this section, the researchers will give an
idea about the topic based on the works of literature and information they gathered.
1.1 Introduction
Studying is a key skill used not only in education, but also in day-to-day life. It builds
knowledge and understanding of a subject area which helps prepares you for your future. Whether
that be progressing through education or starting a new job or apprenticeship (Ballard 2021).
When attempting to reach the goals and grades a student's desires, studying at school is
essential. Employers often look for candidates that have strong academic and research skills while
hiring. It demonstrates a desire to research and comprehend an industry along with taking the
effort to do research, and acquire new abilities.
Students are those people formally engaged in learning, especially enrolled in a school.
Some students are working while studying, and some are not. Although, both students faced lots
of challenges, and almost have the same motivations in learning. There are a variety of reasons
students work while they're in school, including gaining professional experience to help prepare
them for their career after graduation and to earn their own money so themey can learn how to
budget and pay for their expenses independently (Indeed, 2021). Challenges are part of students'
lives, and they need to conquer it in order for them to gain sucess. The biggest challenge that a
student may face is acquiring successful time management. Although, while adjusting to this
challenge, they can gain experiences and make a good adjustments. These challenges may
create lifelong hindrances to one's life if not acquired in time, so therefore, acquiring proper
knowledge of how to overcome dicculties is immensely important (Rohrich, 2021).
Congressional Road, Brgy. Poblacion I, General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite
(046) 443-9890, 487-3947, 487-1912
[email protected] “GMATHSIANS, LIFELONG CHAMPIONS”
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF CAVITE PROVINCE
GENERAL MARIANO ALVAREZ TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL
1.2 Background of the Study
Academic performance is a method for determining how well students perform in all of their
classes. It is viewed as an indicator of intellectual capabilities. The purpose of Academic
performance is to fulfill a learning objective. It is influenced by qualities like intellectual ability level,
character, motivation, ability, hobbies, study practices, and self-worth.
There are several reasons why students choose to work while they are in studying, some of
which include money concerns, experiences, personal connections, and numerous other factors.
Students eventually require more financial assistance to cover their living and educational costs as
everything's cost continues to rise. In terms of academic performance, some working students are
doing amazing in participating in class, while others are having trouble managing their time. Time
management is also a challenge for students who are not working while studying. They are having
problems balancing their time, and spend most of their time procrastinating.
Working students are students who need more money to sustain their daily lives. They are
the ones who need to manage their time to be able to do their school activities, at the same time
focus on their work. While non-working students are students that are capable of studying without
spending time working. These students have lots of time to learn and review their lessons and can
pass requirements without worrying about financial situations.
This study aims to compare the academic performances of working and non-working Senior
high school students at General Mariano Alvarez Technical Highschool.
Congressional Road, Brgy. Poblacion I, General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite
(046) 443-9890, 487-3947, 487-1912
[email protected] “GMATHSIANS, LIFELONG CHAMPIONS”
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF CAVITE PROVINCE
GENERAL MARIANO ALVAREZ TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL
1.3 Research Locale
This study will be conducted at General Mariano Alvarez Technical Highschool (GMATHS),
located at 688, Poblacion 1, Congressional Road, General Mariano Alvarez. Participants will be
surveyed in their rooms, or in any comfortable place that they will choose. We gathered
respondents residing in General Mariano Alvarez. These respondents will be surveyed personally
or online. We chose the place of implementation because it will be easy for the respondents and
for the researchers.
Figure 1:
General Mariano Alvarez Technical Highschool Map
Congressional Road, Brgy. Poblacion I, General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite
(046) 443-9890, 487-3947, 487-1912
[email protected] “GMATHSIANS, LIFELONG CHAMPIONS”
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF CAVITE PROVINCE
GENERAL MARIANO ALVAREZ TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL
1.4 Theoretical Framework
According to Human Capital Theory (Becker, 1964), student employment can be a
complement to education due to the additional skills and knowledge obtained while working. There
are several reasons why student work may lead to such an increase in human capital, First,
student employment enables the acquisition of new general and transferable skills such as work
values, communication skills, and a sense of time management (Buscha, Maurel, Page, &
Speckesser, 2012; Rothstein, 2007; Staff & Mortimer, 2007). Second, combining study and work
may offer students the opportunity to apply in practice what they have learned in school (Geel &
Backes Gellner, 2012; Hotz et al., 2002). Third, student employment may increase future-
orientedness and thereby motivate students to work harder in school in order to achieve a certain
career goal (Oettinger, 1999; Rothstein, 2007).
