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Basic Electronics
 2 Marks
1)Draw the symbols of resistor & capacitor. State the unit of measurement of
Ans:
Symbol of resistor:

2)Give two points of distinction between half wave & full wave rectifier.
Ans:

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3)Define α & β of a transistor.

Ans:

4)Draw the symbols of N channel & P channel JFET.

Ans:

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5)Give two points of distinction between active & passive components.

Ans:

6)Give two points of distinction between active & passive transducers.

Ans:

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7)State the selection criterion of transducers.

Ans:
 Operating Principle
 Operating range
 Accuracy
 Range
 Sensitivity
 Loading effect
 Errors
 Environmental compatibility
 Frequency response: Usage and Ruggedness
 (Or any relevant point)

8)Define Active and Passive Components

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Ans:Active Components :- A circuit component which can deliver power or

power gain in an electric circuit for infinite duration of time is known as active
component.
Passive Components :- A circuit element which only absorbs the power and
convert it in heat or stores in electric field or magnetic field is known as
passive component.

9)Draw V-I characteristics of an ideal P-N junction diode

Ans:

10)Define Rectifier. List the types of Rectifiers .

Ans:
Definition:
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts an Alternating Current (AC) into a
Direct Current (DC) by using one or more P-N junction diodes.

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Types of Rectifiers:
 Half wave rectifier
 Full wave rectifier
 Centre-tapped full wave rectifier
 Bridge full wave rectifier

11)Define α and β of Transistor

Ans:
α : Alpha of a transistor is defined as the ratio of change in the collector
current to change in the emitter current.
β : Beta of a transistor is defined as the ratio of the change in collector current
to the change in base current.

12)Define transducers and name any two active transducers

Ans:
Definition: A transducer is an electronic device that converts energy from one
form to another.
Active transducers :
Piezoelectric, Photo Electric ,thermocouple, Thermo Electric and photovoltaic
cell transducers.

13)Draw constructional diagram of a photodiode.

Ans:

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14)State two advantages of Integrated circuits

Ans:
1. The advantages of ICs :
2. Extremely small in size
3. Low power consumption
4. Reliability
5. Reduced cost
6. Very small weight
7. Easy replacement.
15)List any four specifications of resistors.
Ans:
 Specifications of resistors:
 Resistance Value / Resistivity
 Tolerance
 Power Rating

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 Thermal Stability
 Maximum operating temperature
 Maximum operating voltage
16)State the need of filters in a regulated DC power supply.
Ans:
Need of filters:
The output of a rectifier contains dc component as well as ac component. The
presence of the ac component is undesirable and must be removed so that
pure dc can be obtained. Filter circuits are used to remove or minimize this
unwanted ac component of the rectifier output and allows only the dc
component to reach the load.
17)List the types of signals.
Ans:Types of signals:
 Analog signal
 Digital signal
 AC signal
 DC signal
 Sinusoidal signal
 Triangular signal
 Square signal
18)Draw the symbol of N-channel and P-channel enhancement type
MOSFET.
Ans:

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19)Draw constructional diagram of piezoelectric transducer.

Ans:
Constructional diagram of piezoelectric transducer:

20)State the function of proximity sensors and photodiode.

Ans:

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Functions of Proximity Sensors:

1. Detect the presence of an object through change in the current in its coil.
2. Measure the small changes in displacement/ movement through changes in
current.
Function of Photodiode:
It converts the light energy into current or voltage in reverse bias condition.

21)Define resistor and draw symbol of variable resistor.

Ans:
Resistor:
A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of
electrical current in an electronic circuit.

Symbol of variable resistor:

22)State need of regulated power supply.

Ans:
A regulated power supply is used to ensure that the output remains constant
even if the input changes. But sometimes main supply voltage, load, and
surrounding temperature keep changing and altering the component
parameters and hence changing the output voltage. Output voltage changes
are undesirable. Hence the regulated power supply is needed that will accept
an AC input and give a constant DC output.

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23)List specification of BJT.

Ans:
 The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) has small signal current gain, α (hfb).
 Maximum collector current Ic (max).
 Maximum collector to emitter voltage, VCE (max).
 Collector to emitter breakdown voltage, BVCBO.
 Collector cut off current, ICEO.
 Maximum collector dissipation, PD.
 Collector saturation voltage, VCE (sat).
 Collector to emitter cut off voltage, VCEO.
 Base emitter saturation voltage, VBE (sat).
24)State advantages of MOSFET.
Ans:
Advantages of MOSFET
 MOSFETs provide greater efficiency while operating at lower voltages.
 Absence of gate current results in high input impedance.
 High switching speed.
 They operate at lower power and draws no current.
 They have high drain resistance due to lower resistance of channel.
 They are easy to manufacture.
 They are portable.
25)Give different types of IC.
Ans:
 Analog IC
 Digital IC
 Thin and thick film ICs
 Monolithic ICs

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 Hybrid or multichip ICs

26)Define Analog Transducer and give examples of it
Ans:
Analog Transducer:
An analog transducer is a device that converts the input signal into a
continuous DC signal of voltage or current.
Examples:
 Strain gauge
 L.V.D.T
 Thermocouple
27)Draw the symbol of inductor and capacitor. State the unit of inductor and
capacitor.
Ans:

28)Define amplification factor and trans-conductance of JFET.

Ans:

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29)State the two advantages and disadvantages of integrated circuits.

Ans:

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30)State seebeck and Peltier effect.

Ans:
Seebeck effect: This states that whenever two dissimilar metals are connected
together to form two junctions out of which, one junction is subjected to high
temperature and another is subjected to low temperature then e.m.f is
induced and it is proportional to the temperature difference between two
junctions.
Peltier effect: This states that for two dissimilar metals in a closed loop, if
current is forced to flow through, then onejunction will be heated and other
will become cool.

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Basic Electronics

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 4 Marks
1) With suitable graph, define voltage source & current source.
Ans :
Voltage Source: It is the source which supplies electrical energy in the form
of a voltage. OR It is a device which delivers variable or constant voltage

Current Source: It is the source which supplies electrical energy in the form
of an electrical current. OR It is a device which produces variable or
constant current.

