SAFETY PRACTICES AND WORKERS PERFORMANCE ON

CONSTRUCTION SITES IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA.

BY

OGUNDIPE, KUNLE ELIZAH

[Link]. CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

MATRIC NO: 15PCB01255

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY, COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
COVENANT UNIVERSITY, OTA. OGUN STATE IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF
MASTER OF SCIENCE ([Link].) IN CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

JUNE, 2017

1
 ACCEPTANCE
We testify that this dissertation titled Safety Practices and Workers Performance on
Construction Sites in Lagos State, Nigeria was accepted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Master of Science ([Link].) in Construction Management.

…………………………….……………………….. ……………………………

Prof. S. T. Wara Date

Dean, School of Postgraduate Studies

…………………………….………………………….. ……………………………

Philip John Ainwokhai Date

Secretary, School of Postgraduate Studies

2
 DECLARATION
I, OGUNDIPE, Kunle Elizah declare that this dissertation was completely carried out by me
under the supervision of Dr. J. D. Owolabi of the Department of Building Technology, Covenant
University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.

I also attest that the dissertation has not been presented, either wholly or in parts, for any degree
elsewhere and all sources of scholarly information used were dully acknowledged without any
conflict of interest.

……………………………….
OGUNDIPE, Kunle Elizah
15PCB01255

3
 CERTIFICATION

The undersigned certify that they have read and hereby recommend for acceptance by Covenant
University this dissertation titled Safety Practices and Workers Performance on Construction
Sites in Lagos State, Nigeria was carried out by OGUNDIPE, Kunle E. Matric No:
15PCB01255 of the Department of Building Technology, Covenant University Ota, Ogun State
and that this dissertation is adequate both in depth and quality for the partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of Master of Science ([Link].) in Construction Management.

…………………………………………. ………………………………..
Dr. J. D. Owolabi Date
Head, Department of Building Technology

…………………………….……………. ……………………………….
Dr. J. D. Owolabi Date
Supervisor

………………………………………..… …………………………………
Prof. O. A. Adenuga Date
External Examiner

…………………………….……………………….. ….………………………………

Prof. S. T. Wara Date

Dean, School of Postgraduate Studies

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 DEDICATION
This dissertation is dedicated to Almighty God the givers of all good gifts and for His unmerited
favour.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am eternally indebted to the Almighty God for His love, favour, blessings and protection up to
this stage in my career. My special appreciation goes to my supervisor, Dr. J.D. Owolabi for his
wonderful contributions, adequate supervision, limitless access, suggestions and advice despite
his tight schedule, God bless you sir.

I also celebrate my mentor Prof. O. I. Fagbenle for his progressive mentoring, constructive
contributions in given this dissertation direction which have made it possibility for me to
successfully complete this programme, Thanks and God bless you sir.

I cannot but recognize the immense contributions of faculty of the Department of Building
Technology, Prof. T. O. Mosaku and other indelible lecturers Dr. A.O. Ogunde, Dr. L. M.
Amusan, Dr. (Mrs) Olayeni, Dr. J. Opeyemi, Dr. I. G. Omuh, Dr. O. O. Ogunsanmi, Prof. H. A.
Odeyinka, Dr. E. A. Olanipekun, Mr. A. O. Afolabi, Mr. R. A. Ojelabi for their contributions. I
also appreciate the kind gesture demonstrated by Mr. Ajao, Mr. Ogunbayo, Mr. David, Mrs.
Durotoye, Mr. Adediran, and Engr. Jolayemi, Mrs. Olaide.

I also want to thank my parent for the support given to me till date, you will surely reap all that
you have laboured for in good health.

I cannot but appreciate wonderful cooperation I enjoyed from my classmate Mrs Gbemisola,
[Link], Engr. Ademola and Arc. Eseohe for successful completion of this programme.

Specially, I want to express my profound, deepest appreciation and love to my wife Uyoyoghene
Love Olakunle for her emotional cares and support before, during and after this programme. God
will bless you abundantly.

Finally, I also acknowledge the chancellor Dr. David O. Oyedepo and the entire management of

Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria for creating research enabling environment.

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 Title Page i

Acceptance ii

Declaration iii

Certification iv

Dedication v

Acknowledgements vi

Table of Contents vi

List of Tables xi

Abstract xii

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the study 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem 3

1.3 Research Questions 5

1.4 Aim of the Study 5

1.5 Objectives of the study 5

1.6 Hypothesis formulation 6

1.7 Significance of the study 6

1.8 Scope and limitation of the study 6

1.9 Definition of terms 7

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 9

2.2 Concept of the study 9

Historical Background about the Operation of the Nigerian Construction

2.3 11
Company

2.4 Current State of Construction Safety Practices and Performance 13

2.5 Construction Operatives’ in Nigeria 17

2.6 Gaps between worker competence and productivity 19

2.7 Workers productivity 19

2.8 The perception of safety practices and workers productivity 20

2.9 Causes of Accident on Construction Sites 23

2.11 Overview of Safety Gear 25

2.12 Some of the available safety gear for construction work 27

Factors responsible for non-compliance with health and safety practices

2.13 33
on construction site

Workers perception on the importance of safe working environment in

2.14 35
enhance successful projects’ delivery

2.15 Perceived safety education and knowledge development 36

2.16 The missing links and suggested measures to improve safety practices and 36
safety education.

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2.17 Assessing the Importance of Some of the Safety Codes 37

2.18 Enforcement of Safety Regulations 46

2.19 Lagos State Building Control Agency (LASBCA) 48

Submission between Construction (Design and Management) Regulation

2.2 (CDM), Nigerian National Building Code and Lagos State Building 50
Control Agency (LASBCA)

2.21 Available insurance cover for the management of construction project 52

2.22 Improvement strategy on safety practices in construction industry 52

2.22 Overview of Lagos State 54

2.23 Chapter summary 55

2.24 Summary of some empirical studies 56

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODS

3.1 Introduction 64

3.2 Research Design 64

3.3 Study Population 65

3.4 Sample Frame 65

3.5 Sampling Techniques 65

3.6 Sample Size 66

3.7 Data Collection Instruments 67

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3.8 Methods of Data Analysis 69

3.9 Chapter Summary 71

CHAPTER FOUR

ANALYSES, PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

4.1 Introduction 72

4.2 Objectives of the study 72

4.3 Data presentations 74

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Introduction 90

5.2 Discussion of Findings and Justification of Research Objectives 90

5.3 Conclusion 96

5.4 Recommendation 98

5.5 Areas for further research 99

RREFERENCES 100

APPENDIX 112

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Different categories causes of construction casualty 24

Table 2.2 Submission of building codes and regulation agency in the study area 50

Table 2.3: Literature overview matrix some selected empirical literature on

56
subject matter, to give clearer direction from existing studies.

Table 3.1: Selected study population by geographical location 67

Table 3.2: Summary of Data analysis and presentation 72

Table 4.1 Geographical distribution and response rate of the respondents 74

Table 4.2 Background information of the respondents 75

Table 4.3: State of safety practices on building construction projects 76

Table 4.4: Factors preventing site operatives from using safety gears on
79
construction sites

Table 4.5: Effects of wearing safety gear on workers operation 81

Table 4.6: Importance of integrating Builder’s document and others safety

83
control systems

Table 4.7: Mann-Whitney U Test on safety improvement measures and control

systems.
85
Table 4.8: Independent Samples Test on factors preventing construction
87
workers from using safety wears on construction sites.

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 ABSTRACT

Safety practices in construction project have received several attention of the researchers over
the years but how safety practices impact workers’ productivity and operation requires some
attention on construction projects. The aim of this study is to determine the level of compliance
with the use of safety wears and other safety control systems with a view to enhancing safety
performance and workers’ productivity on construction projects. A total of one hundred and
twenty eight (128) copies of questionnaire were administered to participants with years of
experience on construction management in Lagos State, Nigeria. Data obtained based on
snowball and random sampling technique were analysed through Statistical Package for Social
Sciences (SPSS) version 21 using Mean Scores, Relative Importance Index (RII). The
significance of each of the associated variables as impacted on construction workers safety
practices on buildings project were determined using Independent Samples Test, Mann-Whitney
U Test. Descriptive outcome of the statistical analyses showed a high prevalence need of safety
practices. The findings of the study established dissatisfaction with effective use of safety wears
and its implementation among site operatives because workers find it difficult to adapt to as it
was against their traditional practices (RII=0.776), unethical practice of workers due to human
attitudinal peculiarities (RII=0.766), inadequate engagement of safety managers on sites
(RII=0.764), inadequate engagement of safety managers and ineffective supervision on site
(RII=0.762) as well as poor communication between site managers and site operatives
(RII=0.750) as factors preventing effective use of safety wears among the categories of
respondents sampled. The study concluded based on Mann-Whitney U Test result on safety
improvement measures and control systems available for safety practices and workers
performance on construction sites this include: the use of safety audio, video and visual
displaying gadgets on site, daily check of scaffold and ladder etc., inclusion of safety matters
from the planning stage, setting safety guidelines into conditions of contract, reward workers
that exhibit excellent safety performance, conduct in-house safety training were found to be

12
statistically significant with medium effect. The study recommend minimum of one safety
managers on every construction sites.

Keywords: Performance, Productivity, Safety practices, Safety wears, Site operatives.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study

Construction industry in any country is associated with vital contributions to national economic
development through strategic planning, design, and construction in transforming various
production processes into constructed facilities (Isa, Jimoh, and Achuenu, 2013). The industry is
unique among all other sectors because it provides the necessary infrastructures that stimulate
national development (Jackman, 2010 and Olanrewaju and Abdul-Rashid 2015). In Nigeria,
approximately 25% of the Nigeria’s workforce were attributed to construction industry (Ibrahim
and Musa-Haddary, 2010). Construction industry is also viewed as labour intensive because
labour cost amounts to 40-65% of the overall cost of a project (Rao, Sreenivasan and Babu,
2015). Therefore, the labour intensive nature of the industry will demands more human
involvement at the production stage. However, the industry compared with other sectors of the
economy, due to caliber of casualty suffered in execution of building projects across the globe,
has made the construction industry the most dangerous or highly hazardous industry in view of
(International Labour Organisation, 1999; Smallwood and Haupt 2002).

Ayangade (2000) indicated that the industry is a project-based firms that comprises many
parties working together towards achieving common goal. Moreover, the means of achieving
this goal is characterised by hazards which pose threat to workers life. Muiruri and Mulinge
(2014) noted that the complexities of activities required in the building production process pose
different challenges to workers health inherent risks in the production stage. (Smallwood and
Haupt 2002) viewed accidents as part of the building production process that is unavoidable
because construction industry is inherently dangerous, therefore, compliance or not to safety
practices will forfeit the impact of safety regulations. Factors adding to occurrence of
construction fatalities were known as the uniqueness of the sector that differentiate it from other
industries. This uniqueness include: short life span of projects, location are differs from time to

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time, workers turnover is high, large number of unseasonal workers which are not familiar with
construction processes, workers turnover, high rate of small firms and self-employed workers
(Safety Manual for Construction Handbook). These accidents do not only result in pain and
physical damage to the workers but also reduce productivity, time, and quality performance,
thereby pose treat to project success and escalate production cost (Muiruri and Mulinge, 2014).

