Py 3-18] Recording of a Simple Muscle Ty ee 5 t 1 or ; LAPPARATUS page 9), amphibian that the writing point may .c Sea ' Kare insets oe PIES 1) your Re ieesae oon dare oe e Ringer's solution, emotion, thread, tring fork muscle contraction olga toad weights, Pine mograph with drum Adjust the distance berwe board sing electrodes, KYMOBPP teeters cols co ae © cba contraction at break shock only Begin with the weakest stimulus produce a visible response 11. THEORY twitch (SMT). fal shock of adequate stimulus ‘oka skeletal muscle gives rise toa followed by relaxation. ple (or single) muscle wi axeanl a horizontal position. Obtain a baseigel ee ee speed of 640 mm/sec. ‘ee With the primary key closed and the & 11. PROCEDURE " 1. Make primary and secondary and check them (page 83). 2. Dissect out a muscle-nerve preparation (page o), pass a pin through the fibrous capsule of circuiting key open, set the drum ino mag the knee joint and fix the preparation to the (640 mm/sec) and get nerve stimula fork in the myograph board. Prevent drying fa single break shock. This is ached 4, Attach a thread to the short arm of the lever, releasing the tap key (in the primary o that the muscle is just stretched. The muscle immediately after the first click shea is kept in the after-loaded position. How? The ‘A contractile response of the muscle, if serew of the isotonic lever is made to touch the simple muscle twitch, is recorded on th fulcrum, thus the whole weight of the lever is consisting of a upstroke and a dove supported on the screw. This is also to prevent (Fig, 19.1). The drum is then stoppal undue stretching and fatigue of the muscle. brought to neutral gear. circuit connections Physiological curvefrom im uration in seconds. F evach wavelength corresponds to 0.01 sec ww the t: Eat tHipage 83) ' Fic ring on Student Physiograph, refer page 87). » does the information obtained from this experiment Os nthe general some of body function? fy recording SMT many phases (LP, CP, RP) as well ties of muscle can be seen. It also shows 0) Fe lowing properties: excitability, contractility, tonicity and elasticity. 0.2. Give the normal durations of LP, CP and RP. 's. LP: 0.01 sec; CP: 0.04 sec; RP: 0.05 sec. 0.3. What are the causes of latent period? The duration of latent period depends on: (i) conduction of impulse along the nerve; (ii) neuro-muscular transmission; (iii) excitation-contraction coupling; (iv) stretching of series elastic elements, especially tendons, and a (v) Inertia of the recording lever oO ‘Uren, Ort Gi Ringo, “ ne Pity Sheu or Phases of dno oe out, He muscigrP® Doveg 10. P Sle titch hay Seren . The dru Seen marke nul i Whenever it ig ¢¢ °° Kept in ty Yo be rotated mae Meite geay lanually, + Important Viva-Voce Questions « Ans. (Also, refer page 110) What is Physiological curve? Give its normal duration. curve is obtained after the SMT is over and is due to the inertia of the lever. Its (i) When the muscle shortens in length \ @ ae muscle but thetersonin | teen, | themtstormane | Metin | constant, cae | (ii) External work is done. | (i) No extemal works done. (iii) Not much of heat is | (iii) Greater amount of produced, heat is produced. (iv) It requires much (iv) It does not require sliding over ‘much sliding over of of filaments filament (actinmyosin). Sera a (@) LP CP and BP all are (W) LP CPard Fal of shorter duration. longer ’ ‘the lever! ed rm What is the role ie Re ait reduces the _() eengt and relaxation periodsjmulus (5) fale santtion ered the responses of the (WO the fact whether 1 your aversion es of HE fi J contractions a tei of Ger mording on Sent PySOGApH THe PS 8) «+ important Viva-Voce Questions * pone the motor wits have been activated. Th fis SMT Geseribed (page #4) Ww stimulus falls on the first Define summation. When a single response is obtained by gigi stimuli, either simultaneously or in close seis fone after the other), and the response i iam uu alone Tis ay When the second Tull of the latent period, there iso Tesponse, hal ft tal ofthe Intent period i because I frotry and no ation potential st erate, However tong, iS the stimulus applied. The eight of curve is more when the second Menulue fas during, the second half of the latent period or contraction period oF Feoation period of the fist twitch due to cx male gonen f veel fe 2. Wha isthe mechani of he beneficial eft? ‘Ans, Page 121 pi nih Ans. than that obtained by either sti phenomenon is called summat Is it the