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2) Draw a neat diagram of bridge rectifier. Draw input & output waveforms.
Ans:

3) With suitable diagram, explain the working of P-N junction diode

Ans:

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PN junction diode operated in forward bias and reverse bias condition.

Forward Bias: In forward bias condition positive terminal of the battery is
connected to P-side and negative terminal to N-side of the diode. Electrons
from N-side and holes from P-side are pushed towards the junction. Due to
this the depletion layer’s width decreases, and the current starts flowing
through the diode. The Diode conduct current if applied voltage is above
0.7V for silicon and 0.3V for germanium.

Reverse Bias: In reverse bias condition, positive terminal of the battery is

connected to N-side and negative terminal to P-side of diode. Free electrons
and holes move away from the junction. Hence, increasing the width of
depletion layer. There is no current flowing in the PN junction diode. As the
applied reverse voltage is increased, very small amount of current flows
through the diode due to the minority charge carrier. This current is called
reverse saturation current.

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4) With suitable diagram, explain the working of NPN transistor.

Ans:

1. In this emitter-base junction is forward biased and collector-base junction

is reverse biased. The forward bias causes the electrons in the emitter to
flow towards the base. This constitutes the emitter current IE.
2. As these electrons flow through the base they tend to combined with
holes. As the base is lightly doped and very thin therefore only a few
electrons (2%) combine with holes to constitute base current IB. The
remaining electrons (98%) cross over into the collector region to constitute
collector current IC. This collector current is also called injected current.

5) Draw the drain & transfer characteristics of JFET.

Ans: Drain characteristics of JFET

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6) Give the steps followed to measure temperature of metal using given

transducer. Draw suitable diagram.
Ans:
Note: Any other diagram with similar concept shall be considered It is a
mechanical device in which heat energy is converted into electrical energy.

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Construction
 It consists of two different metal wires which are connected together
so as to form two junctions.
 One junction is kept at constant temperature (cold junction) and
other is heated (hot junction).
 Hot junction is called measuring junction and cold junction is called
reference junction.
 The whole arrangement is enclosed in a tube made up of glass i.e.,
quartz.
 Materials used Bismuth-lead, iron constantan, bismuth-silver, copper-
constantan alloy. Its working principle is based on seeback effect and
peilter effect.
7) List two advantages of Integrated Circuits. Distinguish between analog &
digital ICs.
Ans:
 Its size is thousand times smaller than a discrete circuit.
 Its weight is very less as compared to that of equivalent discrete circuits
 In case of circuit failure, it is easy to replace Ic by new one
 Due to smaller size, power consumption is less

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8) With suitable diagram, explain the working of transistor as an

amplifier.
Ans:

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9) Explain:
(i) Seebeck effect
(ii) Peltier effect
Ans:
Seebeck effect: This states that whenever two dissimilar metals are
connected together to form two junctions out of which, one junction is
subjected to high temperature and another is subjected to low
temperature then e.m.f is induced and it is proportional to the
temperature difference between two junctions.
Peltier effect: This states that for two dissimilar metals in a closed loop,
if current is forced to flow through, then one junction will be heated and
other will become cool.
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10) Draw block diagram of regulated power supply. Explain function of

each block.
Ans :
Note: Any other block diagram with similar blocks shall be considered.
The block diagram of a Regulated Power supply unit is as shown below.

A typical Regulated Power supply unit consists of the following.

Transformer − An input transformer for the stepping down of the 230v
AC power supply.
Rectifier − A Rectifier circuit to convert the AC components present in
the signal to DC components.
Smoothing/Filter − A filtering circuit to smoothen the variations present
in the rectified output.
Regulator − A voltage regulator circuit in order to control the voltage to a
desired output level. Load − The load which uses the pure dc output
from the regulated output.

11) With suitable diagram, explain the working of transistor as a switch.

Ans:

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a) When both junctions are forward bias, it works in saturation region &
act as closed switch. b) When both junctions are reverse biased, it works
in cutoff region & act as open switch.
c) If input is not given to base, transistor remains off. Diode will be off.
IC=0, Acts as open switch.
d) When input is applied to base above 0.7V, transistor becomes ON,
Diode is ON. Current starts flowing, Transistor acts as close switch.

12) A JFET has a drain current of 3 mA. If IDss is 10 mA & VGS (OFF) is –
6V. Find VGS & Vp.
Ans:

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13) With suitable diagram, explain the working of capacitor filter with
full wave rectifier. Draw i/p & o/p waveforms.
Ans:

During the positive half cycle, the diode (D1) current reaches the filter
and charges the capacitor. However, the charging of the capacitor
happens only when the applied AC voltage is greater than the capacitor
voltage.
Initially, the capacitor is uncharged. That means no voltage exists
between the plates of the capacitor. So when the voltage is turned on,
the charging of the capacitor happens immediately.

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During this conduction period, the capacitor charges to the maximum

value of the input supply voltage. The capacitor stores a maximum
charge exactly at the quarter positive half cycle in the waveform. At this
point, the supply voltage is equal to the capacitor voltage.
When the AC voltage starts decreasing and becomes less than the
capacitor voltage, then the capacitor starts slowly discharging.
The discharging of the capacitor is very slow as compared to the
charging of the capacitor. So the capacitor does not get enough time to
completely discharged. Before the complete discharge of the capacitor
happens, the charging again takes place. So only half or more than half
of the capacitor charge get discharged.
When the input AC supply voltage reaches the negative half cycle, the
diode D1 is reverse biased (blocks electric current) whereas the diode D2
is forward biased (allows electric current).
During the negative half cycle, the diode (D2) current reaches the filter
and charges the capacitor. However, the charging of the capacitor
happens only when the applied AC voltage is greater than the capacitor
voltage.
The capacitor is not completely uncharged, so the charging of the
capacitor does not happens immediately. When the supply voltage
becomes greater than the capacitor voltage, the capacitor again starts
charging. In both positive and negative half cycles, the current flows in
the same direction across the load resistor RL.

