Engineering Information

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SPECIFYING SPRAY NOZZLES
Spray nozzles have three basic
functions:
• meter flow
3m

• distribute liquid Nozzle:

• break up a liquid stream

into droplets (1) 2 1/2 MP1250M

The process of choosing a nozzle

includes specifying:
DN65
2 1/2”

a.) its flow-rate-versus-pressure

12 m = height

characteristics (see catalog flow

rate tables)
b.) how the droplets will be distri-
buted after leaving the nozzle
(see spray pattern, pp. 2, 3)
c.) the size of the droplets that will
Calculate Total Water Flow and Pressure at Pump
for Nozzles Operating at 0.5 bar
be produced (contact BETE Total Flow (p. 26, 27) = (1 nozzles)(381 l/min/nozzle) = 381 l/min
Applications Engineering if Pump Pressure Formula:
Ppump = Pnozzle + Ppipe losses + rgh/100000
droplet size is critical)
d.) the nozzle connection to the Calculate Pipe Loss:
feed pipe (see dimension tables) Pipe Friction: (15 m)(0.7 bar/100 m) = 0.11 bar

e.) the material of construction (see

Fitting Loss: (3 elbows)(1.52 m/elbow) = 4.56 m

page 12 for complete list)

(4.56 m)(0.7 bar/100 m) = 0.03 bar
Total Piping Losses: 0.11 bar + 0.03 bar = 0.14 bar
Elevation Losses: (1000)(9.81)(12 m) / 100000 = 1.17 bar
Ppump = 0.5 bar + 0.14 bar + 1.17 bar = 1.81 bar

FLOW RATE
Pump must be sized to provide 381 l/min at 1.81 bar

The volume of liquid flowing the gauge pressure inside the ves-
through a nozzle depends primari- sel from the gauge pressure at the FLUID PROPERTIES
ly on the difference in fluid pres- nozzle inlet as shown: (at room temperature)

sure upstream of its orifice and the l/min = K (BarInlet - BarVessel ) x Fluid Viscosity Specific Gravity
pressure into which the nozzle dis-
charges (normally that of the at-
Water 1cP SG=1

mosphere). Pressures that are list- FLUID PROPERTIES

ed in the flow rate tables of each Specific gravity primarily affects
10W-30 Oil 110 cP SG=0.88

nozzle series are gauge pressures. nozzle flow. Flow rates of liquids
denser than water are lower than
Honey 1500 cP SG=1.05
Flow rates for pressures not tab-
flow rates of water at the same Viscosity also affects nozzle
ulated may be calculated using the
pressure because more energy is performance. High viscosities
equation given at the bottom of
required to accelerate denser inhibit atomization. In general,
each table. The factor “K” is listed
fluids. The following relationship fluids with viscosities greater than
for each nozzle and has units of
100 cP are difficult to atomize
lpm/barx. exists between flow rates (Q)of
fluids with different specific gravities: except with air-atomizing nozzles.
A nozzle may discharge into a
vessel where the pressure is not
atmospheric. Since the nozzle flow
rate is determined by the differen-
tial pressure across it, the flow rate
may be calculated by subtracting

128 www.BETE.com
 neering. Engineering. Engineering. Engineering. Engineeri
SYSTEM DESIGN
The piping system that supplies

LPM / m2
the nozzles must be designed to
deliver the correct pressure at the
nozzle inlet. The following formula
rgh Radial Distance (mm)
PPump = PNozzle + PPipe Losses +
100000