Several codes and regulations have been in existence to provide succor in management of health
and safety at work. Recently, Nigerian National Building Code empowered registered builder to
prepare health and safety plan among other builder’s document in minimizing and managing
causes of accident during the construction stage. In the same vein, there are stand out obligation
explicitly highlighted in the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations on the
stakeholders engagement in execution of project management, and it also seek the support of the
client, designer, CDM coordinator, and principal coordinator on construction projects. The goal
and essence of establishing safety practices’ code and regulations on construction site is to focus
on preventing, eliminating, curbing, limiting and total eradication if possible the occurrence of
accidents and injuries during and after the construction processes and as well train site
operatives on safety programmes that will put all of these into place. The degree of confidence
that accidents will not occur throughout the duration of construction projects may not be
ascertain from the inception, but compliance with these specified safety practices will enhance
site safety, it will eliminate the causes and reduce the negative impact as well as the level of
damage to parties involves. Hinze (1997) asserted that enabling work settings enhances workers
productivity at a reduced cost but increase in profit margin.

Diugwu, Baba, and Egila (2012); Okolie and Okoye (2012), Idubor and Oisamoje (2013) and
Umeokafor, Umeadi and Jones (2014) contend that the numbers and magnitude of accidents
occurring and recorded on construction sites in Nigeria underscored low level of safety
practices. According to Dodo (2014) occupational safety is an integral part of construction
operation due to the uniqueness of the industry, different trades and skills are needed to be
carried in a safe environment, however individual’s contributes determine the successful
outcome of the projects. The authors further stressed that compliance with health and safety
regulations remains one of the integral parameters to which successful projects delivery can be
obtained. This fact is buttressed as health and safety plan/policy is one of the parameters in

14
prequalifying suitable contractors for the award of construction projects in Nigeria (Windapo,
2013 and CDM, 2015).

This dissertation is out to assess safety practices of the construction operatives in Nigeria, it will
focus on the effects of safety wear on workers operation. Possible strategies to tackle all the
identified problems during the literature review will be recommend at the completion of the
work.

1.2 Statement of the research problem

Construction accidents remained an ongoing concern in the developing countries, despite the
level of awareness in promoting safety practices over the decades. Safety practice is anchored on
workers behavior regarding safety provisions, conducts that guides workers attitude in caring out
their tasks at work in order to reduce or even eliminate accidental losses and injuries and
maximize the nominated objective of the organization (Umoh, 2013). Perceived increment in
number of casualties and illnesses reported on project sites are unacceptably high considering the
numerous regulatory standards and control systems for construction projects, thereby creating
serious menace to construction workers health at work. Thus, proactive step must be taken to
identify this factors and be averted accordingly.

Many studies have gone down the line on the subject of construction safety provisions, practices
and implementation/enforcement but focus have been on the cause of accidents, condition of
work settings, workers attitudes, and provision of health and safety training (Aniekwu, 2007;
Ismail, Doostdar and Harun, 2011; Olutuase, 2014; Umeokafor et al., 2014; Dodo, 2014).
Alinaitwe, Mwakali, and Hansson (2007) studied factors affecting productivity of building
craftsmen and found out that improper supervision and inadequate skills among workers are the
most significant factors affecting workers productivity. But there exist limited study on safety
practices and workers operations performance. Also, in the construction industry how safety
practices affect workers productivity are less documented especially in the developing countries
like Nigeria (Umoh, 2013).

Unsafe practices have been pronounced among the workers on construction sites. Clark (2006)
reported that failure to adhere with the required safety procedures and as well take precautions

15
against hazards such as wearing safety wears are common on project sites. Awwad, et al.,
(2016) added that safety practices lack necessary implementation due to absence of proper
monitoring system, low level of safety awareness and inadequate support from safety managers.
Che Hassan, Basha, Wan Hanafi (2007) and Shamsuddin et al., (2015) argued that workers
knowledge and understanding of safety at work setting remained vital in promoting safety
among themselves on construction site.

One of the top hill always confronted by any construction company is the frequent occurrence
of accidents during construction stage, Abdelhamid and Everett (2000) and Shamsuddin et al.,
(2015) argued that workers omission amounts to cause of construction injuries and this was
explained as behavior and human factor approach. Behavior approach underscored that
construction operatives are the original reason for fatality due to their unlimited number of
costly mistakes at different stages of building production process. However, human factors
approach argued that not because of individuals’ unsafe behaviour rather; the emphasis was on
nature of workplace settings. However, what remained unknown is how safety practices affect
workers output. To ensure optimum productivity of the workers, adequate safety gadgets couple
with other necessary safety training must be provided for the site operatives to safeguard them
against the possibility of any work related hazards. Though workers related hazard is not a new
phenomenon at work, as this has been established in some of the past studies. What remain new
is the persistence of accidents and how safety practices are violated in the management of
construction project.

Looking at the side effect of construction related injuries on workers and the project success,
safety practice should be integral aspect of project management and must be given high priority
by the construction participants to ensure human safety against the frequent occurrence of
accidents on construction site. Consequently, given the size, the contributions and importance of
construction workers in achieving project objectives in the industry, research on safety must go
beyond appraising traditional causes of safety problem rather proactive approaches that focus on
the unsafe behaviours exhibited by workers before it result into accident. It is against this
identified gaps in construction safety practices literature in Nigeria, this study will be focusing
on the effective use of safety wears and workers productivity in a bid to reduce causes of
accident on construction sites.

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1.3 Research questions

This study proposed following research questions to give direction to the study.

1. What are the current state of safety practices on selected building construction sites?
2. What are the factors preventing site operatives from using safety wears on construction
sites?
3. What are the effects of safety wears on workers operation on construction sites?
4. What are the respondents perception on the importance of integrating Builder’s
document and others safety control systems on construction projects?
5. What are the safety improvement measures and control systems available for safety
practices and compliance on construction sites?

1.4 Aim of the Study

The study aim at determining level of compliance with effective use of safety wears and other
safety control systems with a view to enhancing safety performance and workers’ operation on
construction sites.

1.5 Objectives of the study

To accomplish the stated aim, these objectives are proposed to give direction to this study
1. To examine the current state of safety practices on selected building construction sites;
2. To identify factors preventing site operatives from using safety wears on construction
sites;
3. To determine the effects of safety wears on workers operation on construction sites;
4. To investigate respondents perception on the importance of integrating Builder’s
document and others safety control systems on construction projects; and
5. To examine safety improvement measures and control systems available for safety
practices and compliance on construction sites.

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1.6 Hypothesis Formulation

This research hypothesis was tested in order to justify the outcome of the study.
Hypothesis one

 H0:-There is no significant difference between professional and site workers perceptions on

factors preventing effective use of safety wears on construction sites.
 H1:-There is significant difference between professional and site workers perceptions on
factors preventing effective use of safety wears on construction sites.

1.7 Significance of the study

In bid to determine the outcome of the various projects executed, construction operatives plays
very significant roles Therefore, efforts should be directed at alleviating the effect of work
hazard and risk because workers are always at the receiving end and vulnerable to accidents in a
bid to ensure their daily target are met. Therefore, this study when concluded will be addition to
past researchers effort in addressing safety practices during the execution of construction
projects in Lagos State and as well will provides lasting solutions to the challenges confronting
compliance with safety practices in management of building production process. It will also
provide further suggestion and solutions to construction stakeholders on measures to upgrade
safety practices on construction projects. The recommendations proposed at chapter five of this
research work will enable government and construction experts to look into sustainable methods
to enforce compliance with builder’s document of project health and safety plan and other
safety control systems in enhancing workers compliance with safety practices and also in
ensuring that construction works are carried out in a safe manners from the planning stage up to
handing over stage.

1.8 Study scope and limitation

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The study scope comprises medium scale categories of construction firms that operate in Lagos
State. The choice of Lagos State was based on its fast growing in development and increase in
the demands for housing unit both for residential and industrial purposes. The State in recent
time have welcomes heavy investment which includes: Eko Atlantic city, Lekki free trade zone,
Dangote petroleum refinery, Lekki deep sea port and Island international airport (Ogunde, et al.,
2017). Fagbenle, Adeyemi and Adesanya (2004) & Olaleye (2008) added that eighty percent
(80%) of the Nigerian construction contractors that registered with the Federal Registration
Board of Nigeria have their addresses in Lagos, Abuja and Port Harcourt. It is also believed that
Lagos state fairly represent an open market of construction industry for all the sundry, and the
fact that the city has suffered building collapse and casualty resulting to loss of life, litigation,
regulatory actions, pains, injuries, delayed schedules, loss reputation and loss of property among
others.

1.9 Definition of Terms

Occupational Safety and Health (OSH): is defined according to Alli (2008) as the study of
the expectation, acknowledgment, assessment and control of hazards emerging in or from the
work environment that could impede safety of operatives.
Safety policy: is a strategy and commitment together with the arrangements on ground to create
adequate safety education among workers on hazards related to their work and the role an
individual/person needs to play at work settings in ensuring healthy working conditions. The
goal and essence of establishing safety practices’ code and regulations on construction sites is to
prevent, eliminate, curb, limit and total eradication if possible, the occurrence of accidents and
injuries during and after the construction processes and as well train site operatives on safety
programmes that will put all these in place.

Health: Health, as defined by Longman’s Dictionary of Contemporary English, is a point of

well-being both in body and mind and free from unknown injury. It is also defined according to
Hughes and Ferret, (2005) as the assurance of the body and psyche of individuals from
anticipated injury coming about because of materials, procedures or strategies utilized as a part
of the working environment.

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Safety: According Gray (1990) safety is key to achieving success in construction project, is a
state of being free from harm. In other word Safety is a state of being secured from accidents,
hazard, injury or death due to measures put in place to prevent such from happening.

Accident: Accident is therefore an impromptu occasion that resort into injury of individual or
damages to property, plant, materials or environment or loss of business opportunities (Hughes
and Ferrett, 2011).

Productivity: Jarkas and Bitar (2012) define productivity as the ratio of using total input such
as labour, materials, equipment, energy and capital to produce total output based on two
measures.

Site operatives: Site operatives in this research work are refers both skilled, semi-skilled and
unskilled workers engaged in the physical construction of a building.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2. 1 Introduction

The chapter is reviewing renowned authors’ published and unpublished works on issues
regarding safety practices, compliance and management on the construction sites. Sub topics
will covers area such as the operation of Nigerian construction industry, health and safety
management, challenges facing the implementation and compliance with health and safety
practices, safety performance and productivity, the roles and importance of various code and
regulations on safety practices, among others shall be considered.

Alli (2008) defined Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) as the study of the expectation,
acknowledgment, assessment and control of hazards emerging in or from the work environment
that could impede the safety of operatives. Safety policy is a strategy and commitment together
with the arrangements on ground to create adequate safety education among workers on hazards
related to their work and the role an individual/person needs to play at work settings in ensuring
healthy working conditions. The goal and essence of establishing safety practices’ code and
regulations on construction sites is to prevent, eliminate, curb, limit and total eradication if
possible, the occurrence of accidents and injuries during and after the construction processes
and as well train site operatives on safety programmes that will put all these in place.