On the other hand, building on the Theory of the Allocation of Time (Becker, 1965), the
Zero-Sum Theory suggests that student employment and education are substitutes. It is argued
that student employment strongly constrains students’ use of time: time spent working crowds out
time spent on activities that enhance academic performance (e.g. studying, doing homework, and
attending classes, Bozick, 2007; Kalenkoski & Pabilonia, 2009; 2012). As the reduced time spent
on the latter activities subsequently worsens academic performance (Aulampalam, Naylor, &
Smith, 2012; Stinebrickner & Stinebrickner, 2004; 2008), student employment may have a
detrimental effect on educational attainment. However, spending one hour more on student work
does not necessarily translate into spending one hour less on study activities (Triveriti, 2014). In
other words, student workers may cut back on leisure time without reducing the time they dedicate
to school-related activities (much) Indeed, Kalenkoski and Pabilonia (2009; 2012), Schoenhals,
Tienda, and Schneider (1998), and Warren (2002) find that time spent working does not reduce
the time spent on school-related activities in a one-to-one relationship. Working students also
scale down the time spent on non-school-related activities (e.g. time spent with family or friends
and time spent watching television or in front of a computer). In this case, the Zero-Sum Theory is
not (or is less) valid.
Congressional Road, Brgy. Poblacion I, General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite
(046) 443-9890, 487-3947, 487-1912
[email protected] “GMATHSIANS, LIFELONG CHAMPIONS”
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF CAVITE PROVINCE
GENERAL MARIANO ALVAREZ TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL
1.5 Conceptual Framework
Figure 2:
Research Paradigm
This study will focus on the Senior Highschool students of General Mariano Alvarez
Technical Highschool that will be the sources of the needed information to conduct the study about
the similarities and differences in experiences between working and non-working students in
studying. The results will lead to further findings about the solutions and recommendations that
can be done so that both working and non-working students can study well.
These findings will be a big help to build in the whole research about the comparison
between the academic performances of working and non-working Senior high school students in
General Mariano Alvarez Technical Highschool.
Congressional Road, Brgy. Poblacion I, General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite
(046) 443-9890, 487-3947, 487-1912
[email protected] “GMATHSIANS, LIFELONG CHAMPIONS”
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF CAVITE PROVINCE
GENERAL MARIANO ALVAREZ TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL
1.6 Statement of the Problem
To conduct this research study, these questions provide the basis for further exploration.
1. What are the challenges faced by both working and non-working students?
2. What are the possible reasons leading Senior Highschool students to work and study at the
same time?
3. What are the possible reasons why non-working students have a hard time focusing on
studying?
4. What are the similarities and differences in academic performance between non-working
and working Senior Highschool students?
5. What are some of the solutions or recommendations for working students regarding their
struggles? What about the non-working students?
1.7 Hypothesis
Both working and non-working students faced lots of challenges when it comes to studying.
Although, non-working students have the advantages regarding their academic performances than
the working students.
1.8 Scope and Delimitation
The main purpose of our study is to identify the difference between working and non-
working students regarding their academic performance. This includes some information
concerning their mental stability and financial stability. The study is limited only for one month to
the Grade 12 ABM students in General Mariano Alvarez Technical High School. The respondents
will be surveyed whether they are working or non-working students and will be interviewed about
their academic performance.