is useful in estimating the pres-

LPM / m2
sure a pump will have to supply to
a nozzle system:
where: Radial Distance (mm)
r = density of fluid (kg/m3) angle for whirl nozzles tends to Exposing the maximum surface
[water = 1000 kg/m3] decrease as the pressure is increased. area requires breaking the liquid
For additional information see into droplets as small as possible.
2
g = 9.81 m/s
h = height of nozzle above page 124. To get an idea of how this works,
pump (m) - negative if the imagine a cube of water with a vol-
nozzle is below the pump NOZZLE SPRAY PATTERN ume of 1 m3. This cube has a sur-
p = pressure (bar) The term “Spray Pattern” face area of 6 m2. If we now split it
A chart of pipe friction losses is describes the location and spray in two, we expose some of the
presented on page 125. In using the density of the liquid emitted from inner surface and increase the total
chart be sure to look at the total a nozzle. Two examples of pattern surface area to 8 m2. Atomizing
system flow if there are multiple measurement are shown above. the liquid into spheres 1 mm (1,000
nozzles to be supplied by one pipe. The height of the curve at any microns) in diameter would
Elbows, tees and other pipe fit- point is the spray density in units increase the surface area of this
tings (see p. 125) also contribute to of LPM/m2. gallon of liquid to 6000 m2.
pressure loss and can be signifi- A nozzle actually produces a
cant, especially in short, convolu- DROPLET SIZE range of droplet sizes from the
ted runs. Droplet size is often critical. Many solid liquid stream. Since it is
processes such as gas scrubbing inconvenient to list all the sizes
SPRAY ANGLE depend on exposing the maximum produced, droplet size (in
The spray angle chosen for a possible amount of liquid surface microns) is usually expressed by a
particular application depends on to a gas stream. Other applica- mean or median diameter. An
the coverage required. tions require that the droplets be understanding of diameter terms
The spray angle for spiral noz- as large as possible, such as when is essential.
zles is relatively stable over a wide the spray must project into a fast
range of pressures, while the spray moving gas stream.

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eering. Engineering. Engineering. Engineering. Engineeri
RELATIVE DROP SIZE BY NOZZLE SERIES by the nozzle. For single fluid noz-
zles the following equation may be
used for modest changes in pressure.
TROUBLESHOOTING BASICS
The following are some of the
things to look for when a system is
not performing as intended:
Nozzle Wear or Corrosion
The following definitions are • may cause excessive flow rate
with diameters smaller than this
given for the most frequently used due to enlarged passages
number and the other half with
mean and median diameters: • may increase droplet size
diameters that are larger.
The Sauter Mean Diameter is one • degrades spray pattern
Arithmetic Mean
Diameter (D10) of the most useful ways to charac- Nozzle Clogging
• The average of the diameters of all terize a spray. The ratio of volume • low flow rates
the droplets in the spray sample. to surface area for the Sauter Mean • poor spray pattern
Volume Mean Diameter (D30) is the same as that ratio for the
Inadequate Pipe Size
• The diameter of a droplet whose entire spray volume. For this rea-
• excessive pipe pressure losses
volume, if multiplied by the total son, the use of the Sauter Mean is leading to low nozzle pressures
number of droplets, will equal preferred for process calculations. • high velocities in headers that
the total volume of the sample. Whirl nozzles generally produce disrupt fluid entering the nozzle
Sauter Mean Diameter (D32): larger droplets than spiral nozzles,
Incorrect Nozzle Location
• The diameter of a droplet whose • poor gas/liquid contact in
ratio of volume to surface area is D2 = P2
( ) -0.3
scrubbers and quenchers
equal to that of the complete • poor area coverage
D1 P1
spray sample.
and air-atomizing nozzles such as Incorrect Nozzle for Application
Mass (Volume) Median • drop size too small or too large
Diameter (DV05): the XA or SpiralAir Series typically
produce the smallest droplets of all. • incorrect pattern type
• The diameter which divides the
mass (or volume) of the spray into It is sometimes useful to predict Careful system design and selec-
two equal halves. Thus 1/2 of the the effect a change in pressure will tion of the proper BETE nozzle
total mass is made up of droplets have on the droplet size produced will minimize spray problems.

Actual droplet images captured using the BETE Model 700 The BETE Droplet Analyzer is capable of characterizing non-
Spray Analysis System. spherical droplets like those seen in this actual image.