2.2 Concept of the Study

21
According to the proponents, proactive measure plays significant role in achieving safety
compliance on construction projects. Ivonne, Andrade, and Herrera (2012) explained meaning
of performance indicators as 1) lagging indicators, which refer to what has occurred in the past;
2) current indicators, which refer to what is occurring now; and 3) leading indicators, which
refer to what may occur in the future. According to Shamsuddin et al., (2015) proactive safety
approach help to maintain workers, reduce claims and delays, save lives, and enhancing
operations output and gain while strengthening the company’s reputation. Oostakhan, Mofidi,
and Talab (2012) added that proactive measure is a useful tool in raising the level of workers
safety behaviours. Khan, Rathnayaka and Ahmed (2015) noted that safety should address issues
beyond lagging indicators and focuses more on human behaviour and culture that improved
safety performance on construction sites. Safety experts also addressed benefits of lagging
indicators and added that they do not give adequate data or understanding to successfully
maintain a strategic distance from future mischances. Glendon and Mckenna (1995) recognized
various reasons why accidents information, or comparative result information, are poor about
safety policy: they are inadequately dedicated, reviewed, and overlooked chance introduction.

Laitinen, Marjamaki, and Paivarinta (1999) expressed that it was practically difficult to utilize
accident as a safety policy on construction sites. This was a direct result of arbitrary variety,
where many locales would have no mischances, and it was impractical to decide if the
destinations with zero casualties are more secure than destinations with minor mishaps.
Perceiving such inadequacies, numerous researchers advocated a move to utilizing proactive,
driving pointers (Flin, Mearns, O'Connor and Bryden, 2000; Cooper, 2000; Mohamed, 2002;
Choudhry and Fang, 2005; Hinze, 2005). Interestingly, driving pointers are measures which
were not really authentic in character yet it could be utilized as indicators for future safety
execution. This are situations, occasions, or approaches that go before an episode and have a
prescient incentive as to a mischance/occurrence/dangerous conditions.

Ismail, Ahmad and Ismail (2012) noted that implementing a proactive safety measures will lead
to improved safety performance, significance reduced injury rates and cost to managing it,
improvement on co-operation, involvement and communication between management system,
ownership of safety by workforce, enhanced acceptance of responsibility for safety and better
understanding of the relationship between safe behaviour and accidents. However, from the

22
above literature, it can be observed that studies on proactive measures modified workers safety
behaviour on construction sites are hard to come by in Nigeria. This is due to its active role of
modifying the behaviour of workers which will reluctantly yield a greater influence in
improving safety behaviour (Mat Zin and Ismail, 2011). Hollnagel, Wears and Braithwaite
(2015) argued that safety management must look ahead and not only try to avoid things going
wrong, but also try and ensure that they all went right.

Shamsuddin et al., (2015) added that developing a proactive safety culture mighty take longer
time and required investing large sum of money on planning, investigating and implementation
of proactive safety culture into each level within the organization. Once it succeeded, the
relative rewards will be achieve in terms of competitive advantage, quality, reliability and
profitability within organization. Idoro (2008) added that factors that causes construction
accidents and injuries should be controlled by adopting proactive approach that looked ahead in
dealing with the problems before they occurred.

On other hand judging from the inspiration of David in the holy bible “Then Saul dressed David
in his garments and put a bronze helmet on his head, and put a coat of armor on him. Then
David fastened his sword over his armour and tried to walk, but he could not because he was
not used to them. And David said to Saul, “I cannot go with these, because I am not used to
them. So David took them off (1 Samuel 17:38-39 Amplified Bible)”.

2.3 Historical Background about the Operation of the Nigerian Construction Company

Construction activities is believed to have been in existence as humanity, while building project
in Nigeria started as early as 1930’s. Construction activities were executed via public works
department (PWD) and Royal Army Engineers who later became (Nigerian Army Engineers).
The only means of project execution then was through direct labour. However, British and
Italian construction companies were first to be engaged as contractors in the Nigerian
construction industry in the 1940’s (Olowookere, 1985). Construction industry is also
considered as labour intensive because, labour cost amounts to 40-65% of the overall cost of a
project according (Rao, Sreenivasan and Babu 2015).

The construction companies in Nigeria operate majorly in two categories, multinational

construction companies and indigenous construction companies as expressed in Idoro (2007)

23
and Ogbu (2011). Ogbu (2011) and Ogunbanjo (2010) quoted the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry
Content Development Act 2010, definition of Nigerian indigenous company as one who
registered under Companies and Allied Matters Act and having not less than 51% of Nigerian
shareholding. Ogbu (2011), Ibrahim, Daniel and Alkizim (2014) and Ibrahim, Githae and
Stephen (2014) explained that an indigenous construction company can be view as the Nigerian
owned firms, whose establishment and man power resources are sourced in Nigeria, and their
strength determine their level of operation in terms of project handling. Majority of government
financed project and public-private-partnership project enjoy the engagement of foreign firms in
execution of their project, due to adequacy of technically demand, skillful managerial
competence, good planning, robust financial management, diversity in construction methods
compared to indigenous firms who depend on individuals client for the award of building
contracts as viewed in (Enshassi, Mohammed, Mayer and Abed 2007; and Idoro, 2007) studies.
The activities of the indigenous construction companies contribute significantly to the
attainment of national development aim of providing infrastructure, employment and
implementation of construction projects in Nigeria (Osei, 2013).

In addition, Idoro, (2010), Ibrahim, Daniel and Ahmad (2014) and Ibrahim, Githae and Stephen
(2014) postulated that about 50-100% public and private clients involves Nigerian Indigenous
construction companies in traditional and non-traditional procurement system. These greater
percentage of projects executed by indigenous construction company in Nigeria have largely
experienced different level of accidents and injuries. Incidences of accidents and injuries are
common occurrence on construction sites undertook by indigenous construction companies.
However, no reliable figure that can attest to exact numbers of construction accident in Nigeria,
but in Idoro (2011), it was established that high rate of accident and injury were noticed among
the indigenous companies at a ratios of 2 accidents per 100 workers and 5 injuries per 100
workers. As matter of fact, the risk of serious injuries are almost three times higher than that of
foreign contractors operating in the country (Agwu and Olele, 2013; Muiruri and Mulinge,
2014). Indigenous construction companies still represent one of the most dynamic and risky
business in Nigeria because of the occurrence of accidents and fatalities compared to
multinational companies.

24
Construction industry have been known for its physical nature due to the activities of works
embedded in the building production process. It can be argue that, the physical nature of the
industry have direct impact on the operation of workers both in developed and developing
countries (Babu, 2015). Health and safety is a major factors in ensuring that, construction
project fully attained it objective within the estimated budget with minor or no accident. In the
same vein, Muhammad, Abdulateef and Ladi (2015) opined that, workers compliance with
health and safety regulations will have a positive influence in assessing workers quality delivery
and productivity of construction projects. Dodo (2014) added that health and safety is an
unavoidable aspect of construction process with the contributions of different tradesmen and
professionals at each production stages. Ogbu (2011) argued that what determines indigenous
construction company in Nigeria, is the utilization of indigenous management staff and the joint
ownership by the Nigerian. They are mainly seen as ‘medium and small size firms. However,
irrespective of the category of their operations, construction industry contributes largely to the
economic outcome of every nations; by creating employment opportunity and incomes for the
populace as asserted by (Rameezdeen, 2007; Myers, 2008; Dlamini, 2011; and Nyoni and
Bonga, 2016).

In view of this, Idoro (2010); Okoye, and Okolie (2012); and Muhammad, Abdulateef and Ladi
(2015) stated that multinational construction company are better than the indigenous
construction company in quality performance based on this three criteria: ‘workmanship’,
‘percentage of retention fees collected for the projects when completed’ and quality of materials
used for the projects. Multinational construction company’ was considered to have better
advantage to indigenous construction company in terms of performance and compliance. There
exist some critical factors that need assessment. The operation of works both in the
multinational construction company and indigenous construction company are being carried out
by the same workers who are Nigerian. Idoro (2007) and Ogbu (2011) contended that
multinational construction company have been considered to have better knowledge about
safety regulations than indigenous construction company but it can be established that none of
them have performed better than another in terms of safety practices and compliance.

2.4 Current State of Construction Safety Practices and Performance

25
Safety can be viewed as a point at which all associated risks with a particular job are well
managed in a reasonable manner (Brueggman, 2001). Weick (1991); Brueggman (2001) and
Ahmad, Iqbal, Rashid, Iqbal and Roomi (2016) defined safety as unique event that is paramount
to continuous attainment of productivity. In the same vein, Ahmad, Iqbal, Rashid, Iqbal and
Roomi (2016) opined that safety focus on curbing accidents at work setting and its negative
effect on the workers in all manner. Assessment of various researchers such as: Aniekwu
(2007); Idoro 2011; Okolie and Okoye (2012); Idubor and Oisamoje (2013); Dodo (2014); and
Umeokafor et al., (2014); on provisions and management of safety in construction project
reveals that adoption and compliance with health and safety provision served as catalyst in
optimizing construction production process. On the other hand, without compliance to health
and safety practices, more accident will result in pains, accidents and legal actions thereby
escalating production cost. Based on this, Famakin & Fawehinmi (2012) stated that safety
practices are parameter to measure successful project delivery which is most paramount to the
client because they greatly influenced in achieving efficiency and effectiveness amongst
professionals and even workers in the construction industry.

The anomalies as seen in the construction firm’s failure to comply with minimum requirement
of health and safety practices might cause the victim waste of time and loss of money to the
firms. Although construction firms may be covered with life assurance for their staffers from
certain direct costs resulting from injury suffered, however some tectonic cost may be involved
which cannot be insured against, such as loss of trained personnel, loss of production hours due
to other operatives stopping the progress of the work out of concern or assisting the injured
persons (Aniekwu, 2007). Thus, the lack of adherence to safety practices will delay the
production process of construction activities.

Several attempts have been considered by the construction industry towards improving its safety
performance. However, the paradigm shift from monitoring safety performance to preventive
measures of improving safety performance. Ikechukwu, and Dorothy (2013) and Muhammad,
Abdulateef and Ladi (2015) stated that some of the developing nations like Nigeria among the
developing nations that lacks adaptive laws and regulations on health and safety practices. The
study added that, effective management of safety practices are aided by various factors such as:
socio-humanitarian perspective, and financial-economic perspective. George, Geoffrey and

26
Matthew (2013) added that construction company should provide awareness particularly on each
project, that covers an outline of the project, a top to bottom survey of the safety necessities and desires,
clearing arrangements and systems, disciplinary activities, substance manhandle testing policy and
proactive management methods needed for the project.

A nationwide survey was conducted by Boustras, Hadjimanolis, Economides, Yiannaki and

Nicolaides (2015) on management of health and safety of micro-firms in Cyprus. The study
looked at the determinants factors of safety performance at the work environment in small scale
firms. The study was purposive in nature, therefore copies of structured questionnaire were used
to gather data needed. Going by the outcome of the study, work settings safety in small scale
firms can be improved by embracing “training”, “risk assessment,’ and “safety policy
formulation.” The research findings showed that, the nature and characteristic of management
systems demonstrated in an organisation, methods designed for attaining work objectives, and
resources available have significant influence on small scale firm. The study contradict some
previous research outcome on the ground that adoption of “quality management system” cannot
be said to have significance collaboration with safety outcome in the final model.