Congressional Road, Brgy. Poblacion I, General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite
(046) 443-9890, 487-3947, 487-1912
[email protected] “GMATHSIANS, LIFELONG CHAMPIONS”
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF CAVITE PROVINCE
GENERAL MARIANO ALVAREZ TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL
1.9 Significance of the Study
Acquiring the similarities and differences regarding the academic performances of the
Senior Highschool students in General Mariano Alvarez Technical Highschool is the significance
of this study, to know their hard work and sacrifices to do well in school. Gathering relevant data
on how working and non-working students cope up with their daily difficulties and struggles. To
know and understand the motivations of Senior Highschool students while studying. Also, this
study will help the students to be encouraged and have hopes of improving their academic
performances by giving suggestions and solutions to the problems that they are encountering.
The findings of the study will be beneficial to the following:
To the previous researchers, this study will help them the for them to know the difference
of their study to this study, and to know the latest results of the study they conducted.
To the working students, the findings of the study will help them to be motivated to continue
studying to improve their academic performances. It will also enable them to understand that they
are things that they can do to lessen their challenges while working and studying at the same time.
To the non-working students, the findings of this study will give knowledge and
enlightenment about the significant differences between non-working students and working
students. It will also help them to study hard and be motivated at all times as they have the
privilege to just study, and not thinking about their job.
To the teachers, the findings of this research will help them to apprehend the reasons and
the struggles of the working and non-working Senior highschool students. It will also help them to
think on how can they be more effective in teaching as they already know the difficulties of the
students.
Congressional Road, Brgy. Poblacion I, General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite
(046) 443-9890, 487-3947, 487-1912
[email protected] “GMATHSIANS, LIFELONG CHAMPIONS”
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF CAVITE PROVINCE
GENERAL MARIANO ALVAREZ TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL
To the guardians, the findings of this research might help them to understand their children
more, and think on how can they support them. Also, they will know the reasons of their children's
(working or non-working) challenges regarding their academic performances.
To future researchers, the study will help them in their future studies regarding the
comparison of academic performances of working and non-working students in General Mariano
Alvarez Technical Highschool. They can also use the study as a reference for their future studies
so that they can understand better about this topic.
2.0 Definition of Terms
For the purpose of clarification, the terms used in the study have been defined. The
following terminologies are:
Academic Performance – The student’s assessments based on the scores or grades achieved in
the different studies during the school year.
Academic Rating -It is the measurement of the developmental growth of the student over time.
Non-working Students -Non-working students have lots of time to study or to make their
requirements in school or lots of time for their Academic such as they can study well.
Time Management - The process of organizing and planning how to divide your time between
different activities. Get it right, and you'll end up working smarter, not harder, to get more done in
less time – even when time is tight and pressures are high.
Working Students- They are the students who are working while studying.
Congressional Road, Brgy. Poblacion I, General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite
(046) 443-9890, 487-3947, 487-1912
[email protected] “GMATHSIANS, LIFELONG CHAMPIONS”
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF CAVITE PROVINCE
GENERAL MARIANO ALVAREZ TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The researchers present all relevant literature and studies that are primarily related to the
study they conducted regarding the Comparison between the Academic Performances of Working
and Non-working Senior Highschool Students at General Mariano Alvarez Technical Highschool.
2.1 Working and Non-Working Students
In the Philippines, working students is a frequent occurrence. It is not unusual to see
working students in a classroom, some students work as student assistants, they find employment
in a number of businesses, primarily in the food service, sales, and entertainment sectors, and
some are selling food, clothes, and other things. Many students attempt to balance employment
and education because of financial difficulties, which results in a number of issues for them. Part-
time working students experience a variety of hurdles and difficulties while attempting to juggle
both their studies and their part-time jobs, including problems with time management, declining
academic performance, health issues, and personal and social issues. While non-working
students have plenty of time to study, complete their academic requirements, or even just relax.
Although, they are also experiencing challenges regarding their academic performances since
they keep on procrastinating, being distracted in their studies, and facing personal issues. Both
working and non-working students manage their time so they may complete their academic
requirements and still achieve good scores in studying.