130 www.BETE.com
Research & Development

Research & Development. Research & Development. Research

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT characterize the difficult sprays spray performance, thus allowing
BETE’s state-of-the-art Spray containing significant numbers of a high degree of repeatability
Laboratory plays a key role in sup- large and non-spherical drops and confidence.
porting both product R&D and our often encountered in industrial COMPUTER MODELING AND
customer service network. applications. The Model 700 is a SIMULATION
Equipped with sophisticated video-imaging system combining a There are instances when duplicat-
video-image processing and digi- CCD video camera, microscope ing the operating environment in
tal analysis technology, the Spray lens, fast strobed xenon light the spray lab is impossible. When
Lab makes possible rapid nozzle source, and image processing the nozzle is to be used in a high-
development and evaluation. hardware and software. temperature or pressure environ-
The Spray Lab is also available PATTERN DISTRIBUTION ment or sprayed in a high velocity
on a contract basis to provide con- ANALYSIS gas stream, BETE Applications
fidential, quantitative evaluation The BETE Patternator is a unique Engineers use computer modeling
of nozzle performance. Industrial digital video system for accurately and simulation software devel-
applications for contract testing analyzing the volumetric distribu- oped in-house to assist in specify-
range from comparative nozzle tion of liquid emitted from a noz- ing the proper nozzle.
performance testing to develop- zle. The system uses a standard Spray-modeling has also been
ment of proprietary designs. These tube patternator combined with used to predict spray drift from
capabilities allow our customers to BETE's custom shape recognition cooling ponds and dust suppres-
optimize process performance and timing software. From this sion systems and estimating evap-
while minimizing capital and digitized information, spray oration rates from disposal ponds.
operating costs—a winning combi- density and effective spray angles Working with engineering com-
nation in today’s competitive glo- are calculated. panies and consulting groups,
bal marketplace. Because data collection and ana- BETE Engineering taps this model-
lyses are handled by computer, ing and simulation technology to
Spray Laboratory Capabilities
the device is very well-suited for offer customized spray nozzle
• Flow rate (water) measure-
handling the large amount of data solutions to some of the most vex-
ments from 0.04 to 7500 l/min
required for nozzle development ing problems facing industry
• Flow rate (air) measurements
and assessment programs. today.
from 0.5 to 2550 Nm3/h
• Pressure measurements to 210 Consistently and accurately
bar selecting appropriate sampling INDUSTRY COOPERATIVE
• Automated drop size distribu- positions is extremely important DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS
tion measurement from less when performing drop size analy- BETE has worked closely with
than 2 to greater than 15,000 sis. The challenge lies in sampling major industries in research and
microns the spray in such a way that the development programs addressing
• Computerized spray distribu- number and locations of the indi- personnel safety and environmen-
tion analysis tal protection issues.
vidual tests chosen present a rea-
• Two-fluid capabilities up to BETE has provided technical
sonable representation of the
2550 Nm3/h air / 3000 l/m water expertise, computer simulation,
entire spray. Recognizing this,
• 9 m x 15 m x 7 m high test testing, and nozzle prototypes in a
BETE has integrated the patterna- variety of projects, including:
area
tor with the Model 700 analyzer on • fire control aboard offshore
DROPLET ANALYSIS
a calibrated X-Y-Z positioner and drilling platforms
Frustrated by the limited capabili-
developed a number of sampling • toxic gas control
ties of laser-based instruments,
BETE developed the Model 700 protocols for droplet size analysis. • oil spill cleanup
Video Particle Analyzer. This These protocols ensure that the • reducing CFC use in the semi-
flexible system allows BETE to reported drop size distributions conductor industry
most accurately reflect the overall

www.BETE.com 131
 Spray Coverage
eering. Engineering. Engineering. Engineering. Engineeri
SPRAY ANGLE TERMS
Four terms are commonly used to
describe spray coverage:

Spray Angle:
(A) The included angle of the spray
as measured close to the nozzle
orifice. Since the droplets are
immediately acted upon by
external forces (gravity and
moving gases, for example), this
measurement is useful only for
determining spray coverage close THEORETICAL SPRAY COVERAGE (E) IN MILLIMETERS
to the nozzle. The spray angles lis-
ted for nozzles in this catalog are
Included Spray Distance From Nozzle Orifice (D) (mm)

angles at the nozzle, measured at

Angle (A) 50 75 100 150 200 300 400 600 800 1000

the nozzle’s design pressure.