Awwad, El Souki and Jabbour (2016) examined construction safety practices and challenges in
a Middle Eastern developing country. Face to face survey were conducted using structured
questionnaire with the construction practitioners, insurance firms and government agencies. The
findings of the study however showed the availability of construction labour safety law but lack
necessary implementation, absence of monitoring, failure of safety awareness and inadequate
support from all the participant concerned with implementations of safety practices on
construction sites. This study called for appropriate awareness within the construction firms’
which mighty be of helpful in curbing this challenges.

Kolawole (2014) assessed safety measures on building sites: a case study of Minna, North
Central Nigeria. The study examined safety approach adopted in Minna construction firms, it
also evaluates if implementation of safety regulation will reduces workers claim for accident on
sites or motivate them for better performance. Population needed for the study were randomly
selected among building construction firms through copies of structured questionnaire. Result
from the analysis noted that site workers embraced “safety training” as this enhances their
performances and reduced accidents on site and also government did not have well defined

27
safety act for construction activities. The study recommended training and re-training of their
workers on the relevance of safety practices, while government should develop and enact
“safety act” for controlling site based injury.

Idoro (2011) studied effect of mechanization on Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)
performance of the Nigerian construction industry. This study evaluated the level of
mechanisation and its relationship to the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) performance in
the industry and also established impact of mechanisation on OHS performance and implored
the commitment of contractors to effective OHS management. Questionnaire was adopted and
analysed by percentages, means, t-tests and Spearman’s correlation tests. The results of the
study indicated that increase in mechanisation also increased the rates of accident and injury
occurrences. This study concluded that failure to effectively manage mechanisation worsen
OHS performance on project sites. However, construction managers should devise means of
effective measures that will implement control of OHS performance before using new or
additional safety wears.

Agwu (2012) conducted a study on total safety management (TSM) an approach for improving
organisational performance in selected construction firms in Nigeria. The study adopted
stratified and random sampling technique for the copies of questionnaire distributed among the
selected six most famous construction firms operating in Nigeria, they include: (Julius Berger
Nigeria Plc, Setraco Nigeria Ltd, Fourgerolle Nigeria Ltd, Arab-Contractors Nigeria Ltd,
Dantata & Sawoe Nigeria Ltd and Costain Nigeria Ltd). The outcome of the research suggested
that integration of total safety management as part of the organisational policy would lead to
improving safety practices on construction projects. The study therefore recommended that, to
sustain the advantage of total safety practices in Nigerian, operatives need to maintain good
attitudinal behavior and structural modifications in management of construction safety. Babu
(2015) study aimed at investigating safety performance on the construction sites. The study
soughed the opinion of construction participant using copies of structured questionnaire to
appraised safety performances on their construction sites. The outcome revealed inadequate
support from the government, insurance companies, ministry of labour, and construction
participant.

28
Okoye, Ezeokonkwo, and Ezeokoli (2016) studied building construction workers’ health and
safety knowledge and compliance on sites in Anambra State, Nigeria. The research employed
Mean Score Index and Pearson’s Product-moment Correlation Coefficient (r) to analyze the
data randomly sampled from the fifteen (15) selected construction sites in the study area.
However, the outcome of the research showed that, low safety awareness and compliance
among the sites operatives, this resort into low project performance. The study recommended
that, knowledge and compliance with health and safety practices alone cannot achieve optimum
project performance, it would require safety culture which encompassed other factors are as
follows: management commitment, workers involvement and strict enforcement of safety
regulation should be adopted. In view of this, Akinwale and Olusanya (2016) studied
implications of occupational health and safety intelligence in Nigeria via cross-sectional
research design and risk society and sense-making theories’. The study conducted 15 in-depth
interviews ranges from the managers and senior staffer of the selected organizations in Lagos
State, Nigeria. Data were subjected to content analysis and ethnographic technique. However,
the study affirmed that managers and employees are the major target of occupational health
hazards, such as loss of man-hours, productivity, and job security. High level of awareness on
the importance of occupational safety was recorded but inadequate investment in the capacity
building on safety’ programmes in the organisation. The study therefore recommends good
policy on occupational health with adequate investment in precautions and safety intelligence
will enhance individual and organizational development in Nigeria.

2.5 Construction Operatives’ in Nigeria

Construction industry always attract different participants working together to perform one
tasks or the other which are interdependence and each of this operative input are required in
meeting up clients satisfaction in all ramification. Wahab (1991) cited in Fagbenle et al., (2011)
viewed site operatives as core that linked other construction resources together (materials
resources, plants and equipment, and finance) to achieved project expected outcome.
Assessment of projects success is incomplete without mentioning their contributions. In
addition to site operatives’ contribution to success factor of construction industry, they also
facilitates high productivity, less supervision, ensure company’s competitiveness and reduction
of accidents rate.

29
Site operatives are needed to perform specific tasks which could or/and could not be done
mechanically. Currently, construction industry employs different categories of operatives on site
for the executions of building production process. This includes: skilled and unskilled labours
that falls undertake the following tasks Masons and plasterers of walls, Carpenters/Joiners,
Electricians, Painters, Glaziers, Roofers, Tilers, Floorers, Steel benders & fixers, Scaffolders,
Plumbers, Plants and Equipment operators, Plants and Equipment etc. their operations are under
the supervision and control of the professionals in the built environment in ensuring stated
objectives of the project are met. Since each items of work comes with their associated risks,
(NBC, Sect.13.12.4) specifically empowered registered builder to take up the responsibility
managing construction of building works including supervision of artisans and tradesmen.

Previous studies conducted by Fagbenle (2004); Alinaitwe et al., (2007); Ruchi (2012); Kuroshi
and Lawal (2014); Durdyev and Mbachu (2011); Bilau, Ajagbe, Kigbu and Sholanke (2015)
established the importance of site operatives and their vital contributions to the industry. They
jointly opined that construction sector is the major users’ of human resources after agriculture
however, they are confronted with shortages of technically required of skilled craftsmen which
affected productivity, work quality, projects duration and company’s’ profit.

2.5.1 Skilled labour Operatives’

Wikipedia defined skill labour as one capable of working independently and efficiently and
turning out accurate working. Skilled labour are characterised by the virtue of their training.
They involves complicated tasks that need special skills, education, training and experience that
must be demonstrated on any given task. The personnel under the skilled labour are of different
abilities ranging from apprentices to trades foremen or supervisor. The apprentices can be
regarded as beginner who is willing and interested in learning a certain trades. The three
possible avenue of training people are school, workshop and field (Husseini, 1991). Those that
falls under this category are Masons and plasterers of walls, Carpenters/Joiners, Electricians,
Painters, Glaziers, Roofers, Tilers, Floorers, Steel benders & fixers, Scaffolders, Plumbers,
Plants and Equipment operators, Plants and Equipment.

2.5.2 Semi-Skilled Operatives’

30
Semi-skilled operatives’ are regarded as people who are able to work under adequate
supervision and control. Though they have vast knowledge of the task to be undertaken but they
cannot be regarded to as tradesmen. Semi–skilled operatives’ are knowledgeable enough to
follow instructions, take direction and safety rules and work with caution. This category
comprises assistant operator, security guard, assistant electricians, iron-benders’ helper.

2.5.3 Unskilled Operatives

Unskilled operatives’ are the workers that require no definite or specials skill to carry their tasks
(Wahab, 1991). They are the category of operatives that of low skills or limited economic value
for the work they performed. They are categorized by the levels of their wages and education at
times because e their task require no specific training, experience, or education.

Their performance remained the yardstick to measures their wages, though due to familiarity or
judging by the previous similar job experience it might help in setting a standard of work to
justify their wages. Labourers on site fall into this category

2.6 Gaps between worker competence and productivity

Though, the importance of site operatives cannot be over emphasized in the industry, because
they can single handedly eliminate inconsistence arising from poorly constructed projects
(Bilau, et al., 2015). In Nigeria, high demand for aestheticism and quality by the clients has also
raised some concern amongst contractors about inadequacy of skilled and qualified manpower,
needed for construction activities this has warrant kin interest in further training and
development of workers. Kuroshi (2015) define skills gap as a point when worker did not have
all the necessary skills to perform his/her job effectively, it can also be refer to as the situation
where a firm has employees but they are not skillful enough to meet the organizations’ quality
expectation.

Kuroshi (2015) noticed skill gaps in Nigerian construction industry, especially on lack
necessary knowledge, skills and experience required from the Artisans and Craftsmen to
undertake their duties competently. He stressed that what most of the artisan possesses are
simple skills that was learnt informally and/or on-the-job, and there still exit gaps between the
skills required on the job and the actual skills possessed by the employees. Abiola (2004) added

31
that the problem of rework of defective or unsatisfactory work done are mostly attributed to
poor level of workmanship by incompetent skilled craftsmen.

According to Kuroshi (2015) professional that will manage building production process is
expected to possess the following technical skills namely: Building drawing skills, Surveying,
landscaping and site preparation skills, Foundation skills, Ability to use machines for
construction, Ability to use hand tools for practical work, Brick and block Laying skills,
Roofing skills, Masonry skills in building, Concreting and reinforcement skills, Carpentry and
Joinery skills, Final Finishes skills, Plumbing skills. While advanced skill required are as
follows: Technical skills, Leadership skills, Multi skilling, Team-working skills, Customer
skills, Safety implementation skills, regulation compliance and customer relations. Otherwise
construction activities will always resort in poor workmanship and building failure.

2.7 Workers productivity

Safety practices in construction projects have received several attention of the researchers over
the year, but how safety compliance affect worker productivity and performance requires some
attention. Productivity is as simple as getting output from input. Jarkas and Bitar (2012) defined
productivity as the ratio of using total input such as labour, materials, equipment, energy and
capital to produce total output based on two measures namely: total factor productivity (TFP)
and partial factor productivity (PFP) as parameter commonly used to determine productivity on
construction projects.
Expression in as shown in Equation 1:
Eq. 1 TFP = Total output
Σ[labour+materials+equipment+energy+capital]

The second measure of productivity is the partial factor productivity (PFP), which is expressed
as the ratio of the outputs to a single or selected set of inputs. One of the most commonly used
PFP measures in construction is labour productivity, which is defined as the ratio of output to
labour input; the output is measured in terms of the quantities installed, and labour input is
measured as work-hours.
Expression in as shown in Equation 2:
Eq. 2 Labour productivity Output quantity

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 Labour hours
The data for computations of the total factor productivity are relatively difficult to obtain, but
the measurement process becomes much easier and more controllable when a partial factor
measure such as labour productivity is used (Jarkas and Bitar, 2012). Umoh and Torbira (2013)
added that Profitability is a quantitative or factually weighted measure of how effective a given
arrangement of destinations are.

2.8 The perception of safety practices and workers productivity.

Attar, Gupta and Desai (2012) viewed productivity as one of the key performance to measure
the significant of every organization, irrespective of their size in today‘s competitive market. It
is believed that, workers daily activities can go on smoothly when available safety wears are
used. The use of safety wears would absolutely protect and reduce the level of damage to the
affected workers. However, contractors do overlook their workers compliance to the use of
safety wears because they perceived using safety wears would increase the time taken by the
workers to complete their daily output, which in turn impedes their productivity (Irizarry,
Simonsen, and Abraham, 2005).

