Itis

Bonding
Chemical
a force
Bonding
by whichatoms join up together
and Structures
Basics of
Bonding
·

Only outermostvalence shell electrons are involved in Bonding

do
· Atoms
bonding in order to achieve a full outershell electronic
configuration.
·
212 where I
represents the no. ofshalls.
2

2(1) 2 =

2(2) 8
2(3) =18 -

0
Ionic Bonding
It is the transfer ofelectrons) from an atom ofa
metallic element to an atom ofa non-metallic element.

Ion
formed
0 0
It is a
chargedparticle by loss or
gain ofelectrons.
Apositive ion is formed
·
by the loss ofelectron(s) and

0 08
it
is called a Cation.

Anegative ion is formed

by the gain ofelectron(s) and
it
is called an Amism.

3.5

Na 2, 8, 1 17 (2,8,7 -

-
11
12.
11p 17P

0
+

Ie -

2, IV2,8 NaCL 3Cl2,8,8

Sodium

j
chloride 17p+17
182 -
18
1-

Chemical Formulae

= 10
Mg 2,8,2 35iCh 2,8,7
Mg2t 8 Dot and Cross Diagrams
??
17p 17
+
2,6 2
+

2 S
+1
1 b-S
2 -

2.
2,8
Cl
3

172 "
a

8
2,8,7
Rb2S
XX
-

Mm
"
ming*
C1
2t -

⑥
g +
23
=Cl 3
Cl
·
*

2,812,8,8 ",8 8 0
X 8
2,8,8

MgCl2
2 -
2,8,8 4,5
?"4g
I
-
"N
3
+
at as -
key: .NaxCl

Bavium Selenide

Nagnesite
23

IVa 38
,8!1->
S
2,6 2
+
Nitride I 3 -

CS -P
Nat &2 ↓
-

CS P
I
16

Nate
⑧ Al Cesium phosphide
2,8, - 82,6 2
+

A(3+
3 -

a -

L -F
13 - 02-
+

↓
⑧
-

Aluminium
AlN
-

Nitride

+ 2
 Covalent Bonding
It
oft wo
is the
sharing different
ofelectrones betweenatoms
1111
+ + +

4
single bonds
same or non-metallic elements.

It He molecule Methane CHy

HeH
B.Pp
H
H -

H & X
H

pair
10 he
C
&

Hi H
of electrons 1 C H
8 S
XX

& X

*F Fz molecule H 1-1

2,7 F
⑧

X
-

t
*
6L.P
B.P
1
F F 88 XX

2 2 2 double bonds
single covalentb ond
+

Bond Pair
of electrons

Carbon dioxide [82

⑧ . XX
16
4 B.P
-
*.;0
x X

2,6 2 molecule 42.4

8. · * 4 L.P
2 B.P
*
C

double covalent bond

8 B X X

Nz molecul
=) 2,5
3 +
1 1
single bond and I triple bond

NN 2.P
3 B.P
N N Hydrogen Cyanide HCN

triple covalent bond x X

I HC N
·

YB.P
Hi N
=C2, (ECX 1 L.P

=C 2,4 Methane CHu

B.Pp
H
& X
H

1
2 1+ 1 double bond 2 bonds
:C single
+
&
H H and
1 C H

Methanal CH20
Y Y
single bonds
·

x X

*YN 2,5 Ammonia NHS

1,. ⑨ 0
4 B.4
*2. P
H

XX
18t H

3 B.P
1LP
Hi NiH N
I H H
3 single
·

bonds

802,6 Water H2D

XX
G B.P
W
Hi 0;HGLP
H 1

XX 2
single bonds

*F
2,7HydrogenFluoride
HF

1 B.P
L.P
H F 3
bond H F
1
single
XX
 Structures

Ionic Covalent
Ionic Structures Structures Structures

Ionic Lattice CovalentStructures

Na Cl-
1. Simple Molecular Structures

Cl- Na
Iodine Iz

⑰ga Weak
Cl-

Na
Na

Cl- - Nat CI-

· *·
Intermolecular
Forces ofattraction

Van der Waal's

between the molecules

covalent Forces ofattraction

bonds &1. has
&1. What
is an Ionic
Lattices Why It a low melting point?
tal

whichtheonaarrange
Ans It is a cr

in and Ans In Iodine, there is a simple molecular structure

so it has weak intermolecular forces of

entity
attraction van der Waal's forces ofattraction,
has
&2.
Why all a
high -
points therefore a little amount of

needed to break the bonds.

h eat
energy is

Ans In NaCl, there are

strong electrostatic Forces
ofattraction between
sitely charged ions, therefore 2. Giant Molecular 31rw ctures -

large amount ofh eat needed to

a
energy is overcome

Silicon dioxide SiOz Sand

-

these Forces.

has higher melting

&3.
Why MgO a point than NaCl,
Ans In
MgO, there are
stronger electrostatic Forces
ofattraction as there is a transfer of Tetrahedral Structure
2 electrons from to 0.
My Each Si atom is bonded
to 40 atoms

Si
⑦
Why SiO2 has a
high melting points

Ans In SiOz, there is

giantmolecular
I
a

I structure whichthere are

in
strong
I
intermolecular Forces ofa ll raction
-

Si
i , due to
many covalent bonds, thus
SI &
↑

/ I W I large amount ofh eat is

↓ W·
/ o
a
energy
needed to break the bonds.
- 8
0
1
00, I
I b

Allotropes ofCarbon

Diamond Graphite
C Tetrahedral Structure ⑧
hh ⑧
hh
bond the
c atom
Eac is

to . Hexagonal Layered Structure

⑧
hh

Each atom is bondedto only

⑧
hh ⑧
hh
3 C atoms

C Graphitesanelectricalconductor asduetothe
a
c
⑧
hh ⑧
hh

Diamond does not duct &1

Why graphite be as lubricant?
as in diamondeach Catom
con
electricity
is bonded
⑧
hh ⑧
hh can used a

Ans In slide
to 4 other [atoms, so carbon does not graphite, the layers can over each
have Free electrons. ⑧
hh
other.
⑧
hh