summation of affects in this experiment? Explain . Here, it is the summatio when the second stimulus is underlying the phenomenon of are already taken care of and ly ' response is stronger mae a i ied in this experiment —Q.6. Differentiate aint Ans, The sage Ah summation of contractions? ulus is used to ensure that all Ans. Page 99. Results and Discussion + Study Notes + Descibe your ob What are ‘the he fosed or ds servations in terms of ights of contractions? the fact whether the responses of the two stimuli are[PY 3.18) Effect of Increa: 0 Skeleta| 1. APPARATUS ting Sameas torecord a simple muscle twitch page op a Ne rimary coi yh SMa ea, 1, PROCEDURE Lope and rleae 8 Wine, on LArange the nerve-muscle preparation same epee OF the muscle ty gear” POM test as to record a SMT except that the drum is SeParately, “ad in Me excluded and in tk shock its place an electromagnetic Signal Marker is included into the primary circuit in series, 2 Put the drum in neutral gear; 1. Take care that there ay Berd not be Rm bra tess w gy 2% SP ten Feira sain pon, * Re detoecge ss™ The signal marker pointer is brought in contact fac, this diaance STE ofthe mee meee intneytinatgoen — jnedame sas with the pointer of the muscle lever , 8: Keep the primary key closed and short circuiting E Be meen colle ved fret 5 Wie Ye dame be wnt an fom the primary coil. The tap-key is briefly prim. ‘ary under each make Pressed and then released. The signal marker higher respons ‘moves and marks the point of stimulus on the drum but the induced current is too weak and break. The first appears at the 4s the current strength break shock, at break is stronger than at make (page 80, Carefully noe the ney to produce a response either at make or break Of the secondary coil at this point. Gg: 221), 6. The experiment is stopped when futher “Rotate the drum manually so that the pointer increase in the intensity of stimulus is without may move about a centimetre on the drum effect on the height of the contraction (ForrecordingonStudentPhysiograph, |) | refer to page 87) III. PRECAUTIONS 1, Allow sufficient time (at least 15 seconds) between two | successive stimuli to avoid any beneficial effect. 2. Avoid unnecessary repeated stimulation of the preparation to prevent fatigue. 3, Label the ‘graph carefully and accurately note the distance between the two coils.Unit it Amphibian (Frog) Experiments * Important Viva-Voce ¢ subthreshold, threshold, maximal and su 1. Define: su Os Wa ty hock current is used in thi Q.2. What type of Faradic shock cun used in this QWUestions . Ans. Break shock is used because it is of short duration and easy to control. 23. What is ins, Each Bee eae unit. (Fig. 22.2) tor unit and all the muscle fibres Je motor neuron ane Neuromuscular junction (8) Two MoToR uNiTs Type! Type ia Type Fig. 22.2: Motor unit(s) = Fig. 22.3: R QA. What i the mechanism of the graded response to increasing strength of stimulus? (ii) Frequenc Ans. When a stimulus is sub-minimal then there is no fiber ie p Ponse. AS the strength of stimulus increases, being sti « ZesPonse is produced, It is maximum at the (iii) Optimal Raximal stimulus. On applying supra-maximal which th pimulus, there is no ease im the response 7. Define A ae now all the motor-units have been Ans. All or non the respons. ‘5: Why does th with the hoes Of muscle contraction increase applicable Ans. The gua he strength of the stimulus? nae OF excitati neurons which supply tion of different motor the a 4 single skeletal muscle contractionquod quazayip © ye auTjeseq aureS OUR open aig jo Araozar aup pior9x pue urese -(p6 a8ed) [NS & Surprooer dams np ayes “UoRNJos JBuny Ys9yj aN oj sv uoweredaad oyssnui-aasou aug aSueTy “TL Samod dssy somunn ¢ 10} uoryeredard aup 3S9% *L munaaooud I saded ayy jo uoniod 5 © wo aumoseq aures ayy uo asuodsa: pana pue Apoamp apsnur ayy ayeynums “papiodax aq 0} 2[q225 00) ze Sepequos spsnw ay [1H usp ayy 0} TWIOd Sun ag Sunkjdde Aq (sasuodsaz jo dejan Fad oy) uonsequo> pol iso p17 so103s yp-y Jo woHa[dap S x -uoRnyoaar yea a aq Kew uoneredaid ayy = hay-dey aug Surdaay Aq Atpareada: =” pur ayejox 0} wap ayy MOTIV oy oe Woy Aeme yuiod Sugum ay asour 2 uogenumys jo yuIod ayy daey “F » -wonepnuns Mod og yew pue ump ay dois ‘€ » (rq Sig) aures uoney — 3 Buidasq (295/uns OF9) opm ® Uo suon>euoD pag PUL PUT ‘IST Pur aasou ayy ayenumns Ajpaeadad 7 jo sisoueD Psnyy yeyjays ul ensued lave Adl(ONS ge the point of stimulus. ; por the response of direct stimulation of ie on the same base line ae muse ane fiw ge 112 fos PAE ine changes that occur in a muscle as fatigue pest silly the first few contractions (3 or 4) how increase in height, because the fir fentraction enables the second and so on by jporeasing the temperature of the muscle and other related phenomena (i.e. beneficial effect, page %). @With subsequent stimulation, the changes which occur are: {a) height of contraction decreases; (®) relaxation is inadequate and incomplete; and (¢) latent, contraction and relaxation periods increase in duration. (03 What is the first site of fatigue in an isolated nerve- muscle preparation? Explain. 