Umoh and Torbira (2013) worked on safety practices and the productivity of employees in
manufacturing firms. The study uncovered that there is certain and critical connection between
the availability of safety wears and workers productivity. Famakin & Fawehinmi (2012) stated
that provision of safety plan and policies/programs such as welfare facilities, workers
motivation, enabling working tools and environment, provisions and use of safety wears has
positive result on productivity, hence increase profit.

Thomas and Sudhakumar (2014) studied factors influencing construction labour productivity an
Indian case study. The study methods includes discussions with construction stakeholders on
project sites to identify factors impeding labour productivity in Kerala. The study questionnaire
were structured into three sections, preliminary pilot-tested on a small sample and analyses by
multiplication of the importance and frequency indices which in turn yielded a severity index
(SI). The top five factors identified as having a significant impact on productivity: (i) timely
availability of materials on worksites, (ii) delayed in material delivery by the suppliers, (iii)

33
strikes caused by political parties, (iv) frequent change in design resulting into additional
work/rework and (v) prompt available of drawings on worksites.

Umoh and Torbira (2013) contended that accidents does not just diminish profitability, it added
directly and indirectly to the cost of production. Therefore, a huge connection between
legitimate institutional safety policies and the production output formed a critical connection
between employer’s compliance to safety control and man hour put in place for workers
operation. However, safety personnel ought to be utilized to deal with safety challenges
confronting the operations of workers. Umoh and Torbira (2013) stressed that enhancing safety
strategies for operatives’ has incredibly affected and still impacts productivity, however this is
not without some noticeable deficiencies. Safety at work in this regards has throughout the
years been viewed as the hob of expanded operatives’ profitability.

Rao, Sreenivasan and Babu (2015) defined productivity in construction as the units of work
output per man hour, thus the rate of effective output to available resources on each task.
Resources is made up of labour, capital, man power, raw materials. Yisa, Holt and Sakari
(2000); Adnan (2009); Adjei (2009); Fagbenle, Ogunde, and Owolabi (2011) noticed decline in
productivity on construction projects. There are number of literatures that extensively discussed
factors affecting workers productivity on construction sites take for example, Lim and Alum
(1995) noticed seventeen factors that affected workers productivity in Singapore of which
difficulty in appointing site managers and workers output topped the list. In Malaysia, shortage
of materials on sites was ranked first out of fifty factors that affected workers productivity as
researched by (Abdul Kadir, Lee, Jaafar, Sapuan, and Ali 2005). Consequently, in New Zealand
the most significant factors affecting workers productivity were re-work, skills and experience
of the workers according to (Durdyev and Mbachu 2011).

In Uganda, Alinaitwe, Mwakali, and Hansson (2007) studied factors affecting productivity of
building craftsmen. Thirty six factors that have direct link to time, cost and quality were ranked,
improper supervision and inadequate skills among workers were the most significant factors
affecting workers productivity. The study concluded that, productivity of worker is very
important, especially in developing countries, where most of the building construction works
are manually operated. Shashank Supata, Kabin, and Nath (2014) categorized factors affecting
workers productivity into eight, such as: environmental, manpower, managerial, material/

34
equipment, motivation, safety, and quality. The study concluded that out of these eight
categories, motivation is the most significant of all on workers in enhancing productivity.

Rao et al., (2015) did similar study on ‘Labour productivity-analysis by ranking’, noticed sixty
one (61) factors and they were classified into six group, namely: i. labor ii. management iii.
Design / build-ability iv. Tools and equipment v. Natural vi. Miscellaneous, they were later
divided into client and contractor factors. Reliability analysis test showed the factors that are
significant to workers productivity include: political influence, economic slowdown/Recession,
government regulations, accidents during construction, health and safety factors and poor co-
ordination between different departments were enumerated. Dozzi and AbouRizk (1993) and
Funso, Samml and Gerryshom (2016) opined that, workers motivation, safety practices at work,
environmental factors and physical limitation are regarded as factors that increases labour
productivity. From the fore-going, there is no consensus in the previous studies on if wearing
safety wears was part of the identified factors that affect workers productivity on construction
projects. However, the focus of this study is on the perceived effects’ of safety wears on site
operatives’ daily output.

2.9 Causes of Accident on Construction Sites

The causes of occupational accidents have been classified into unsafe conditions and unsafe
behaviour. Elufidipe (2009) believed that accidents occurrence can be attributed to either unsafe
working conditions or unsafe acts. The study stressed that some accidents occur by giving
operatives task that they are not trained to undertake, such tasks could be summarized as
follows: improper handling of tools or equipment, failure to use safety wears/personal protective
equipment, Unsafe loading, arranging and placing, unsafe exposure to hazardous materials or tools.
In arguing the cause of accidents and injuries on projects sites, the artistic perceptions of the
causes of accidents on construction sites were viewed in diverse opinions such as ‘accident is an
act of God,’ ‘accident is as a result of unknown causes, unsafe conditions, and unsafe acts
(Idubor and Oisamoje 2013), ‘accidents happen due to bad luck or people’s ignorance’
(Guldenmund, Cleal and Mearns 2013).

35
However, Abdelhamid and Everett (2000), Mullen (2004), Sadullah and Kanten (2009), Mui
Zin and Ismail (2011), Oostakhan, Mofidi, and Talab (2012) and Solis-Carcano and Franco-
Poot (2014) argued that though accidents occurred due to combination of various factors, the
largest proportions of the accidents causes are attributed to unsafe behaviours rather than unsafe
conditions. This was corroborated with Sherratt (2014) argument that, people that operates in
the industry are responsible for the problem of the industry. Smallwood (2002) viewed
accidents as part of the building production process that is unavoidable because construction
industry is inherently dangerous, therefore, compliance or non-compliance with safety
regulations will abridged the importance of safety regulations. The research of Aniekwu, (2007)
on accidents and safety violations in Nigerian construction sites identified human factors as the
major cause of accident and it will require pro-activeness of safety managers to effectively
coordinate both human and materials resources on site. This was against the view of Kolawole
(2014) as workers indiscipline, inadequate communication and site characteristics were
expressed as causes of accidents. Okoye (2012) listed out the following: working bare footed,
use of bamboo scaffolds, hand mixing of concrete without protective safety wears as some of
the unsafe practices among workers on construction sites in Nigeria.

In arguing the cause of accidents on construction sites in Nigeria, Lehaney, Diugwu, Willemyns
and Hosie (2012) noted that the failed occupational health and safety system in Nigeria could be
traced back to weak statutory regulations and provisions. Umeokafor et al., (2014) study
unearthed key issues affecting health and safety compliance in Nigeria as owner`s character and
lack of clarity in the health and safety provisions, inadequate enforcement and lack of adequate
regulations. The outcome of Okeola (2009) study articulated that, workers are prone to injuries
at work setting because they lack appropriate approach and right attitude in which contractors
disregarded compliance with Occupational Health and Safety (OHS). According to Dodo (2014)
meaningful safety practices for construction workers has not been embraced.

Interestingly, numerous authors has contributed to the issues of safety practices in managing
building production process with different view on causes of construction accident, but there
have been little effort to bring together major causes and factors responsible for construction
fatality in unified state. Therefore, all the identified causes are brought together and classified

36
from the literature in order to establish the critical factors responsible for the cause of
construction casualty.

Table 2.1 Different categories causes of construction casualty

Factors Authors

Artistic perception

Accidents are acts of God. (Idubor and Osiamoje , 2013)

Accidents are the results of bad luck or ignorant of workers. (Guldenmund, 2000)

Unknown causes, unsafe conditions, unsafe act. (Human Performance

Technologies, 1998)

Organizational, weather conditions and cultural factors. (Reese and Eidons, 1999).

Individual competence and attitudes, Project characteristics. (Torner and Pousette, 2009)

Organization and structures Collective values, norms, and behaviors.

Accidents are caused by physical natures of the construction (Hinze, 1997)

sites and worker actions.

Managerial category

Subcontractors lacks safety commitment due to resource limitations. (Wong and So, 2002).

Lack of awareness, absence of personal protective equipment, (Berger, 2008 and Farooqui, first
aid and safety managers. Arif, and Rafeeqi, (2008).

Indiscipline, inadequate communication and site characteristics. (Kolawole, 2014)

The repetitive nature of the construction projects, the transient nature of (Rowlinson and Lingard, 1996)

work, patronage of uneducated workers and high levels of subcontracting.

Inadequate supervision of safety and health on construction site. (Reese and Eidons, 1999).

Technical category

Knowledge gap, lack of will, and especially lack of means (Champoux and Brun, 2001).

Lack of resources (technical and financial) to identify, address, and (Rigby and Lawlor, 2001).
control risks and operational hazards.
Heavy machinery and working under unfavorable conditions. (Hallowell and Gambatese, 2009)

The use of migrant workers in construction. (Balch and Geddes, 2003).

Work environment and condition

Organizational structure, ineffective channels of communication,

unclear instructions, lack of safety culture, (Ismail, Doostdar and Harun,

37
codes and standards, training, leadership and responsibility. 2011)
“Lack of clients support, and inadequate work procedures” (Bust and Gibb, 2006, Awwad et
al., 2016)
Willingness of low wage workers to ignorantly take risks in keeping (Koehn and Reddy, 1999;
their jobs. Guldenmund et al., 2013).
Regulations enforcement

Corruption, improper enforcement of laws and regulations. (Koehn et al., 1995)

Lack of enforcement of construction labour safety law, absent of (Awwad, Souki, and Jabbour
monitoring or follow-up, and lack of safety education and commitment 2015)
from all parties involved.
Inefficacy of regulations and policies. (Alkilani et al., 2013).
Weak safety regulatory authority or non-existent, and workers (Lee and Halpin, 2003)
cursorily support regulations”.
Weak statutory OSH regulations and provisions. (Diugwu, Baba, and Egila, 2012).
“Limited legislation governing Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) (Enshassi et al., 2008)
and lack of attention for general conditions of workers”

Sources: Author literature survey, 2016

2.10 Overview of Personal Protective Equipment (Safety Wears)

Safety management and accident prevention remained an issue of debate in construction

industry. Personal protective equipment (PPE) is a preventive safety wears against the
occurrence of injuries at work. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO) codes
of practice, it is important for employers to make available personal protective equipment (Safety
Wears) appropriate for the nature of work to be carried out. Safety wears should fit perfectly and
be suitable to work with. In order to properly use safety wears the nature and degree of the
anticipated risk must be studied, known and then selection of appropriate safety wears should be
in conformity with the specified standards. Users must be trained on right usage and adequate
maintenance must be provided for safety wears after use.

Farooqui et al. (2007) opined that, unsafe conditions coupled with the use of improper safety
wears contributed to high rate of accidents in construction industry. In the same vein
Abdelhamid and Everett (2000) believed that, continuous monitoring of safety wears compliance
and framing comprehensive purchase policy are the responsibility of safety department. In
Prasad and Rao (2013) study, safety wears was at the last stage of hierarchy of controls and its
enforcement will be implemented after engineering and administrative controls. Management is
responsible for training, monitoring and compliance with the use of safety wears in ensuring
workers safety on construction sites. The provision and use of safety wears can be significant
element in terms of accident prevention and control on construction sites. Krishnamurthy (2006)

38
conducted study on safety in high rise design and construction, the study argued that workers
ignorance, negligence, carelessness and over-confidence were the major perceived reasons
workers disregard wearing of safety wears properly.