2.2 Academic Performance of Working Students
Filipino students are nevertheless able to provide for their financial needs by working
despite their financial difficulties. According to The Working Student (2016), to set down the job
options of Filipino working students namely online jobs, paid corporate internship, fast-food crew,
and school jobs. Filipino students are struggling because they have to meet the standards in their
work so that they will not lose their job and maintain academic performance so that they will not
get a failing grade. According to the findings of the study conducted by Williams (2014), the
Congressional Road, Brgy. Poblacion I, General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite
(046) 443-9890, 487-3947, 487-1912
[email protected] “GMATHSIANS, LIFELONG CHAMPIONS”
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF CAVITE PROVINCE
GENERAL MARIANO ALVAREZ TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL
reasons why students work is due to budgetary need, meet a quick or basic necessity, and to help
the understudies in their future objectives. This was supported by the study of Furr and Elling
(2002), where the reason why the students work part-time is due to financial problem. Aside from
these reasons, there were also consequences of working while studying and that is according to
the findings of the study of Darolia (2014), where understudies take fewer attributes in school
because of work duties. Based on the research of Manthei and Gilmore (2005), for instance,
considered that working part-time leaves less desired time to study. Also, Jogaratnam and
Buchanan (2004), specified that new students who choose to do a part-time job while having full-
time academic load were most likely to suffer from stress and sleep deprivation. As many studies
suggested, indeed a combination of full-time studying and part-time working can cause a
damaging effect on the physical and mental health of students. It can create a negative impact on
academic performance (Hovdhaugen, 2015; Creed, French & Hood, 2015; Darolia, 2014). In the
study of Curtis and Shani (2002), they believed that students who are working. For that reason,
universities should be aware of contemporary students' lives. They should introduce an element of
flexibility as a mean of structuring assignments and course requirements to support this (Curtis,
2007).
2.3 Academic Performance of Non-Working Students
Time management among students is a broad topic that encompasses a wide range of
activities and trade-offs. The issue of how much time students are allocating for academic work is
a complicated area to analyze because of the variations in academic assignments across different
schools and disciplines, as well as the differences in activities from week to week and semester to
semester, but it has been proven that, across the board, the number of hours that students spend
on academics fell from 40 hours a week in 1961 to about 27 hours a week in 2003 (Babcock &
Marks 2011). Babcock and Marks posit that this reflects that enrolling in college has less of an
opportunity cost in today’s world, as a result of advances in technology allowing for easier access
to academic information. It has not yet been determined downward trend in study time since 2003.
This technology, aside from aiding access to information, also presents a competing share in
students’ time that can take away from academics, according to Hanson et al (2011). Students’
academic success is aided by and impaired by their reliance on technology, because it provides
“short cuts” for students with a time budget, but decreases their overall retention rates and, with
them, their human capital, which is a conclusion that Babcock and Marks share. The issue of
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(046) 443-9890, 487-3947, 487-1912
[email protected] “GMATHSIANS, LIFELONG CHAMPIONS”
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF CAVITE PROVINCE
GENERAL MARIANO ALVAREZ TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL
distractions from academics tied to technology, such as social media, has become more of a
problem in recent years. Panek (2014) argued that this is an issue, not because time with social
media is negatively associated with time on homework, but because of the strain it puts on
students mentally. The students with the lowest self-control experience feelings of guilt and stress
because of their lack of productivity, a point that Reynolds (2013) confirms. Reynolds presents the
issues that student affairs administrators across the country see the most often as stressors and
concerns for students, with stress management, time management, and academic difficulties
ranking high on the list.
2.4 Academic Performance of Working and Non-Working Students
These pieces of literature have a relationship with the study that the researchers will be
conducting. Most of the related works of literature explore how students create ways to maximize
their time in working and in studying, the issues encountered by non-working students, and the
similarities and differences regarding academic performances. The said study aims to investigate
and identify working and non-working students' experiences. They are starting at how difficult their
situation. Next, the problems they encounter. Then, how they deal and cope with such difficulties.
To provide a solution that might help the students shortly.
Congressional Road, Brgy. Poblacion I, General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite
(046) 443-9890, 487-3947, 487-1912
[email protected] “GMATHSIANS, LIFELONG CHAMPIONS”
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF CAVITE PROVINCE
GENERAL MARIANO ALVAREZ TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
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