4s. In an isolated nerve-muscle preparation, neuro- muscular junction seems to be the first site of fatigue. This can be shown indirectly as follows: (To prove that the muscle is not the site of fatigue, the muscle is stimulated directly after fatigue sets in. It is seen that the muscle contracts vigorously. It To prove that nerve is not the site of fatigue, ‘ake two nerve-muscle preparations, cross the nerves and a block of ice is kept over one of the nerve-muscle preparations. This prevents the transmission of nerve impulses. Both the Preparations are stimulated till fatigue sets ___Pfeparation (Por recording on Student + Important Viva-Voce Questions « in one of the block of ice contracts w of fatigue, We does the baselis ht is contraction remainder? Ans. The baseline rises ae a of the muscle following the depletion of ATI a result of which the writing point does not cons down to its orig ie This is eis Preparations, and stimulate the Now remove the hich provides nerve Ve. Its muscle is not the site ine rise in a fatigue graph? Op incomplete relaxation contraction remainder, What are the causes of feco recovery process? cretion of fresh A-ch; removal of waste metabolites and supply of fresh nutrition are the causes of recovery. It can be hastened by replacing with the fresh Ringer solution. Why does an athlete run the initial part of his race slowly and speed up only towards the finish? Ans. This is because if he speeds up at the beginning, he draws on his anaerobic resources to provide energy for the working muscles. Then fatigue sets in earlier due to the accumulation of lactic acid and other metabolites. .7. Which is the first site of fatigue in human? . It is the synapse in the brain. Give concept of fatigue in human. ’ Ans. In eee may be subjective, ie. feeling of a sensation of tiredness or objective ie. a measurable decrease in performance. These two phenomena of fatigue are dependent on each other. roery? How can you hasten Ans.3. RECT eee a pressing and releasing the tap key ota by drum. *Stalionagy 4, After each contraction rotate the drum paratus as above. Hang a 10 gm for about 1 cm. Add weights by 10 maa vn the lever, the writing point will the contractions till the muscle is aaa weight (Fig. 24.3-A). ithe weight fro descend. ce —after loaded condition q 120g _|309_Jaog_s04 [ro9p809 90: (A) Afterloaded condition Fig. 24.3 Effect of load on skeletal muscle contraction after-load compared with 10 gm wel ht on a moving points of stimulus; LP: Latent period ,sgquaned padde4purt, Aqqeorskyd jo 3 ue ayy AepArOAA Ut [PI>YRUDG StI] vonengeyst ut PUP FT ehSojorshyd puouuadsa siqh fo souvaaye4 241 St WM °9O “201 ae ‘suy poo] winunydo auyaq “sO jorsuay BAI WNWIXPUL dojasap Kup yiSus] stp Fy Apoq atp UF yor qe suonrpuod jemyeu 1apun quasaid st ajosnu aup yotym ye yySuay ayy st ay -478way pouusdc (a1) guawypene Auiog sy woxy 3axj 3nd apsnur paxejar ayy Jo yySuay ayy sta] :448u9j wanziqiyinby (111) (ont ut 30 oAtA ut zatpra) jeNUOD 0} suTBaq 10jaq YASuay aposmur ays St ay :yASuay jvsssuy (11) -ajeis paxeyar ut Apoq aif UI SuompuoD yemyeu rpuN judsoud st 31 UpTyM ye WBug] apsnut ayy sty :47Su9 Surysay (1) -aposmu v fo ysSuaq pba ‘ys8uaq porns “yp8uay 81 (66 88ed) joaya Jesyauaq 0} anp spouied Wonexejar puke uoRseRUOD ut asealsap (q) ‘suy enpo 1 * SuUONsaNd ad0A-eAIA JUL}OdW © ‘WoRDeHUOD Yea Japun pappe SNSIeM ay a14M pur Ajaandadsax papeo|-aa4} 7 Popeopraye se salias ajoym ap jaqey -Z quanin> pue (ump Sursou! e uo jurod ayy a8ueyp jou og °| SNOLLAVOaud “A Suyeimums yo ySuays PyoDa4 01) snus y ae pur “poriod 3u9}e| ut aston Sse syeiep aiow soni8 winip Sally ‘SaseanD9p woKR pu “peop {) reurndo ue 0} da soseo1%01 U0 som ay ssasvaivap Ajjenpe18 uow2eznu0> Jo wala aut épasvoiony fyponpos8 st pooy ayy oye 9 7 im apsnw -uayfo uv fo asuodsoa ur