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14)List the types of signals. State the expression for frequency f and
wavelength λ of an A.C. signal.
Ans: Types of signals:
1. Analog signal
2. Digital signal
3. AC signal
4. DC signal
5. Sinusoidal signal
6. Triangular signal
7. Square signal
Expression for frequency f and wavelength λ of an A.C. signal.

15) Derive the relationship between α and β of transistor.

Ans:

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16) State and explain the operating principle of P-N junction diode under
forward bias condition.
Ans:

Working Principle:
1. A p-n junction diode is said to be forward biased if the positive plate
of battery is connected to the p side and negative plate to the n side. A
forward biased diode is shown in figure above.
2. Since p and n sides are connected to positive & negative plate of
battery respectively, the positive plate will force the holes in p side
toward n side and attract the electrons in n side toward p side.
3. Similarly, the negative plate will push the electrons in n side and will
attract the holes in p side. Thus both the positive and negative plates are
exerting a force for the flow of holes and electrons.

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4.If the battery voltage is more than the barrier potential, the holes and
electrons will have enough energy to cross the p-n junction.
Subsequently flow of current will start through the p-n junction diode. It
should also be noted that the width of depletion region will decrease
under forward biased condition. Thus in forward biased diode, current
flows from anode to cathode or from p side to n side

17) Draw the construction of Cup Type LED. List any two applications of
it. Ans:

Applications of LED:
1. Infra-red LEDs are used in burglar alarm systems.
2. For solid state video displays which are rapidly replacing CRT.
3. An image sensing circuit for picture phones.
4. In array of different types for displaying alpha-numeric characters.
5· Displays.

18) Compare FET and BJT

Ans:

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19) Explain the working principle of phototransistor. State any two

advantages of phototransistor
Ans:

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• Phototransistors semiconductor devices which have a light-sensitive

base region. The phototransistor effectively converts light energy to an
electrical signal.
• In a phototransistor the base current is produced when light strikes
the photosensitive semiconductor base region.
• The collector-base pn junction is exposed to incident light through a
lens opening in the transistor package.
• When there is no incident light, there is only a small thermally
generated collector-to-emitter leakage current, ICEO; this dark current is
typically in the nA range.
• When light strikes the collector-base pn junction, a base current, is
produced that is directly proportional to the light intensity. This action
produces a collector current that increases with light intensity.
Advantages of phototransistor
• Phototransistor is more responsive to light.
• Phototransistors are cheaper.
• The dark current of a phototransistor is much higher
• Output current of phototransistor is easily obtainable.
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• Phototransistors are very fast and are capable of providing nearly

instantaneous output.

20) Determine the value of resistance with following colour code:

i) Brown Black Black Sliver
ii) Red Red Orange Gold
Ans:
i) Brown Black Black Sliver
Resistor value : 10 Ohms 10%
ii) Red Red Orange Gold
Resistor value : 22k Ohms 5%

21) State any four selection criteria for transducers.

Ans:
1. Operating Principle : The transducers are selected on the basis of
operating principle it may be resistive, inductive, capacitive, optical etc.
2. Operating range: The range of transducer should be appropriate for
measurement to get a good resolution.
3. Accuracy: The accuracy should be as high as possible or as per the
measurement.
4.Range : The transducer can give good result within its specified range,
so select transducer as per the operating range.
5. Sensitivity : The transducer should be more sensitive to produce the
output or sensitivity should be as per requirement.
6. Loading effect : The transducer’s input impedance should be high and
output impedance should be low to avoid loading effect. 7. Errors: The
error produced by the transducer should be low as possible.
8.Environmental compatibility : The transducer should maintain input
and output characteristic for the selected environmental condition.

22) Define the following terms with respect to rectifier:

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i) Ripple Factor
ii) Rectification Efficiency(h)
iii) Transformer Utilization Factor(TUF)
iv) Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)
Ans:
(i) Ripple factor: The factor which represents ac component present in
the rectifier output, with respect to dc component is called Ripple
Factor.
OR
The ratio of r.m.s. value of a.c. component to the d.c. component in the
rectifier output is known as ripple factor. Mathematically,

(ii)Rectification efficiency (ƞ): This is defined as the ratio of dc power

delivered to the load to the ac input power from the secondary winding
of the transformer. Mathematically,

(ii) Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF): It is the ratio of dc power

delivered to the load and the ac rating of the transformer secondary.

(iii) Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV): Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) is the
maximum reverse voltage that the diode of a rectifier can withstand
without being damage.

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23) Draw the circuit diagram of single stage RC coupled CE amplifier. State any
two advantages of it.
Ans:

Advantages of single stage RC coupled amplifier:

1. It has low cost.
2. The circuit is very compact and extremely light.
3. The frequency response of RC coupled amplifier is excellent.
4. It offers a constant gain over a wide frequency band.

24) Draw and explain the working of CLC filter.

Ans:

Working of a Pi filter:
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In this circuit, we have a capacitor in parallel, then an inductor in series,

followed by another capacitor in parallel.
1.Capacitor C1 − This filter capacitor offers high reactance to dc and low
reactance to ac signal. After grounding the ac components present in the
signal, the signal passes to the inductor for further filtration.
2.Inductor L − This inductor offers low reactance to dc components and offers
high reactance to the ac components which remains to pass through the
capacitor C1.
3.Capacitor C2 − Now the signal is further smoothened using this capacitor C2.
It allows any ac component present in the signal to pass through it, which the
inductor has failed to block.

25) State the advantages of integrated circuits over circuits with discrete
components.
Ans:
Advantages of Integrated circuits:
• Small in size due to the reduced device dimension.
• Low weight due to very small size.
• Low power requirement due to lower dimension and lower threshold power
requirement.
• Low cost due to large-scale production.
• High reliability due to the absence of a solder joint.
• Increased response time and speed.
• Easy replacement instead of repairing as it is economical.
• Higher yield, because of the batch fabrication.

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26) Draw construction of LED and explain working principle.

