“Applied Science” (SCIE8020)

Conestoga College
Spring 2022
 Course Outlines
• Applied Science Terminology & Calculations

• Thermodynamics

• Properties of Saturated and Superheated Steam

• Expansion and Compression of Gases

WEEK 2: AGENDA

• Change of state and heat required to

effect that change
• Latent heat of fusion
• Latent heat of evaporation
• Heat transfer in a mixture
• When ice turns water , its phase is changed. Will there be a
change in temperature?

No
 Phase Change
Phase changes are reversible, only affect physical appearance
 CHANGE OF STATE

Many substances can exist, at any given time, in one of

three possible states – solid, liquid, or gas (vapour).
Substances can be changed from one state to another if
a significant change in their internal energy occurs. The
internal energy is changed by the addition or removal of
heat.

Solid-to-Liquid
If enough heat is supplied to a solid, the internal energy
of the molecules (that is, their speed of vibration) will
increase to such an extent that the cohesion force
between the molecules will be overcome, causing the
molecules to move farther apart. The state changes from
solid to liquid and is often referred to as “melting”.
 CHANGE OF STATE

Liquid-to-Gas (Vapour)
The addition of even further heat, to the liquid, will
eventually increase the vibration and weaken the
cohesive force enough that the molecules will separate
and begin to escape from the surface of the liquid. Here
the state changes from liquid to gas (or vapour) and is
often referred to as “boiling” or “evaporation”.

Gas (Vapour)-to-Liquid
If enough heat is removed from a vapour, the internal
energy of the molecules will decrease to such an extent
that the cohesion force between the molecules will be
restored, and the molecules will move closer together.
The state changes from vapour to liquid and is often
referred to as “condensing”.
 Latent Heat of Fusion
The latent heat of fusion is the heat required to change
a unit mass of liquid to a unit mass of solid (or vice
versa), with no change in temperature. That is, the
entire heat energy (kJ) supplied to each kg of the liquid
is used to change it to a solid.

For example, at atmospheric conditions, the latent heat

of fusion of ice is 335 kJ/kg, which means it requires
335 kJ of heat to change each kg of water at 0°C, into
ice at 0°C. It also requires 335 kJ of heat to change
each kg of ice at 0°C, into water at 0°C

Table 2 shows the latent heats of fusion for some

typical substances. “Melting point” is the temperature
at which the substance will change from solid to liquid.
This is also the temperature at which the reverse
change, from liquid to solid, will occur. The latter is
 Latent Heat of Evaporation
The latent heat of evaporation (or vaporization) is the
heat required to change a unit mass (1 kg) of liquid
to a unit mass of vapour (or gas), at the same
temperature and pressure. That is, the entire heat
energy (kJ) supplied to each kg of the liquid is used to
change it to a vapour.

For example, at atmospheric pressure the latent heat

of evaporation of water is 2257 kJ/kg, which means it
requires 2257 kJ of heat to change every kg of water
at 100°C, into steam at 100°C. Also, when steam at
100°C is cooled it changes back to water at 100°C.
This state change, from vapour to liquid, also requires
2257 kJ/kg, the latent heat of evaporation.

Table 3 shows the latent heats of evaporation for

Latent Heat
HEAT REQUIRED FOR CHANGES OF STATE
 Latent Heat

Latent Heats of Fusion Latent Heats of Evaporation

Latent Heat
 Learning Check

• Why food is preserve in the ice ?

Latent heat of ice is used to preserve food
 Learning Check

• When ice turns water , its phase is changed. Will there be a

change in temperature?

No
 Graphing a Phase change

Heating and Cooling Curve

HEAT REQUIRED FOR CHANGES OF STATE
Heating and Cooling Curve
Heating and Cooling Curve
HEAT REQUIRED FOR CHANGES OF STATE
If a substance exists in one state, and heat is either added
or removed, such that a change of state occurs, the
substance ends up at a final temperature in that new state.
It is possible to calculate the total amount of heat that was
added to, or removed from, the substance.

The total heat will be the sum of the total sensible heat and
the total latent heat for the state change(s). For a given
mass of a substance (m), this heat added/removed can be
shown as:

If ‘LF’ represents the latent heat of fusion and ‘LE’

represents the latent heat of evaporation, then the
respective state changes can be shown as:
 Example
How much heat must be added to 4.5 kg of ice at 0°C to
change it into water at 0°C? The latent heat of fusion for
ice is 335 kJ/kg.
Note: Since the ice is already at 0°C, there is no sensible
heat involved.
 Example
How much heat must be added to 4.5 kg of ice at 0°C to
change it into water at 0°C? The latent heat of fusion for
ice is 335 kJ/kg.
Note: Since the ice is already at 0°C, there is no sensible
heat involved.
 Example

Ten litres of water at 278 K are changed to ice at 0°C.