Actual Spray Coverage:
10° 9 13 17 26 35 52 70 105 140 175

(B) The actual coverage at a speci- 20° 18 26 35 53 71 106 141 212 282 353

fied distance (D) from the nozzle.

Effective Spray Angle:
30° 27 40 54 80 107 161 214 322 429 536

(C) The angle calculated from the

actual coverage (B) at a distance
40° 36 55 73 109 146 218 291 437 582 728

(D) .
50° 47 70 93 140 187 280 373 560 746 933

Theoretical Spray Coverage:

(E) The coverage at distance (D) if
60° 58 87 115 173 231 346 462 693 924 1155

the spray moved in a straight line. 70° 70 105 140 210 280 420 560 840 1120 1400

EXAMPLES:
80° 84 126 168 252 336 503 671 1007 1343 1678

Problem: To achieve a 200mm

diameter spray coverage from a
90° 100 150 200 300 400 600 800 1200 1600 2000

nozzle mounted 150mm from the

target, what spray angle would
100° 119 179 238 358 477 715 953 1430 1907 2384

be required?
110° 143 214 286 428 571 857 1143 1714 2285

Solution: 70° Spray Angle 120° 173 260 346 520 693 1039 1386 2078

Problem: How far from the target

should a nozzle with a 110° spray
130° 214 322 429 643 858 1287 1716

angle be mounted in order to

140° 275 412 549 824 1099 1648 2198

achieve a 550mm diameter spray?

Solution: Approximately 200mm.
150° 373 560 746 1120 1493 2239

(Actual coverage will be less than

theoretical coverage listed in
170° 1143 1715 2286

the table.)
NOTE: Data shown is theoretical and does not take into consideration the
effects of gravity, gas flow, or high pressure operation.

NOTE: For applications where

coverage is critical, contact BETE
Applications Engineering using the
Applications Intake form on page 128.

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 neering. Engineering. Engineering. Engineering. Engineeri

133
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Water Flow Data
 134
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Notes