Winder and Makin (2006) and Prasad and Rao (2013) opined that, safety can be achieve through
systematic approach (engineering controls, administrative controls and implementation of
personal protective equipment usage) or hierarchy of control (elimination, substitution; isolation;
administrative controls and personal protective equipment). Systematic approach to occupational
health safety management system offers better approach than the five traditional treatment
options agitated by the hierarchy of controls. Safety wears can enhance the safety of worker as
indicated in some of the past research studies.

Abdel Hamid and Everett (2000) conducted depth study by arranged causes of low use of safety
wears into human and physical elements. Human elements neglected to wear individual
defensive hardware such as: safety wears, clowning around, working at risky speed, individual
component, evacuate security gadget, overhauled moving and empowered wears, took hazardous
position or stance, and utilized inadequate device or hardware, and other dangerous activity.
While, physical elements were because of perilous demonstration of someone else dismiss
known endorsed strategies, deformities of mischance source, dress or attire risk, ecological
danger, fire danger, dangerous course of action, risky strategy, housekeeping peril dishonorable
task of work force, insufficiently protected, open danger, and other hazardous conditions.

Safety wears is not necessary, not adequate, and inconvenience were some of the reasons
responsible for non-compliance with effective use of safety wears among the workers. In
Osonwa, Eko and Ozah (2015) study of utilization of safety wears among wood factory workers
in Calabar municipality, Southern Nigeria. However, the finding further revealed the need for
training on the use of safety wears this could create awareness on the implications of inhaling
wood dust on workers’ health.

2.11 Some of the Personal protective equipment (Safety wears) for construction work.

The choice of selecting appropriate safety wears is based on the anticipated hazards. However,
some of the safety wears for the construction work include: hardhat, safety glasses or face
shield, respirator, body protective wears, gloves and safety foot wears.

39
 a. Head Protective wear

Safety helmets or hard hats is the name of safety wear use to protect human head from injury of
falling or flying objects, or due to striking against objects or structures”. Most of the safety
Regulations clearly include the use of safety helmet before visitor or workers can gain entrance
to construction site, especially where the possibility of falling object is high to avoid head
injury.
Safety helmets or hard hats has reinforced ribs on top for impact strength, a rain gutter round the
side and rear to guide water away, and can be fitted with a chin-strap. Helmet also has an
adjustable in-built safety visor, which can be easily pushed up out of the way if required. The
whole helmet is light and quite comfortable (ILO Construction OS&H). Manufacturers have
adapted hardhats so that ear protection and face shields may be easily attached. Hardhats are
adjustable so a liner can be worn during cold weather. A chin strap is advantageous when work
involves bending and ducking. It also helps secure the hardhat to the head when full-face masks
are worn. Face shields that attach to hardhats provide added protection. A combination that
leaves no gap between the shield and the brim of the cap is best because it prevents overhead
splashes from running down inside the face shield.

Figure 2.1 Hard hat

b. Eye Protective wear

A face or clear goggles, shield and other suitable gadgets must be use used when there is
possibility of physical hazards or the eyes is being exposed to face injury from airborne dust or
flying particles, in particular during welding, flame cutting, rock drilling, concrete mixing

40
dangerous substances, harmful heat, light and other hazardous work. There should be standard
safety wear for respiratory protection is a half-face mask with no face shield. Both safety
glasses/goggles and a faces shield are recommended so far they are transparent. However, it is
not advisable to wear contact lenses in situations where workers are to use hazardous chemical.
Face shields and goggles must be worn in combinations in a situation where work operations
such as grinding that involves flying particles or corrosive materials are to be carried out.

Figure 2.2 Eyes protection wear

c. Ear Protective wears

Ear protective wear is good for workers working under the exposure to high levels of noise,
which could lead to irritability. Noise reduces workers’ ability to concentrate and hearing
damage can lead to accidents. Earplugs or muffs help when noise coming from a particular task
become unbearable and problematic, such as working around heavy machinery and impact
tools. Hearing protection gadgets must be used, especially for persons working in areas such as
high-volume pumps, power drilling machine, skid units, pile drivers, jack hammers, impact
tools, grinders, saws.

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Figure 2.3 Ear protection wear

d. Foot Protective wear

Building construction process generates lot of waste on sites, workers are prone to accidents due
to penetration of sharp objects like nails which have not been knocked down and crushing by
falling materials, this could be drastically reduced with the use of foot protective boot. The type
of safety shoes or boots to be used depend absolutely on nature of the work (e.g. the presence of
ground water on construction sites), but all safety footwear must have an impenetrable sole and
uppers with a steel toe-cap. There are two available styles of safety boot, they are called:
pullover and shoe boot. Pullovers may be inexpensive enough to be considered disposable;
otherwise they must be completely decontaminated. With chemical resistant boots, the pant leg
should be outside and over the boots to prevent liquids from entering. All boots are expected to
have steel toe while steel shanks must be included for the workers expected to climb ladders or
travel over sharp protruding objects.

Figure 3.4 Safety foot wear

e. Hand Protective wear

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Protective glove is highly recommended for a good tactile sense, elasticity and dexterity and as
well provide necessary chemical resistance. The gloves must have ability to resist puncturing,
must not be slippery, easy to use and removed. They are made of materials such as cotton, latex,
nylon or leather. The nature of work anticipated determine the appropriate kind of gloves that
must be used. The only place gloves may not be used are situations where the gloves might get
tangled up in moving parts of machinery such as drill spindles and revolving cutting tools. The
hands are as susceptible to contamination as the feet.

Figure 2.5 safety hand glove

f. Body Protective wear

Protective clothing against bodily damage from hazardous substances, gases, or vapors are
available in a variety of styles and materials. The materials can be made of Tyvek which are
disposable or Nomex which are durable. Both are available as overalls suitable for field use. As
the hazards to the body increase, so also the level of protection needed. A splash suit made of
PVC is suitable for a liquid such as an acid or base or when there will be minimal contact with
organic materials. Some are inexpensive enough to be disposable. If the material is more toxic,
then more protection must be utilized. Splash suits similar in design to the PVC splash suits are
good barriers against toxic hazards. These are made of neoprene and butyl rubber. Toxic
vapor/gases require the most complete protection, the best being fully encapsulating suits. The

43
suit must not allow any penetration or permeation. Zippers must be properly sealed and seams
properly connected and sealed to protect against vapors. Fully encapsulating suits also require
the basic safety items such as safety boots and hardhat, along with a source of breathing air.

Figure 2.6 Body protective wear

i) Orange safety vest: Is worn where visibility is necessary.

ii) Cloth coveralls: they are used to protect street clothes from getting soiled and are not
for protection against exposure to hazardous material. They are made with an open
weave that allows particles, liquids and vapors to pass through easily.

iii) Chemical splash suits: There selection is based on the hazard anticipated.

iv) Tyvek suits: Offers protection against particulate contaminants and other nuisances. It
provided limited protection against liquids.

g. Safety belt: working at heights mighty be challenging with possibility of falling.

However, safety regulations require employers to adopt basic safety precautions including the
provision of suitable scaffolding, safe access and egress and the erection of suitable guardrails at
hazardous locations. All of this must be use with safety belt.

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Figure 2.7 Body protective wear

h. Breathing Protective wear: An air-purifying respirator is a protective gadgets used to

control airborne contaminants that cannot be reduced to safe levels by engineering control. It
allows work to be done in a confined spaces. An emergency escape pack should be used in
conjunction with an air-purifying respirator.

Figure 2.8 Breathing Protective wear.

2.12 Factors Responsible for non-compliance with Safety Practices on

Construction sites.

The importance of operational safety regulations has been taken with a levity hand due to
individual acceptance that construction accidents is an unavoidable act due to the characteristic
of activities involved on project sites, thus making non-compliance with operational health and
safety a common believe (Smallwood, 2002). Several authors has worked on health and safety

45
management on construction site, but adequate consideration have not be given to the effect of
safety wears on workers output. Olutuase (2014) studied safety management in the context of
Nigerian industry with an intention to compare level of compliance with the international
standards. The study outcome established existence of safety regulations in the management of
construction projects. However, the system seems to be poorly characterised by ineffectiveness
and poor documentation. The study called for urgent attention on construction managers to
strictly adhere with the provisions safety regulation requirements for site management.

Ismail, Doostdar and Harun (2011) evaluated factors influencing the implementation of safety
management system for construction sites. The study was conducted using structured
questionnaire designed for the construction workers and as well interviewed skilled labourers.
The result from the survey found personal awareness and communication to be the most
influential safety management factors. It became imperative for the site managers to conduct
enlightenment programs among their workers to get them familiar with the necessities safety
consciousness on site. The study recommended the use of personal protective gadgets, reduction
of manual work without neglecting the appropriate use of equipment and tools.
Umeokafor et al., (2014) adopted strategic overview of past researchers effort on the subject of
health and safety, they study unearthed reasons regarding not compliance with health and safety
requirement in Nigerian construction sites, as owner’s impact and weak implementation. The
study concluded that, safety personnel should consider importance of implementing safety
provision to attract construction manager and contractors in building a robust safety
management on construction site, while client should use health and safety records as a required
document for prequalifying contractors.

Okoye, Okolie and Aderibigbe (2014) conducted exploratory study on the cost of health and
safety performance of building contractors in south-east Nigeria and the correlation between the
cost of performance and projects outcome. 150 copies of structured questionnaire were
randomly distributed to the respondents involving the clients, contractor sand professionals
across the study area and the data obtained were statistically analysed using Chi Square
statistics to test the correlation. The findings shown the impact of safety performance of
contractors on successful projects delivery. Similarly, it also supported opinion of the

46
construction practitioners that, implementation of programmes and policies regarding safety
management would resort in increasing the overall project cost.

Famakin and Fawehinmi (2012) studied perceptions of quantity surveyors’ on construction

health & safety regulations in Nigeria. The study argued that, the industry lacks health and
safety regulations and challenges like low quality, time overrun, cost overrun, absenteeism of
workers due to injuries etc. affected projects objectives. Recommendation was made on the
importance and inclusion of health and safety policies and programmes at the design stage, up
through the completion stage because of its influence on projects delivery.

Olanrewaju, Sharafadeen, and Akinpelu (2014) conducted their study on the impact of national
building code on workers’ health and safety. The study analysed divers mean by which national
building code can provide succor for builders to practice and monitor the challenges associated
with safety policies in construction industry. The result showed importance of National building
code on safety practices and management on construction projects. However, the study scope
did not cover the aspect of adoption and compliance of the code by individual construction
firms sampled, and as well the impact on those firms that complied with the provision of the
code. Interestingly, the level of awareness among the construction workers on safety practices
have been on increase level over the year, as supported by (Muhammad, Abdulateef and Ladi,
2015; Ezeokonkwo, and Ezeokoli, 2016 and Akinwale and Olusanya, (2016). Muhammad et
al., (2015) assessed cost implication of health and safety on construction projects. The study
affirmed high rate of accidents in the Nigerian construction industry and high cost incurred as a
result of injuries and hazards on site. However, any attempt to implement health and safety
programs on construction site would increase the overall cost of the projects. Therefore, non-
conformance to the policy gives possibility of accidents and also will increase the overall cost of
the projects. The study recommended the following: health and safety policies, safety
managers/supervisor must be appointed to ensure compliance, while severe punishments should
be place on any contractors who violate the said safety policy.