Ans:

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27) Compare CB, CE and CC configuration on the basis of:

(i) Input impedance

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(ii) Output impedance

(iii) Current gain
(iv) Application
Ans:

28) Draw and explain the construction of N-channel JFET.

Ans:

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Construction Details:
A JFET consists of a p-type or n-type silicon bar containing two PN junctions at
the sides as shown in fig. The bar forms the conducting channel for the charge
carriers. If the bar is of p-type, it is called pchannel JFET and if the bar is of n-
type, it is called n-channel JFET as shown in fig. The two PN junctions forming
diodes are connected internally and a common terminal called gate is taken
out. Other terminals are source and drain taken out from the bar as shown in
fig.1.Thus a JFET has three terminals such as, gate (G), source (S) and drain (D)

29) State any four selection criteria for transducers.

Ans: Selection criteria for transducers are:
1. Operating range
2. Operating principle
3. Sensitivity
4. Accuracy
5. Frequency response and resonant frequency
6. Errors

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7. Environmental compatibility
8. Usage and ruggedness.
9. Electrical aspect.
10. Stability and Reliability
11. Loading effect
12. Static characteristics
13. General selection criteria

30) Determine the value of resistance with the following colour code:
(i) Red, Red, Orange, Gold (ii) Brown, Black, Black, Silver
Ans: (i) Red, Red, Orange, Gold

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31) Explain the concept of DC load line and operating point for biasing circuit.
Ans: DC load line: The straight line drawn on the characteristics of a BJT
amplifier which give the DC values of collector current IC and collector to
emitter voltage VCE corresponding to zero signal i.e. DC conditions is called DC
load line.

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Operating point or Q- point: The fixed levels of certain currents and voltages in
a transistor in active region defines the operating point on the DC load line.
For normal operation of the transistor, the Q- point is to be selected at the
center of the load line.

32) Explain:
(i) Seebeck effect
(ii) Peltier effect
Ans: Seebeck effect states that whenever two dissimilar metals are connected
together to form two junctions out of which, one junction is subjected to high
temperature and another is subjected to low temperature then e.m.f is
induced proportional to the temperature difference between two junctions.

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(ii) Peltier effect: Peltier effect state that for two dissimilar metals closed loop,
if current forced to flow through the closed loop then one junction will be
heated and other will become cool.

33) Draw the basic block diagram of regulated DC power supply. Explain the
function of each block.
Ans:

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1.TRANSFORMER:
Transformer works on the basis of ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION and they
are mainly classified into two: i. STEP UP TRANSFORMER ii. STEPDOWN
TRANSFORMER Step up transformer up convert the input voltage where step
down transformer down converts. For a DC Power Source we have to use step
down transformers, to covert the high voltage AC supply to low voltage DC.
2. RECTIFIER:
Rectifiers are used to convert the sinusoidal AC voltage to non-sinusoidal
pulsating DC. The main component used in Rectifiers are diodes due to its
switching action. They will conduct Current only in one direction, hence the
voltage. So we can use them as rectifiers to make the alternating Current
unidirectional.
Rectifiers are classified into Three :-
i. HALF WAVE RECTIFIERS
ii. FULL WAVE RECTIFIERS
iii. BRIDGE RECTIFIERS
3. FILTERS:
Filters are used to eliminate or filter-out the unwanted ripples from the
rectified output. Filters play an important role in dc Power supplies, they make
the pulsating dc steady.
4. VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
Voltage Regulators are used to regulate the output Voltage over load. They
make the Voltage unvaried with load connected to it. This will eliminates the
remaining ripples from the filter output. The output from Voltage Regulator
may be the required DC. Voltage Regulators includes some safety measures
such as Current Limiting, short circuit etc.

34) Describe the working of transistor as a switch with circuit diagram.

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Ans:

From the above circuit we can see that the control input Vin is given to base
through a current limiting resistor Rb and Rc is the collector resistor which
limits the current through the transistor. In most cases output is taken from
collector but in some cases load is connected in the place of Rc.
 ON = Saturation
 OFF = Cutoff

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Transistor will become ON (saturation) when a sufficient voltage V is given to

input. During this condition the Collector Emitter voltage Vce will be
approximately equal to zero, ie the transistor acts as a short circuit. For a silicon
transistor it is equal to 0.3v. Thus collector current Ic = Vcc/Rc will flows.

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35) A JFET has a drain current of 5 mA. If IDSS = 10mA and VGS(OFF) = -6V.
Find the value of
(i) VGS
(ii) VP
Ans:

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36) Compare P-N junction diode and zener diode on the basis of
(i) Symbol (ii) Direction of conduction
(iii) Reverse breakdown (iv) Application
Ans:

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37)State different types of electrical signal and draw all types of waveforms.
Ans : Types of electrical signals
1) Sine wave
2) Triangular wave
3) Square wave

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38)Sketch N-Channel MOSFET and describe its working.

Ans : Note: N channel Depletion MOSFET also can be consider.
Sketch N-Channel MOSFET:

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Working:

In fig. both VGS (VGG)& VDS (VDD) have been set at positive with respect to
the source. The positive potential at the gate will attract the electrons from the
P substrate & accumulated in the region near to the surface of Sio2 layer. The
Sio2 layer & its insulating qualities will prevent the negative carrier (i.e.
electron) from being absorbed at the gate.
As VGS increase by increasing VGG the concentration of electron near the Sio2
surface increases & there is formation of channel & the current starts following
through the circuit for further applied voltage.

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For VGS = OV & negative value of VGS, the absence of n channel will result
zero current. As positive value of VGS, less than VGSth drain current is zero. If
VGS > VGSth current starts increasing.
39)Describe strain gauge with labelled diagram.
Ans : A Strain gauge is a sensor whose resistance varies with applied force. It
converts force, pressure, tension, weight, etc., into a change in electrical
resistance which can then be measured. When external forces are applied to a
stationary object, stress and strain are the result.