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 Pipe Dimensions & Weights
Nominal Wall Nominal Wall
OD ID Weight OD ID Weight
Pipe Size Schedule Thickness Pipe Size Schedule Thickness
NPS [DN] in [mm] mm mm kg/m
NPS [DN] in [mm] in in lb/ft
1/8 0.405 10 10S 1.24 7.8 0.28
5 5S 2.11 110.1 5.83
STD 40 40S 1.73 6.8 0.36
[6] [10.3] 10 10S 3.05 108.2 8.35
XS 80 80S 2.41 5.5 0.47
4 4.500 STD 40 40S 6.02 102.3 16.06
1/4 0.540 10 10S 1.65 10.4 0.49
STD 40 40S 2.24 9.3 0.63 XS 80 80S 8.56 97.2 22.30
[8] [13.7] XS 80 80S 3.02 7.7 0.80 [100] [114.3] 120 11.13 92.1 28.28
3/8 0.675 10 10S 1.65 13.8 0.63 160 13.49 87.3 33.50
STD 40 40S 2.31 12.5 0.85
[10] [17.1] XX 17.12 80.1 40.99
XS 80 80S 3.20 10.7 1.10
5 5S 1.65 18.0 0.80 5 5S 2.77 162.7 11.29
1/2 0.840 10 10S 2.11 17.1 1.00 10 10S 3.40 161.5 13.83
STD 40 40S 2.77 15.8 1.27 STD 40 40S 7.11 154.1 28.24
6 6.625
XS 80 80S 3.73 13.9 1.62
[15] [21.3] XS 80 80S 10.97 146.3 42.52
160 4.78 11.8 1.95
XX 7.47 6.4 2.55 [150] [168.3] 120 14.27 139.7 54.16
5 5S 1.65 23.4 1.02 160 18.26 131.8 67.49
3/4 1.050 10 10S 2.11 22.5 1.28 XX 21.95 124.4 79.11
STD 40 40S 2.87 20.9 1.68
5S 2.77 213.5 14.75
XS 80 80S 3.91 18.9 2.19
[20] [26.7] 10 10S 3.76 211.6 19.94
160 5.56 15.5 2.89
XX 7.82 11.0 3.63 20 6.35 206.4 33.28
5 5S 1.65 30.1 1.29 30 7.04 205.0 36.75
10 10S 2.77 27.9 2.09 STD 40 40S 8.18 202.7 42.49
1 1.315
STD 40 40S 3.38 26.6 2.50 8 8.625 60 10.31 198.5 53.04
[25] [33.4] XS 80 80S 4.55 24.3 3.23 XS 80 80S 12.70 193.7 64.57
160 6.35 20.7 4.23 [200] [219.1]
100 15.09 188.9 75.82
XX 9.09 15.2 5.45
120 18.26 182.6 90.35
5 5S 1.65 38.9 1.65
140 20.62 177.8 100.83
10 10S 2.77 36.6 2.69
1-1/4 1.660 XX 22.23 174.6 107.78
STD 40 40S 3.56 35.1 3.38
160 23.01 173.1 111.15
[32] [42.2] XS 80 80S 4.85 32.5 4.46
5S 3.40 266.2 22.61
160 6.35 29.5 5.60
XX 9.70 22.8 7.76 10S 4.19 264.7 27.76
5 5S 1.65 45.0 1.90 20 6.35 260.4 41.72
10 10S 2.77 42.7 3.10 30 7.80 257.5 50.96
1-1/2 1.900
STD 40 40S 3.68 40.9 4.04 10 10.750 STD 40 40S 9.27 254.5 60.25
[40] [48.3] XS 80 80S 5.08 38.1 5.40 XS 60 80S 12.70 247.7 81.46
160 7.14 34.0 7.23 [250] [273.1] 80 15.09 242.9 95.88
XX 10.16 27.9 9.54 100 18.26 236.5 114.63
5 5S 1.65 57.0 2.39 120 21.44 230.2 132.88
10 10S 2.77 54.8 3.93 140 25.40 222.3 154.97
2 2.375
STD 40 40S 3.91 52.5 5.44 160 28.58 215.9 172.10
[50] [60.3] XS 80 80S 5.54 49.3 7.47 5S 3.96 315.9 31.23
160 8.74 42.9 11.10 10S 4.57 314.7 35.96
XX 11.07 38.2 13.44 20 6.35 311.2 49.67
5 5S 2.11 84.7 4.51
30 8.38 307.1 65.14
10 10S 3.05 82.8 6.45
3 3.500 STD 40S 9.53 304.8 73.76
STD 40 40S 5.49 77.9 11.27
12 12.750 40 10.31 303.2 79.65
[80] [88.9] XS 80 80S 7.62 73.7 15.26
XS 80S 12.70 298.5 97.35
160 11.13 66.7 21.32
[300] [323.9] 60 14.27 295.3 108.87
XX 15.24 58.4 27.65
80 17.48 288.9 131.90
5 5S 2.11 97.4 5.17
3-1/2 4.000 10 10S 3.05 95.5 7.40 100 21.44 281.0 159.71
STD 40 40S 5.74 90.1 13.56 120 25.40 273.1 186.75
[90] [101.6] XS 80 80S 8.08 85.5 18.61 140 28.58 266.7 207.86
XX 16.15 69.3 34.00 160 33.32 257.2 238.51

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 BETE Fog Nozzle, Inc.
eering. Engineering. Engineering. Engineering. Engineeri
Application Information Sheet
FAX: 413 772-6729
email: [email protected]

Name: Company:
Telephone: Company Address:
FAX: email: BETE Cust. #
Sketch a simple representation of the application below:

• What are you trying to accomplish with the spray?

• What is the available pressure? • What is the desired material of construction?

• What is the flow rate? • What is the piping material?

• What is the desired flow rate? • What are the size and connection types desired?

• What liquid is being sprayed? • What is the distance from the nozzle to the target?

• What is the desired spray angle or coverage? • What are the environmental conditions surrounding the
nozzle?