2.13 Workers Perception on the Importance of safe Working Environment in enhancing

Projects’ Delivery.

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In understanding and defining operational health and safety competency on construction sites
using workers opinion, Dingsdag, Biggs and Sheahan (2007) assessed the feelings, skills,
behaviors and knowledge of construction participants that contribute to safety culture. The
study adopted structured questionnaire via e-mail and self-addressed pre-paid envelopes to
obtained needed data. However, results of the study revealed that workers have four most
“influential safety critical positions to be at construction sites and not at head office, workers
opinion on safety culture promotion via training and education, a strong knowledge of rules and
regulations, good communication and interpersonal skills, behaviour and actions that could
enforce and monitor safety. The study called for an improvement on workers training and as
well maximise safety practices.

Che Hassan, Basha, Wan Hanafi (2007) and Shamsuddin, Ani, Ismail, Ibrahim (2015) argued
that workers knowledge and understanding of safety practices at work setting remain vital in
promoting safety among themselves on construction site. Abdelhamid (2000) and Shamsuddin,
el al., (2015) added that worker omission is the cause of construction injuries and can be view
under behavior and human factor approach. Behavior approach underscores that construction
workers are the original reason for fatality due to their unlimited number of costly mistakes at
different stages of building production process. However, human factors approach makes
suggestion that workers are the original victim of construction fatality not because of
individuals’ unsafe behaviour rather, the emphases was on the working environment settings.

Hinze and Gambatese (2003) study aimed at identifying factors that impact the safety
commitment of specialty contractors. The work surveyed three different specialty contractor
populations through structured questionnaires by e-mail. The outcome of research shows that
safety performance of specialty contractor were often affected by numerous factors that reduce
workers profit. However, staff motivation were not seen as better means of safety performance.
The study recommends training and suggest that, safety motivations should be embraced with
caution.

Cheng, Ryan, and Kelly (2011) studied the impact of safety and health practices on construction
output. The study examined three safety management practice categories “information, process
and committees”; safety management process was seen by the construction gaffers as most
important, seconded by safety management information and committees. However, by testing

48
the impact of the “three safety management practice categories on a composite projects
performance the result showed that the safety management information and safety management
panel categories have positive significant to project performance. The study recommended that,
construction industry should embrace health and safety committee’ in managing site safety.

2.15 Perceived Safety Education and Knowledge Development

Neale (2013) opined that adequate training of students on occupational safety and health via
cognitive education will go a long way in helping stakeholders improve the level safety
awareness. In a bid to improve occupational safety and health, Kolawole (2014) assessed safety
measures on building sites: a case study of Minna, north central Nigeria. The study found out
that site workers embraced safety training as this enhances their performance and reduces
accidents on site. In agreement, Okolie and Okoye (2012) studied building construction
workers’ health and safety knowledge and compliance on site in Anambra State, Nigeria. The
findings of the study underscored low level of safety awareness and compliance among the sites
operatives in the State, this resort into low projects performance. Hughes 2010; and Abdullah
and Wern (2011) opined that the role of academia in creating necessary awareness, knowledge,
skills and values in construction students during their training is vital in developing safety
culture. Hughes (2010) stressed that a paradigm shift in thinking, values addition and change of
believes will boost healthy and environmentally sustainable society. According to Stephens,
Hernanadez, Roman, Graham and Scholz (2008) assertion about the construction programmes
being a core of any nation’s economy development. However, improper handling of safety
education as part of the students training will forfeit the objectives of building a safe
construction industry.

2.16 The Missing links and Suggested Measures in Improving Safety Practices and
Safety Education.

This section identified possible missing links in the construction related programmes for the
provision of occupational health and safety education and the duration allotted for the course in
the tertiary institution in south-west, Nigeria using National Universities Commission (NUC)

49
and National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) requirement. There is no designated
course titled occupational health and safety management in the curriculum rather the subjects of
safety were briefly discussed in the professional practice and workshop practice I and II. It is
important that the safety education given to intending professional is adequate in all
ramifications. According to Che Hassan, Basha, Wan Hanafi (2007) and Shamsuddin, Ani,
Ismail, Ibrahim (2015) workers knowledge and understanding of safety practices at work setting
remained vital in promoting safety among themselves on construction site. This can be achieved
according to Pisaniello el al., (2013) opinion that by a standardizing the engagement of students
and using case studies approach in student learning curricula, occupational safety teaching in
high schools would greatly impact students.

It was also discovered that the objectives of National Universities Commission (NUC) on six
(6) weeks Student Work Experience Programme (SWEP) designed for 200level of construction
and engineering students at various tertiary institutions don’t include occupational health and
safety education, this is a basis to prepare students for six (6) months industrial attachment and
their construction management career later in life. Schunk and Zimmerman (2012) noted that
promotion of skill, development knowledge and positive views of ability could be achieved by
individual-motivation and self-regulatory behaviors of students through positive performance
outcomes in schools such as adaptive behavior in the face of challenges, sustainable habits
study.

2.17 Assessing the Importance of Some of the Safety Codes

2.17.1 Safety Code of Practice in Construction Company

The purpose of building codes and construction regulations cannot be over emphasized in
project development and management, they ensure health and safety of workers, it provide
habitable facilities and commercial property, promotion of energy efficiency, it also facilitate
sustainable development and contribute greatly to meeting the demands construction
stakeholders. Ratay (1997) asserted that code and regulations is not stand alone to improve
construction safety at reduce cost, rather poor codes and regulations can only add to project cost
without any solution to construction safety compliance. The cost arises from delays in
construction progress include both direct and indirect cost on the employers and employees.

50
“Health and Safety at Work Act (1974) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that
defined the fundamental structure and authority for the encouragement, regulation and
enforcement of workplace health, safety and welfare within the United Kingdom. The Act
defines general duties on employers, employees, contractors, suppliers of goods and substances
for use at work, persons in control of work premises, and those who manage and maintain
them, and persons in general”.

Bamisile (2004) recommended adoption of project health and safety plan, as part of building
production documents. The numerous numbers of codes and regulations that support
management of health and safety practice includes: The provision and use of Equipment
Regulation (1992), ILO code of practice-International Labour Office (1992), The Manual
Handling Operations Regulations (1992), The Personal Protective Equipment at Work
Regulations(1992), The occupational safety and health act of (2007), The Health and Safety
(Display Screen Equipment) Regulations (1991), Health and Safety (First-Aid) Regulations
(1981), Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations (1999), Control of Substances
Hazardous to Health Regulations (2002), Construction Design and Management Regulations
2015 (CDM 2015), Nigerian National Building Code (2007) (Bamisile, 2004 and Muiruri and
Cornelius, 2014).

2.17.2 The Overview of Nigerian National Building Code

The Nigerian National Building Code came on board after several debates and agitation by the
representative of stakeholders in the built environment and government under the headship of
the Minister of Housing and Urban Development. The code intended to serve as means of
enhancing construction project, by disengagement of quacks and the use of ‘non-tested’
materials in the execution of building production. The objectives of the code is to provides
solution to current challenges confronting the Nigerian building industry, this include:
Inadequate town planning in Nigerian cities, occurrence of building collapse and accident
related issues, dearth of construction standards for regulating building designs and production,
and the poor maintenance culture in the industry.

[Link] The Provision of Nigerian National Building Code

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The code stated in section 2 (32) the contract documents, this include: i. contract drawing and
specification prepared by registered architects and engineers ii. Priced bill of quantities prepared
registered quantity surveyor, iii. Construction programme, project quality management plan,
project health and safety plan prepared by registered builder, iv. Conditions of contract and v.
all risk insurance for the building works, personnel and equipment.

However, section 7 (49) stated the need to protect the general public and workers anytime a
building production process, demolished and maintenance work are to be carried out. The
following provisions were made in the code to ensure safety compliance of the operatives
involved during production works on site: Section 7 (55) stated the requirement for the use of
scaffolds and their components should provide support without failure at least four times the
maximum intended loads.

Section 7 (60) stated the requirement for managing health hazards, every construction or
maintenance operation which results in the diffusion of noise, dust, stone and other small
particles, toxic gases or other harmful substances in quantities hazardous to health shall be
safeguarded by means of local ventilation or other protective wears to ensure the safety of the
workers and the public as required by this Code.

Section 13 (12) stated that upon the completion of the building, certificate of fitness to use and
habitation shall be issued by the Code Enforcement. This shall made available a certificate of
use/habitation within ten (10) days after written application. The certificate shall state
compliance with the provisions of this Code and the purpose for which the building or structure
will be used in its several parts. All building works shall be executed, installed and completed in
a skillful and acceptable manner so as to conform to the provision of the code. The supervision
of the building works shall be the responsibility of a registered architect and engineer in line
with their inputs. The management of building production process, including supervision of
artisans and tradesmen will be the responsibility of a registered builder.

2.17.3 Builder’s Document of Project Health and Safety Plan

Builder’s document explicitly discussed the obligations of builders by the provision of Nigerian
National Building Code who places responsibility to prepare project health and safety plan

52
among others document for effective production process of building project. Bamisile (2004)
ascribed that project health and safety plan is essential for all the construction project starting
from the measures that needs to be put in place right from the planning, design, construction,
completion and maintenance of the building. Thus, all the risks associated with each items of
work can be examined and planned ahead right from the project inception. Kennedy (2014)
stated that accident prevention plan on construction sites predicts the occurrence of future
accidents and possible characteristics of those accidents regarding the nature of the site and its
adjoining environment.

Similarly, in evaluating the effectiveness of safety programme in the Thailand construction

industry Aksorn and Hadikusumo (2008) established that safety programmes did not require
extensive elements, but critical elements such as: safety record keeping, safety inductions,
control of sub-contractors, safety committees and safety training.

There are twenty (20) listed parameter in the project health and safety plan, these include:
Project safety policy, objective plan, risk and hazard assessment, duties of employers’, duties of
site personnel, health and safety briefing, health and safety committee, site accommodation and
welfare facilities, accident preventives measures, protective clothing and equipment, permit to
work, Access and egress to work, underground observations and buried services, First aid,
control of hazardous substances, emergency response plan and safety records (Bamisile, 2004).

However, some of the minimum requirement of the builders’ document project health and
safety plan on construction projects are discussed in details below:

a. Project Safety Policy

‘Safety policy are statements developed as a general strategy and commitment together with the
arrangements put in place to make all who are at risk aware of the health hazards associated
with their work and the role individual persons have to play in maintaining a safe and healthy
safety at work (Operational Safety and Health Code of Practice, 2002 and 2007). The policy
must therefore be prepared in an understandable manner for the employees, which must be
signed by the employers. It is worthy of note that, it is cost effective to prevent an accidents
than to cure it occurrences once it has happened.