How much heat has been removed from the water?
Assume 1 litre of water has a mass of 1 kg, and the
specific heat of water is 4.183 kJ/kg0C.
 Example

Ten litres of water at 278 K are changed to ice at 0°C.

How much heat has been removed from the water?
Assume 1 litre of water has a mass of 1 kg, and the
specific heat of water is 4.183 kJ/kg0C.

Q(kJ) = sensible heat + latent heat of fusion

= m c ΔT + m LF
= (10L x 1 kg/L) x 4.183 kJ/kg0C x (50C -
00C) + 10kg x 335kJ/kg
= 3559.15 kJ
 Heat Transfer Mixture
When two substances at different temperatures are
mixed, heat will be transferred between the substances
until a final, common temperature is reached. This
process of establishing a common temperature is often
referred to as “reaching thermal equilibrium”.
Since heat will only flow directly from a hotter to a
colder substance, it follows that heat will be transferred
from the substance at higher temperature to the
substance at lower temperature, until both (that is, the
mixture) are at the same temperature. Therefore, the
temperature of the hotter substance will decrease and
the temperature of the colder substance will increase,
until they are equal.
If we assume that no heat is lost to the surroundings, we
can further conclude that the amount of heat gained by
Heat colder
the gained bysubstance
colder substance
must (kJ)be
= Heat lost by
equal tohotter
the substance
amount (kJ)
of
 Mixtures With No Change Of State

The heat gained or lost by a solid or liquid

substance, provided there is no change of state, is
determined by the equation, Q = m c DT. The heat
transferred in this case is sensible heat only and
the simple heat transfer equation becomes:

Given the appropriate information, we can now

calculate the final temperature of the mixture, the
masses of the substances, or the temperature
changes.
 Example
Four kg of solid lead at 150°C is dropped into 8 kg of
water at 30°C. Find the final temperature of the lead and
water, given that specific heat of lead = 0.1275 kJ/kgK
and specific heat of water = 4.2 kJ/kgK.
 Example
Four kg of solid lead at 150°C is dropped into 8 kg of
water at 30°C. Find the final temperature of the lead and
water, given that specific heat of lead = 0.1275 kJ/kgK
and specific heat of water = 4.2 kJ/kgK.

Note: Since the

lead is at a
higher
temperature,
heat will be
transferred from
the lead to the
water. The
water will gain
heat and the
lead will lose
 Example
Some quantity of water initially at 5.00 C is mixed with
50.0 g of water initially at 80.0 C. The final temperature
of the mixture is 10C. What was the mass of the 5.00 C
water?
Cold water temp =T1c = 5C
Cold water mass=mc= ?

Hot water temp=T1h= 80C

Hot water mass = mh= 50g =0.050kg
Temperature of mixture= T2c=T2h=Tf=10C
 Example
Some quantity of water initially at 5.00 oC is mixed with
50.0 g of water initially at 80.0 oC. The final temperature
of the mixture is 10.00C. What was the mass of the 5.00
oC water?
Cold water temp =T1c = 5C
Cold water mass=mc= ?

Hot water temp=T1h= 80C

Hot water mass = mh= 50g =0.050kg
Temperature of mixture= T2c=T2h=Tf=10C

Heat gained by cold water = Heat lost by hot water

mc X 4186 X (10-5) = -0.05 x 4186 x (80-10)

Mc= 0.7kg
 Mixtures Involving Change of State

If the substances that are being mixed are in different

states, one or both of the substances will go through a
state change before the final, common temperature is
reached. The heat gained by the colder substance will
equal the heat lost by the hotter substance. However,
since a state change occurs, the heat will consist of
sensible heat plus latent heat.

If ‘L’ represents latent heat, which can be either latent

heat of fusion (LF) or latent heat of evaporation (LE), the
mixture equation can be stated as follows.
 Mixtures Involving Change of State

The simplest examples of such mixtures involve ice,

water and steam. If ice and water are mixed, the
process will usually involve the ice changing to
water, with the resultant mixture being water at
some final temperature. The ice must gain latent
heat of fusion (LF) as it changes state. If water and
steam are mixed, the process will usually involve
the steam changing to water, so the steam must
lose latent heat of evaporation (LE). If steam and ice
are mixed, they will both go through a state change,
usually resulting in water at a final temperature.
 Example
Five kg of ice at -100C are mixed with 50 kg of water at
600C. What will be the final temperature of the mixture if
all of the ice melts? Take the specific heat of ice as 2.04
kJ/kgK, the specific heat of water as 4.2 kJ/kgK, and the
latent heat of fusion of ice as 335 kJ/kg.
 Example
Five kg of ice at -100C are mixed with 50 kg of water at
600C. What will be the final temperature of the mixture if
all of the ice melts? Take the specific heat of ice as 2.04
kJ/kgK, the specific heat of water as 4.2 kJ/kgK, and the
latent heat of fusion of ice as 335 kJ/kg.
Example
 Think Pair Share
• A scientist finds that 4.2 x 10 e6 J of heat is required to melt a chunk of ice
at .
• A) what is the mass of this chunk?