136 www.BETE.com
Conversions & Equations Nozzle Exponent Nozzle Exponent

(QQ ) = Ö
Q = Flow rate P = Pressure SG= Specific Gravity Series x Series x
BJ 0.50 PJ 0.50
CW 0.47 PSR 0.50
Q = K (P)x 2 SG1 FF 0.50 SC 0.47
1 SG2 IS 0.50 SPN 0.50

()
1/X
Q L 0.50 ST 0.50
P= K LP 0.50 STXP 0.50
Vessel with internal pressure: MaxiPass 0.47 TC 0.46

(QQ ) = (PP )
- 2
1 1
2
X

(
l/min = K Pinlet - PVessel )
x MPL 0.43
MicroWhirl 0.50
N 0.50
TD/TDL 0.50
TF
TFXP
0.50
0.50
NC 0.47 TH, THW 0.50
Dropsize System Design NCJ 0.47 TW 0.50

PPump = PNozzle + PPipe Losses + rh

NCK 0.47 WL 0.47

(DD ) = (PP )
2
1
2
1
-0.3

100000
NCS
NF
P
0.47
0.50
0.50
WT
WTX
WTZ
0.50
0.50
0.50

Conversion Data Conversion Data

MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
atmospheres 1.013 bar feet/sec 18.29 meters/min
atmospheres 33.931 feet of water feet of water 0.0295 atmospheres
atmospheres 1.0332 kg/cm2 feet of water 0.884 inches of mercury
atmospheres 101.3 kiloPascals (kPa) feet of water 0.433 psi
atmospheres 14.696 psi gallons 3785 cm3
bar 100 kPa gallons 0.1337 ft3
bar 14.5 psi gallons 0.83267 imperial gallons
barrels (oil) 42 gallons gallons 3.785 liters
centimeters 0.3937 inches gallons/min 0.06309 liters/sec
centiStokes Sp. gravity centiPoise imperial gallons 1.2 gallons
cm3 0.061 in3 horsepower 1.014 horsepower (metric)
cm3 0.000264 gallons horsepower 33,000 foot pounds/min
cm3 0.001 liters horsepower 746 Watts
ft3 1728 inches inches 2.54 centimeters
ft3 0.02832 m3 kg/cm2 14.22 psi
ft 3
7.48 gallons kiloWatts 1.340 horsepower
ft3 28.32 liters liters 1000 cm3
ft3 (water) 62.43 pounds (water) liters 0.264 gallons
in3 16.39 cm3 liters 0.22 imperial gallons
in 3
0.00433 gallons liters 33.8 ounces (fluid)
in3 0.164 liters meters 3.281 feet
m3 35.31 ft3 microns (mm) 0.0394 thousandth of an inch
m3 61.024 in3 miles/hr 44.7 centimeters/sec
m3 264.2 gallons miles/hr 1.467 feet/sec
m3 1000 liters millimeters 0.0394 inches
degree (angle) 60 minutes psi 0.068 atmospheres
degree (Celsius) (°C x 1.8) +32 degree (Fahrenheit) psi 0.06895 bar
degree (Fahrenheit) (°F-32) x 5/9 degree (Celsius) psi 2.307 feet of water
feet 0.3048 meters psi 0.0703 kg/cm2
feet/sec 30.48 centimeters/sec psi 6.895 kPa

Terms and Conditions. BETE FOG NOZZLE reserves the right to make changes in specifications or design at any
time without notice. Illustrations shown in this catalog are for information only.
Prices quoted are FOB, Greenfield, MA. Terms are Net 30 days for approved accounts.
Warranty—all goods are warranteed for good workmanship in accordance with industry
Minimum order is $50.00 net. A restocking charge of 30% will apply for standard product
standard and will perform in accordance with the products’ specification.
accepted for return up to one year from the date of purchase. BETE FOG NOZZLE reserves
Limitation of Liability—BETE’s liability shall be limited to the value of the product billed
the right to charge interest on past-due accounts. No goods may be returned without prior
arising from a purchase order.
authorization. Non-Standard items are not subject to return.

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