 The foil type strain gauges are very common in which a resistive foil is
mounted on a backing material. Metal foil gauges use similar materials
to wire strain gauges.
 The sensing elements of foil gauges are formed from sheets less than
0.005 mm thick by photo etching processes, which allows greater
flexibility with regards to shape.
 The resistance of the foil changes as the material to which the gauge is
attached undergoes tension or compression due to change in its length
and diameter. This change in resistance is proportional to the applied
strain. As this change in resistance is very small in magnitude so its effect
can be only sensed by a Wheatstone bridge.
 When strain is applied to the strain gauge, the resistance of the strain
gauge sensor changes, the Wheatstone bridge becomes unbalanced, a
current flows through the voltmeter. Since the net change in the
resistance is proportional to the applied strain, therefore, resultant
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current flow through the voltmeter is proportional to the applied strain.

So, the voltmeter can be calibrated in terms of strain or force.
40)With the help of circuit diagram describe conversion of VG. Source to
current source.
Ans : Any practical voltage source or simply a voltage source consists of an
ideal voltage source in series with an internal resistance or impedance.
The voltage and current source are mutually transferable i.e. voltage to current
source and current to voltage source.

41)Describe LVDT with labelled diagram.

Ans:-

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Working: LVDT is the example of inductive transducer, in LVDT any physical

displacement of the core cause the voltage of any secondary winding to
increase while simultaneously reducing the voltage in the other secondary
winding. The difference of the two voltages appears across the output terminal
of the transducer and gives a measurement of the physical position of the core.
42)Draw circuit diagram of bridge rectifier. Draw its input output waveforms
and describe its operation.
Ans:-

Working: - The four diodes labelled D1 to D4 are arranged in “series pairs” with
only two diodes conducting current during each half cycle.
During the positive half cycle of the supply: - diodes D1 and D3 conduct in
series while diodes D2 and D4 are reverse biased and the current flows through
the load for the period o to π.

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During the negative half cycle of the supply:- diodes D2 and D4 conduct in
series, but diodes D1 and D3 switch “OFF” as they are now reverse biased.
The current flowing through the load is the same direction as before for the
period π to 2π.

43)Give the relations between AC drain resistance (rd), transconduction (gm)

and amplification factor.
Ans:-

44)Sketch the constructional diagram of LED and describe its working.

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Ans : Constructional Diagram:

 Light Emitting Diode (LED) works only in forward bias condition. When
Light Emitting Diode (LED) is forward biased, the free electrons from n-
side and the holes from p-side are pushed towards the junction.
 When free electrons reach the junction, some of the free electrons
recombine with the holes in the positive ions. In the similar way, holes
from p-side recombine with electrons in the depletion region. Some free
electrons from n-type semiconductor cross the p-n junction and
recombines with holes in p-type semiconductor. In the similar way, holes
from ptype semiconductor cross the p-n junction and recombines with
free electrons in the n-type semiconductor.
 Thus, recombination takes place in depletion region as well as in p-type
and n-type semiconductor.
 The free electrons in the conduction band releases energy in the form of
light before they recombine with holes in the valence band.
 In silicon and germanium diodes, most of the energy is released in the
form of heat and emitted light is too small.
 However, in materials like gallium arsenide and gallium phosphide the
emitted photons have sufficient energy to produce intense visible light.
45)Draw DC load line of transistor. Explain working of transistor as a switch.
Ans:

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1. Q-point is the operating point of the transistor (ICQ, VCEQ) at which it is

biased. 2. The concept of Q-point is used when transistor act as an amplifying
device and hence is operated in active region of input output characteristics.
3.To operate the BJT at a point it is necessary to provide voltages and currents
through external sources. 4.To draw DC load line of a transistor we need to find
the saturation current and cutoff voltage. The saturation current is the
maximum possible current through the transistor and occurs at the point
where the voltage across the collector is minimum. 5. The cutoff voltage is the
maximum possible voltage across the collector and occurs at zero collector
current. A common emitter amplifier is shown the figure below:
Applying KVL to the collector circuit,
VCC-VCE - IC.RC=0

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1. Transistor in cut- off region is an open switch. Here Vin is 0 V.

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2. In the cut –off region both the junction of a transistor are reverse biased and
very small reverse current flows through the transistors.
3. The voltage drop across the transistor (VCE) is high. Thus, in the cut off
region the transistor is equivalent to an open switch as shown in figure.

In saturation the transistor is equivalent to a closed switch. When Vin is

positive a large base current flows and transistor saturates.
In the saturation region both the junctions of a transistor are forward biased.
The voltage drop across the transistor (VCE) is very small, of the order of 0.2 V
to 1V depending on the type of transistor and collector current is very large.
46)Differentiate between P-N junction diode and zener diode.
Ans:-

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47)Explain any four selection criteria of transducers for temperature

measurement.
Ans:-
1. Ambient temperature range: It will impact on sensor accuracy as we can
easily predict the ambient temperature effect on measurement taken from the
sensor.
2. Stability & control precision requirement: If accuracy requirement is far
better than 20F, use an RTD and if long term stability is required an RTD is
better choice than Thermocouple.
3. Speed of response to temperature change requirement. Spring loaded
temperature sensor and stepped thermo wells provide good speed of
response.
4. Cost: Measurement failure most often results in production down time costs.
48)Explain the working of two stages RC coupled amplifier with neat circuit
diagram.
Ans:-

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Two stages are connected with R & C components so it is called as RC Coupled

amplifier.
a) Resistor RC1, R3 & Capacitor CC form the coupling network.
b) R1, R2 , R3, R4 provide voltage divider bias to Q1 & Q2.
c) RC1& RC2 provide VCE to Q1 & Q2.
d) RE1 & RE2 provide bias stabilization.
Applications of RC Coupled Amplifier:
Excellent frequency response from 50 Hz to 20 KHz so it is very useful in the
initial stage of all public address systems.
49)State the different types of resistors. State any four specifications of
resistors.
Ans:

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Specifications of Resistor:-
Temperature Coefficient.
Size or value of a resistor
Power Dissipation / wattage
Tolerance
Thermal Stability
Frequency Response.
Power De-rating.
Maximum Temperature.
Maximum Voltage.