poauasqo saSuryp ay a % “sasvainap indino yuo, aup og “seSexuT|-ss0I9 Jo soquimu ax ut aseassy © 0} speay YDIYM FaYRINY poy>ians st asm ap *pasva10ul S| Peo] ayy UdY{a ‘0g *s9{NsafoU uIsoKus pure uyoe ayy usaajaq sofequry-ssor5 jo saqums ‘yp 0} [euoHsOdoud st jndyno y20m ayp ‘20uay ‘pue sdojaaap uorsuay ayp ‘syoen}U0> axqy appsnure wayyy say puv popooy-soyfo wo ur) sye PLOT uaaajaq 2ue)siP , ssradqe> Aq 4 aque wn pue un woyy paatiap aq Ue? aI(for recording on student physiograph, refer to a: physiograph, refer t 2. Avoid unnecessary stimulation of the 4, Prevent the drying of the preparation. + Important Viva-Voce Questions + (ii) Fatigue of the muscle. If present, ler frequency of stimulation is reuied t obtain ‘tetanic contraction since fatigue ines traction period. hhigher is the minimum Q.6. What is the physiological ary muscle con ‘ inimum tetanising frequency record? If yes, how? that influence the minimum tetanizable “and explain their roles.Effect of Increasiny nt Skeletal Muscle Co() Mt ie # complete tetanus, fe no relaxation between si periods of incomplete the successive stimuli, TheseIPY 3.18] With repeated frequency during the / phase of the pre stimulus, the muscle relaxes but not Such response is known as clonus mechanism occurs repeal before any relaxation has occurred and individual responses fuse into one contraction. Such response is called tetanic contraction. is a complete tetanus, when there 19 relaxation between stimuli; and an incomplete te relaxation between the successive stimuli. These phenomena are known as summation of contractions ii) During a complete tetanus, the tension Effect of Increasing Frequency of Stimuli on Skeletal Muscle Contraction (Genesis of Tetanus) 2. The frequency of stimulation necessary 10 prajage tetanus varies indifferent muscles, The muscle with, Short latet period and contraction petiod will requge 8 higher frequeney of simulation than one With ong phase of contraction TI. PROCEDURE Arrange the nerv 5. The frequency increased to is progressively 5, 20, 25, 30, 35, and take a record. of (Fig. 23.1), Even if the fast variable t frequency possible with the lerrupter fails to give a complete disconnected and Nee is included in the primary circuit This enables the delivery of higher of stimuli till the muscle tetanizes.[PY 3.18] ppaRATUS: e fa as to record a SMT (page 94), reversing ‘instead of short circuiting key), two . Pairs of toes PROCEDURE 1 Amange the apparatus as to record usc twitch (page 94). Connect the reversing, Key in the secondary circuit instead of the shore citing key. Connect two pairs of electrovies to the reversing key a simple 2 Place one pair of electrodes on the nerve point clase to the muscle and the decodes on the nerve close column. i Rotate the drum at the fastest speed (640 mm persee); using the reversing key y stimulate the nave atits muscle end and take a SMT (mark it 4s M curee); also, mark the point of stimulus Fg 261), ata other pair of to the vertebral Determination of Conduction Velocity of the Sciatic Nerve Keep the same baseline and without the change of the point of stimulus or strength of stimulus, stimulate the nerve at its vertebral end using the reversing key and take another SMT, (mark it as 'V’ curve) (Fig. 26.1), Take a time tracing with the help of a tuning fork (frequency 100 Hz). Note the difference between the latent periods of the two SMTs (let it be ‘t’ sec). This represents the time taken by the impulse to travel from one point to another. 6. Measure the distance between the central points of two pairs of electrodes (let it be ‘S’ cm) Calculate the conduction velocity of the nerve using the following formula: = Distance teavelied (8) Time taken by nerve impulse from’ C™/S€C ‘one point to another ('t’ sec) Express it in metres/sec, Time tracing (100 Hz)i) Presence or Temperature trode has tw known which limb ig the distance is measun the two limbs of the ed from the electrodes, relevance of Q3. this experiment to,» Physiology? Ans. Determination of conduction ye! Ans, helps: locity in {) trace the recovery of Nerve injuries, OD ease toate f damage done Me drain of spike Rerve eo 5 the threshold of citation ang "etactory periog 2 CalculationsSt fe oi (54) a ce nei L pe mtuval ; \ on fay Slava set tae, yD ‘A TF 1 aes copie Dunne 2 0:12 — 0-00 see ere OIF See Spagna > PR tultawal eprnembs atta dap Bhat Gemeunchion, aug Pi Ay noo. Arrctienality WP W “padadore P wame vaio Ih deen Athos the Ova