=
 Think Pair Share
• Apiece of copper has a temperature of 122C. When the metal is
placed in 9.22 kilograms of water at 25.2C, the temperature of
the water rises by 7.1C. What is the mass of the metal if the
heat lost from the metal is solely transferred from copper to
water.

Data Given:
Mass of water = 9.22 kg Mass of Copper =
Sp. Heat of Water = 4.183 kJ/kgºC Sp. Heat of copper = 0.388 kJ/kgºC

Initial temp of water T1 = 25.2ºC Initial temp of Copper T 1 = 122 ºC

Final temp of water T2 = (25.2ºC + 7.1 ºC) = 32.3 ºC Final temp of Cu T2 = 32.3ºC

Heat transferred from hot body to a cold body till it attains equilibrium
Q = mass x C x ΔT
 Exercise (sensible heat)

Data Given:
Mass of water = 9.22 kg Mass of Copper =
Sp. Heat of Water = 4.183 kJ/kgºC Sp. Heat of copper = 0.388 kJ/kgºC

Initial temp of water T1 = 25.2ºC Initial temp of Copper T 1 = 122 ºC

Final temp of water T2 = (25.2ºC + 7.1 ºC) = 32.3 ºC Final temp of Cu T2 = 32.3ºC
Heat transferred from hot body to a cold body till it attains equilibrium
Q = mass x C x ΔT

Heat lost by the mass of Copper = Heat gained by the mass of water
MassC x Cc x (T1 - T2) = Massw x Cw x (T2 - T1)

Mass copper x 0.388 kJ/kgºC x ( 122 – 32.3) = 9.22 kg x 4.183 kJ/kgºC x 7.1

Mass copper x 0.388 kJ/kgºC x (89.7 ºC) = 9.22 kg x 4.183 kJ/kgºC x 7.1 ºC

Mass copper = 9.22 kg x 4.183 kJ/kgºC x 7.1 ºC = 273.83 kg

0.388 kJ/kgºC x (89.7 ºC) 34.8 kg
Mass copper = 7.8686 kg Ans.
 Example
How many joules of heat are needed to change 3.50 kg
of ice at -15.0oC to steam at 120.0oC?
m_ ice= 3.5 kg C_water= 4186J/KgC
C_ice= 2100J/kgC Lv= 2.26exp6J/kg
Lf= 3.33exp5 J/kg C_steam= 2010J/kgC
 Example
How many joules of heat are needed to change 3.50 kg
of ice at -15.0oC to steam at 120.0oC?
m_ ice= 3.5 kg C_water= 4186J/KgC
C_ice= 2100J/kgC Lv= 2.26exp6J/kg
Lf= 3.33exp5 J/kg C_steam= 2010J/kgC

Step 1: -15C ice to 0C ice

Q = m x Cice x ΔT = 3.5 x 2100 x (0+15) = 110exp3 J

Step 2: 0C ice to 0C water

Q= m x Lv = 3.5 x 3.33 exp 3 = 1166kJ

Step 3: 0C water to 100C water

Q = m x Cwaterx ΔT = 3.5 x 4186 x (100-0) = 1465kJ

 Example
How many joules of heat are needed to change 3.50 kg
of ice at -15.0oC to steam at 120.0oC?
m_ ice= 3.5 kg C_water= 4186J/KgC
C_ice= 2100J/kgC Lv= 2.26exp6J/kg
Lf= 3.33exp5 J/kg C_steam= 2010J/kgC

Step 4: 100C water to 100C steam

Q= m x Lv = 3.5 x 2.26 exp 6 = 7910kJ

Step 5: 100C steam to 120C steam

Q = m x Csteamx ΔT = 3.5 x 2010 x (120-100) = 141kJ

Qtotal= Q1+Q2+Q3+Q4+Q5 = 10.8MJ

 SUMMARY
The latent heat of fusion is the heat required to change a unit mass of
liquid to a unit mass of solid (or vice versa), with no change in
temperature.

That is, the entire heat energy (kJ) supplied to each kg of the liquid is
used to change it to a solid.

The latent heat of evaporation (or vaporization) is the heat required to

change a unit mass (1 kg) of liquid to a unit mass of vapour (or gas), at
the same temperature and pressure.

That is, the entire heat energy (kJ) supplied to each kg of the liquid is
used to change it to a vapour.
 NEXT LECTURE

Change of state and Latent Heat