50) Attempt any THREE: Determine the value of capacitance with the following
colour code.
(i) Orange, Orange, Blue
(ii) Yellow, Violet, Yellow
Ans:(i) Orange, Orange, Blue Colour coding:

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51) Draw the neat sketch of center tap full wave rectifier. Draw i/p and o/p
waveforms. Circuit Diagram.
Ans:

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52) Draw and explain zener diode as a voltage regulator. Zener diode as voltage
regulator.
Ans:
A reverse biased Zener diode is used to provide a constant voltage across the
load resister RL. The voltage regulator circuit diagram showing the Zener diode
is as given below.

For proper operation, the input voltage Vi must be greater than the Zener
voltage Vz. This ensures that the Zener diode operates in the reverse
breakdown condition. The unregulated input voltage Vi is applied to the Zener
diode.
Regulation with varying input voltage:(Line Regulation)

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As the input voltage increases, the input current (IS) increases. This increases
the current through Zener Diode, without affecting the load current (IL). The
increase in input current will also increase the voltage drop across RS and keeps
VL as constant. If the input voltage is deceased, the input current also
decreases. As a result, the current through zener will also decrease. Hence
voltage drop across series resistance will be reduced. Thus VL and IL remains
constant.
Regulation with varying load resistance: (Load Regulation)
The variation in the load resistance RL changes IL, thereby changing VL. When
load resistance decreases, the load current increases. This causes zener current
to decrease. As a result, the input current and voltage drop across RS remains
constant. Thus, the load voltage VL is also kept constant. On the other hand,
When load resistance increases, the load current decreases. This causes zener
current to increase. This again keeps the input current and voltage drop across
RS constant. Thus, the load voltage VL is also kept constant. Thus, a Zener diode
acts as a voltage regulator and the fixed voltage is maintained across the load
resistor RL.

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Basic Electronics

 6 Marks
1) From the sinusoidal wave given below, in fig. (i) & fig. (ii) calculate
Amplitude, Frequency.

(ii) Give the value of resistance for the following colour codes -
Red Blue Green Gold.
Ans:

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2)

Ans:

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3) (i) Identify the given circuit in fig. (iii) and explain its working.
(ii) Draw the input and output for the same circuit.

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(iii) State application for the given circuit.

Ans:
i) Center tapped full wave rectifier :
ii) Working:
During the positive half cycle of the input voltage, the point A at the
transformer secondary becomes positive. This makes the diode D1 forward
biased. Hence current I1 flows through the load resistor.
When the negative half cycle of the input voltage is applied, the point A at the
transformer secondary becomes negative. This makes the diode D2 forward
biased. Hence current I2 flows through the load resistor.

iii) State application for the given circuit:

 The conversion between high AC to low DC can be done by using this
type of rectifiers.
 The efficiency is high in these circuits make it capable of using it as a
basic component in the power supply units.
 In the criteria of powering on the devices like LED’s or it may be motors
this type of rectifiers are preferred.
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4)Draw suitable diagrams showing depletion regions before & after pinch-off
for N channel JFET.
Ans:
Depletion regions before pinch-off for N channel JFET

Depletion regions after pinch-off for N channel JFET.

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Pinch off voltage: Pinch off voltage is the drain to source voltage after which
the drain current becomes almost constant and JFET enters into saturation
region and is defined only when gate to source voltage is zero.

5)Distinguish between CB, CC, CE (four points). Explain why CE configuration is

the most preferred combination.
Ans:

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⦁CE is most widely used because it provides the voltage gain required for most
of the day to day applications of preamp and power amps. This is not possible
in CB mode.
⦁ Common emitter is the most basic configuration for amplifier circuits. It also
provides the maximum transconductance or voltage gain for a given load.
⦁ The common emitter configuration has the highest power gain combined
with medium voltage and current gain.

6)With suitable diagram, explain how photodiode & phototransistor can be

used as control device for the given application.
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Ans :
Note: Any other diagram with similar concept shall be considered
Photodiode:
It is a form of light sensor that converts light energy into electrical energy
(voltage or current). Photodiode is a type of semi conducting device with PN
junction. Between the p (positive) and n (negative) layers, an intrinsic layer is
present. The photo diode accepts light energy as input to generate electric
current . It is also called as Photodetector, Photo Sensor or Light Detector.
Photodiode operates in reverse bias condition i.e., the p – side of the
photodiode is connected with negative terminal of battery (or the power
supply) and n – side to the positive terminal of battery.Typical photodiode
materials are Silicon, Germanium, Indium Gallium Arsenide Phosphide and
Indium gallium arsenide .Internally, a photodiode has optical filters, built in lens
and a surface area. When surface area of photodiode increases, it results in
less response time. Few photo diodes will look like Light Emitting Diode (LED).
It has two terminals as shown below. The smaller terminal acts as cathode and
longer terminal acts as anode.

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Applications of Photodiode
 Photodiodes are used in many simple day to day applications. The reason
for their use is the linear response of photodiode to a light illumination.
When more amount of light falls on the sensor, it produces high amount
of current. The increase in current will be displayed on a galvanometer
connected to the circuit.
 Photodiodes help to provide an electric isolation with help of
optocouplers. When two isolated circuits are illuminated by light,
optocouplers is used to couple the circuit optically. But the circuits will
be isolated electrically. Compared to conventional devices, optocouplers
are fast Photodiodes are also used in safety electronics like fire and
smoke detectors. It is also used in TV units.
Phototransistor:
A phototransistor is similar to a regular BJT except that the base current is
produced and controlled by light instead of a voltage source. The
phototransistor effectively converts light energy to an electrical signal. In a
phototransistor the base current is produced when light strikes the
photosensitive semiconductor base region. The collector-base pn junction is
exposed to incident light through a lens opening in the transistor package.
When there is no incident light, there is only a small thermally generated
collector-toemitter leakage current, ICEO; this dark current is typically in the nA
range. When light strikes the collector-base pn junction, a base current is
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produced that is directly proportional to the light intensity. This action

produces a collector current. Except for the way base current is generated, the
phototransistor behaves as a conventional BJT. In many cases, there is no
electrical connection to the base.
Symbol:

A phototransistor can be either a two-lead or a three-lead device. In the three-

lead configuration, the base lead is brought out so that the device can be used
as a conventional BJT with or without the additional light-sensitivity feature. In
the two-lead configuration, the base is not electrically available, and the device
can be used only with light as the input. In many applications, the
phototransistor is used in the two-lead version. Phototransistors are not
sensitive to all light but only to light within a certain range of wavelengths.
They are most sensitive to particular wavelengths in the red and infrared part
of the spectrum.
Applications of Phototransistors:

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The Areas of application for the Phototransistor include:

 Punch-card readers.
 Security systems
 IR detectors photo
 electric controls
 Computer logic circuitry.
 Relays
 Lighting control (highways etc.)
7)Calculate peak to peak amplitude, Frequency and wavelength of waveforms
shown in figure-1

Ans:-

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8)In CE configuration of transistor, if B = 50, leakage current ICEO=100μa. If the

Base current is 0.2 mA. Calculate the value of IC,IE and α
Ans:-

9) (i) Sketch the Full Wave Bridge Rectifier and draw the waveforms of Load
voltage and Load Current. (ii) State any two advantages of FWR over HWR.
Ans:-

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Advantages of full-wave rectifier:

1. The ripple frequency is two times the input frequency.
2. Efficiency is higher.
3. The large DC power output.
4. Ripple factor is less.
5. The ripple voltage is low and the higher frequency in case full-wave rectifier
so simple filtering circuit is required.
6. Higher output voltage.

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7. Higher transformer utilization factor.

8. Utilizes both halves of the AC waveform.
9. Easier to provide smoothing as a result of using the ripple frequency.

10) i) A JFET has a drain current of 10 m A .if IDSS= 20 m A and VGS(off) = -8V.
Find the value of : (i) VGS (ii) VP ii) Draw the symbol of N- channel and P-
channel MOSFET.
Ans:-

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11)Observe the given frequency response of RC coupled amplifier, shown in

figure-2 Calculate:
i) Lower cutoff frequency (fL)
ii) Higher cutoff frequency (fH) and
iii) Bandwidth(BW)

Ans:-

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12)List four types of electrical pressure transducers and state one application of
each type.
Ans:-
Types of electrical pressure transducers:
1.Strain gauge pressure transducers
2.Potentiometer pressure transducers
3.Piezoelectric pressure transducers
4. Reluctance pressure transducers
5. Capacitive pressure transducers
1. Applications of Strain gauge pressure transducers
a) In biomedical, structural, mechanical and industrial filed.
b) Used for measurement of force, displacement and acceleration.
2. Applications of Potentiometer pressure transducers
a) It is used in many applications such as
b) Linear displacement measurement
c) Liquid level measurements using floats
d) Rotary displacement measurement
d) Brightness control
e) Volume control
3. Applications of Piezoelectric pressure transducers
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a) Piezoelectric transducer is used in high frequency accelerometer.

b) It is used in under water detection system ie. SONAR.
c) These are used in measurement of surface roughness in accelerometer and
vibration pickups.
4. Reluctance pressure transducers
a) Useful for measurement and control of thickness of metal.
b) Useful for measurement of tension in cord.
c) Useful in force, pressure and weight measurement as a secondary
transducer.
d) Useful for measurement weight or pressure exerted by liquid in tank.
5. Applications of Capacitive pressure transducers
a) The capacitive transducers are used to measure humidity in gases.
b) It is used to measure volume, liquid level, density etc.
c) It is used for measurement of linear and angular displacement.
13)Calculate peak-to-peak amplitude, frequency and wavelength of waveforms
shown in Fig.1.

Ans:-

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14)In CE configuration, if 𝛃 = 100, leakage current ICEO = 150 𝛍A. If the base
current is 0.2 mA, calculate the value of IC, IE and 𝜶.
(Note: Marks should be given for correct formula)
Ans:-

15)Identify the circuit shown in Fig. 2 and explain working with input-output
waveforms for a sinusoidal input.

Ans:-
The given circuit is Bridge rectifier– (with diodes numbered)
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Working :- The four diodes labelled D1 to D4 are arranged in “series pairs” with
only two diodes conducting current during each half cycle.
During the positive half cycle of the supply:- diodes D1 and D2 conduct in
series while diodes D3 and D4 are reverse biased and the current flows through
the load for the period o to π
During the negative half cycle of the supply:- diodes D3 and D4 conduct in
series, but diodes D1 and D2 switch “OFF” as they are now reverse biased. The
current flowing through the load is the same direction as before for the period
π to 2π.

16)State the applications and specification of

(i) Resistor
(ii) Capacitor
(iii)Inductor
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Ans:-
Application of resistor:
1.Resistors are used in high frequency instrument.
2.Resistor is used in power control circuit.
3.It is used in DC power supplies.
4.Resistors are used in filter circuit networks.
5.It is used in amplifiers, oscillators, telecommunication and digital multimeter.
6.It is used in wave generators.
Applications of capacitor:
1.Use for capacitors is energy storage.
2.Additional uses include power conditioning, signal coupling or decoupling,
electronic noise filtering, and remote sensing.
Applications of Inductors:
1.Filters
2.Sensors
Specifications of Resistor:
1.Temperature Coefficient.
2.Size or value of a resistor
3.Power Dissipation / wattage
4.Tolerance
5.Thermal Stability
6.Frequency Response.
7.Power De-rating.
8.Maximum Temperature.
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9.Maximum Voltage.
Capacitor specifications:
1.Capacitance value
2.Tolerance
3.Working voltage
4.Dielectric
5.Working temperature
6.Temperature coefficient
Inductor Specification:
1.DC Resistance (DCR)
2.Maximum DC Current
3.Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
4.Magnetic Saturation Flux Density
5.Curie Temperature
17)Describe how transistor can be used as a switch and draw waveforms.

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Ans:-

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18)Draw the block diagram of regulated power supply, explain function of each
block and draw waveforms of each stage.
Ans:-

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A typical Regulated Power supply unit consists of the following.

Transformer – Stp Up or Step Down input transformer for the stepping up or
down AC power supply.
Rectifier − A Rectifier circuit to convert the AC signal into pulsating DC
components.
Smoothing − A filtering circuit to smoothen the variations present in the
rectified output.
Regulator − A voltage regulator circuit is used to control the voltage to a
desired output level against line and load variations.
Load − The load which uses the pure dc output from the regulated output.
19)With the help of N-channel JFET describe the effect of input voltage VGS on
output current ID.
Ans :
Working of N channel FET:

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20)Draw frequency response of RC coupled two stage amplifier. Write formula

to calculate bandwidth and state any two methods to improve bandwidth.
Ans :
Frequency response of RC coupled two stage amplifier:

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Two methods to improve bandwidth:

1.Direct coupled Amplifier
2.The basic bootstrapping principle is to use an additional buffer amplifier to
actively charge and discharge to input capacitance as required. By doing so the
effective source capacitance is reduced, enabling the overall bandwidth of the
circuit to be increased.

20) i) Compare
1) Active and Passive transducer
2) Analog and digital transducer.
ii) Differentiate following transducer in active and passive.
1) Strain gauge
2) Photovoltaic cell

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3) Thermocouple
4) Thermistor.
Ans:-

1) Strain gauge:-Passive Transducer.

2) Photovoltaic cell:-Active Transducer.
3) Thermocouple :-Active Transducer.
4) Thermistor:-Passive Transducer.

21)Explain working principle of N-channel depletion type MOSFET with

construction diagram. Compare depletion type MOSFET & enhancement type
MOSFET.
Ans:-
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Working principle:

The depletion type MOSFET can be operated in the following two ways:

1. Depletion mode:

A depletion type N channel MOSFET with negative gate to source voltage is

shown in figure. The negative gate voltage induces positive charges in N
type channel through the insulating layer SiO2. Since, conduction of current
through the N type channel is by means of majority carriers (i.e. electrons),
the free electrons in the vicinity of positive charges are repelled away in the
N type channel. This reduces the number of free electrons passing through
the N type channel. As a result of this, the N type channel is depleted of free
electrons(i.e. majority carriers). Thus, it reduces the drain current flowing
through the N type channel as the gate to source voltage is made more
negative. As large negative gate to source voltage, the N type channel region

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near the drain end is totally depleted of free electrons and therefore the
drain current reduces to zero.

An enhancement type N channel MOSFET with positive gate to source

voltage is shown in figure. The positive gate voltage induces negative
charges in N type channel through the insulating layer SiO2. Since,
conduction of current through the N type channel is by means of majority
carriers(i.e. electrons), the free electrons in the vicinity of positive charges
are added together in the N type channel. Thus, the positive gate voltage
increases the number of free electrons passing through the N type channel.
This increases the drain current flowing through the N type channel as a
result, it enhances the conductivity of the N channel. Thus, it increases the
drain current flowing through the N type channel as the gate to source
voltage become more positive. Because of the fact, the positive gate
operation is called an enhancement mode.

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22)Differentiate CE, CB, CC, w.r.t. to

(i) Input resistance
(ii) Output resistance
(iii) Current gain
(iv) Voltage gain
(v) Phase shift between input and output
(vi) Applications
Ans:-

23)List four types of electrical pressure transducers and describe one

application of each one.
Ans:-
Types of electrical pressure transducers:
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2. Strain gauge pressure transducers

3. Potentiometer pressure transducers
4. Piezoelectric pressure transducers
5. Reluctance pressure transducers
6. Capacitive pressure transducers

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these resistors is changed, current flow through each leg is no longer equal.
3. Piezoelectric pressure transducers
In detection of audio signal
The following circuit shows the piezoelectric sensor circuit diagram. The
components required for this circuit are four resistors, speaker, two NPN
transistor, capacitor, and piezo diaphragm. The generation of the electrical
signal in the piezo diaphragm is when it is subjected to the pressure variation
due to the sound in the vicinity. The output of the piezo-diaphragm is supplied
to the two transistors of T1 & T2 (BC548) and the two transistors are known as
a Darlington pair, it has a very high current

If piezo diaphragm receives any audio signals, in the opposite faces it produces
the voltage difference. By using the capacitors C1 of 0.1µF the signal is filtered
or a DC component. The first transistor T1 of the Darlington pair amplifiers of
the input signal and the output appears at the resistor R2. For the transistor T1,
base-collector bias is given by the resistor R1 of 470k. The output of the first
transistor T1 is given to the base of the T2 transistor after it is filtered by
another capacitor C2. In further the output of the transistor T1 is amplified by

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the transistor T2 and at the resistor R4, the amplified signal is produced. The R3
resistor is used for the necessary bias for the transistor T2. The output of the
second transistor T2 is filtered with the capacitor C3 and it is connected to the
speakers.
4. Reluctance pressure transducers :Measurement of fluid pressure in
bourdon tube

In this the, the bourdon tube act as primary transducer and LVDT which follows
the output of bourdon tube act as a secondary transducer. The bourdon tube
senses the pressure when liquid enters into it, it will bend depending upon the
pressure of the fluid and converts it into a displacement. This set up is used for
measurement of pressure which is converted into electrical signal by LVDT.
5. Capacitive pressure transducers:
Measurement of pressure in pipe

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In this arrangement, in place of movable plate, diaphragm is used, which

expands and contracts due to change in pressure. The diaphragm plate acts as
a movable plate of a capacitor. A fixed plate is placed near the diaphragm.
These plates form a parallel plate capacitor which is connected as one of the
arms of a bridge. Any change in pressure causes a change in distance between
the diaphragm and fixed plate, which is unbalances the bridge. The voltage
output of the bridge corresponds to the pressure applied to the diaphragm
plate.

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