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Construction professionals should seek to provide at all times, the safest and healthiest working
conditions that are reasonably practicable by adopting health and safety regulations of the
international standard with emphasis on the company/construction firms with the desires to
accept responsibility safety practices on construction project, while the employees will reflects
their acceptance of the understanding to protect life and property of themselves, colleagues and
properties of their employer.

b. Objectives of project health and safety plan

The objective of establishing the health and safety policy as contain in the Builders document is
as follows: (i) ‘providing health and safety in relation to workplaces and hazards, activities and
things at workplaces’; (ii) ‘providing for the safe operation of major hazard facilities and mines
in order to reduce the likelihood of a serious incident occurring’; (iii) ‘providing for the
registration of certain people engaged in construction work at workplaces’; (iv) ‘providing for
the licensing of certain people engaged in high risk work at workplaces’; (v) ‘providing
procedures for the resolution of health and safety issues at workplaces’ as extracted from
(Corbon Builders’ document).

c. Safety First Aid

The availability of first Aid materials becomes imperative both on the site and in the workshop
with a trained personnel assigned for the treatment of the following: injuries that require no
medical attention accept from the one provided on site, and as well provided temporary solution
until help is been sought nearby hospital. First aid is rendered subject to a secondary medical
treatment or any subsequent redressing (Ameachi, 1990).

d. Safety Training

The accident trend in the construction industry can only be influence positively by providing
adequate safety education training and management to control the workers, plants and
equipment and the working environment. In contradiction, the study conducted by Roelofs,
Martinez, Brunette and Azaroff (2011) on construction workers perception regarding factors
impacting worksite safety. The study contends that workers attitude towards training is alarming
because their goal is to get their work done and be rewarded.

54
 e. Emergency Response Plan

To this effect, (Corbon MCPDP, 2014) specified the following measures are to be taken into
consideration on site and at the workshop as a catalyst to optimizing project health and safety
plan.

 Each worker should be adequately trained and informed of the activities lie is expected
to perform and be made aware of the entire inherent hazard.
 He or she should be made to use the protective clothing and equipment provided.
 He or she should be made aware of cost of an accident.
 The contractors should be mandate to register with nearby clinic for emergency services
and ensure the doctor telephone no is obtained as well know the shortest route from the site
to the clinic.

First guide is "what is rendered subject to an auxiliary therapeutic treatment or any ensuing
changing "(Ameachi, 1990). In a perfect world, sufficient arrangements ought to be made on
destinations for the treatment of harm or ailments (Blake, 1990), he exhorted that keeping in
mind the end goal to accomplish an attractive working emergency treatment benefit on locales,
it is important to have the accompanying set up.

f. Template for Investigating Accidents

A well-developed policy must be in place for investigating causes of accident on site; this will
leads to inaugurating of health and safety committee to be headed by safety manager/total
quality manager and representative of each section of work. While it will be the duty of the
TQM/SM to monitor the safety of all site personnel, the committee will assist him in the
implementation and compliance with the health and safety regulation on the building production
process.

g. Site Accommodations and Welfare Facilities

The objective of every construction project is to make quality a desirable, therefore quality
requires well trained, well-motivated workers which will foster the compliance with the laid
down health and safety plan for the workers. Mcgregor “X and Y” theory suggested that work
can be a source of satisfaction or punishment according to the conditions associated with it.

55
Quality production can only be achieved where workers 100% input were given towards the
assigned tasks. A divided mind can cause injury to his/her person and that of the co-workers.
Therefore, the following facilities must be provided to aid safety compliance on project site;
shelter for the workers on site, drinking water, canteen, washing facilities, sanitary
conveniences, and welfare facilities both financial and non-financial incentives.

h. Safety Wears/Personal Protective Equipment

Section (18.1.1) of International Labour Organisation [ILO] ‘Code of Practice-International

Labour Office (1992) specified the need for general provision of adequate protection against the
risk of accident or injury to workers health, including exposure to adverse conditions. Suitable
safety wears must have regard to the nature of work while workers ensured adequate
maintenance are provided after used.

i. Permit to work

Construction activities are in stages, a formal permit to carry out work especially when working
in a confined spaces, installation and the use of scaffolding, use of electrical operated hand
tools, crane, electrical control room etc. warrant the need to obtained permit before work can
progress on such activities due to the inherent risk of such activities. This may require
construction manager of such project to prepare the necessary document which building control
agency will request for when they come to site before work can start or continue on site.

j. Erection and Inspection of Scaffolds

Scaffolds and working platform are installed to ensure proper working at a convenient height.
Scaffolds are erected, modified, or dismantled under the supervision of trained personnel who
his/her duty is to ensure the installation is done according to the specifications. The materials
used must be sufficient enough to carry all the load designed for. Upon the completion, scaffold
supervisor will ensure Scaffold Erection Form is filled and signed by the person that installed
the scaffold and supervisor or safety manager respectively to ensure the adequacy of the
scaffold.

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 k. Safety Signs and colour control of hazardous substances

Safety signs are non-verbally communicated on construction sites with the use of reflective
signs and appropriate colour code, spoken communication and the marking of dangerous
substances. The sign are marked with different colours for different purposes, such as (i)
prohibition signs (red colour, authorized personnel only, smoking prohibited) (ii) warning signs
(yellow signs, danger of electric shock, flammable liquid) (iii) mandatory signs (blue colour,
safety helmets must be worn, protective clothing must be worn) (iv) Safe Conditions Signs
(Green colour, Emergency escapes, Treatment area and Safe area) (Chudley and Greeno, 2001).

2.17.4 Construction (Design and Management) Regulation (CDM)

[Link] Some of the Key Issues Arising from the Construction (Design and
Management) Regulations 2007 and 2015

‘The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015’ (CDM 2015) replaced CDM
2007 on 6 April 2015. This regulations emphasized on project planning and management of
construction activities and their on the legal implementations as related to all aspect of building
production process from the inception to handover. Specific obligation were explicitly spread
out on the client and designers in the context of management of construction health and safety,
and it also sought for cooperation among all the key stakeholders involved (client, designer,
CDM coordinator, and principal coordinator).

The regulation refers to notifiable construction projects as those with a non-domestic client and
a construction works involving 500 person per days. While for projects involving more than one
contractor, these regulations empowered the client to appoint a ‘principal designer and a
principal contractor’ to ensure their duties are well carried out. (H&SE, 2007, 2015)

[Link] CDM roles of the Client in Managing Building Production Process

Clients are individual person or organisation who carry out building project. The responsibility
confers on client by the regulation is summarized here. He ensure workable organisation of
project, in terms of availability and provision of resources and enough time to deliver the
project safely. A client is saddle with the responsibility to make available additional information

57
as soon as is practicable to the designer and contractor appointed throughout the duration of the
project. Constantly, before the commencement of the project that adequate welfare facilities and
health & safety plan are is prepared, the sum to manage this will be included into the contract
sum to avoid the liability of the contractor on who bears the financial implication of the process.
The client will ensure that CDM coordinator is appointed to advise and co-ordinate activities on
notifiable projects. The appointment of the CDM coordinator and principal contractor must be
on their proficiency. All the issue relating to project health and safety file are kept in the
custody of the client and update the file with any latest information. However in case of
notifiable projects where there is no appointment of CDM coordinator or principal contractor,
the client will be deemed to be the CDM coordinator and/or the principal contractor and will be
responsible to carry out their duties.

The code further stated domestic clients are the persons whom carried construction project in
their premises or that of their family member, their scope of operation in CDM 2015 can be
delegated to contractor on a single project and principal contractor on a project that has more
than one contractor (H&SE, 2007; 2015).

[Link] CDM roles of the designer in Building Production Process

Under this provision the duties of designers and principal designer were explicitly outlined,
such as to ‘eliminate’, ‘reduce’ and implement health and safety plan all through the design
process, in order to for see possibility of accident that may want to arise during production
process of the project, maintenance and the habitation of the building upon completion.
Principal designer are appointed by the client at the planning stage to point out foreseeable risk
assessment that designer may not see. They can be individual persons or an organisation with
relevant competency to do the job.

The designer ensure co-operation with CDM coordinators and others, and make available
relevant information for the health and safety file as he maybe prompted. Ensuring eradication
of hazards by cross examination that the client has appointed competent CDM coordinator and
co-exist with the CDM coordinator, principal contractor and other designers the objective of
protecting the interest of the client in smooth running of planning and production process.
Interestingly, the duties of the designer don’t end there but provide collective risk reduction

58
measures priority over individual measures and take into consideration the Workplace (Health,
Safety & Welfare) Regulations 1992 in the designing a formidable work setting environment
that will be accident free.

[Link] CDM roles of the principal contractor in Building Production Process

Principal contractors are the individual person or an organisation appointed to carry out the
project by the client. The roles of the principal contractors at the production stage covers
planning, managing, monitoring, welfare facilities and coordinating health and safety of the site
activities and ensure it implementation. He will further make available relevant information to
the CDM coordinator for the health and safety file and Liaise with the CDM coordinator in
relation to design and changes in design, if any. Ensuring that all workers have been provided
with suitable health and safety induction, information and training before the commencement of
the job and also carry workers along on health and safety related matters. Contractor are the
actual person that carry out the work under the watch of principal contractor and other client
appointed professional. They must comply with all the formulated plan of the client appointed
team.

[Link] Roles of CDM coordinator in Building Production Process

Some adjustment were made in the CDM 2015, there is no provision for CDM coordinator as
stated in 2007 edition. However, principal designer is not a substitute to CDM coordinators. The
scope of work differ to that of CDM coordinators under the CDM 2007. Under the CDM 2007
CDM coordinators advise the suitability of the construction planning stage for preparation of health and
safety documents. Their roles could be transfer to that of client, principal contractor, designer or a full-
time principal contractor because they are only needs for notifiable projects. He can render professional
advises to the client about the selection of suitable designers and contractors not to approve their
appointments.

[Link] CDM roles of workers in Building Production Process

Workers represent individual site operative that carried out different task and job to facilitate
smooth running of production process. The must be carry along on any issue related to their
health, safety, and welfare. Take responsible for their health, safety and that of their fellow

59
colleagues. Give the contractor feedback on anything that may their health and that of the co-
workers. Work in harmony with other persons on site to achieve common goal.

2.18. Enforcement of Safety Regulations

The Factories Act Cap 126, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990 is the legislation set aside
for the enforcement of safety regulations in Nigeria. ‘This provides for the enforcement of the
Act by occupational safety officers in the inspectorate department of the Federal Ministry of
Labour and Productivity, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Works and Transport’. Olutuase
(2014) studied ‘safety management in the Nigerian construction industry’ but the scope of the
work did not cover the effects of safety wears on workers productivity. In the same vein,
Umeokafor et al., (2014) conducted study on “review of Nigeria’s Construction industry
compliance with occupational health and safety regulations.” The study scope did not cover the
cost implication of managing compliance with the health and safety provision on sites. Dodo
(2014) worked on extent of implementing safety plan in Nigerian construction sites. However,
the study articulated that, some construction firms neither have safety insurance plan for their
workers nor facilitate payment of compensation for their injured staff.

As matter of fact, Awwad, Souki, and Jabbour (2015) opinion that, lack of enforcement of
construction labour safety law is due to absent of monitoring, and inadequate safety knowledge
and commitment from construction participant. Muiruri and Mulinge (2014) study stated that,
there is a limited effect of all institutions and government on the implementation of
‘occupational health and safety’ in developing nations. Nzuve and Lawrence (2012) ascribed
that compliance with health and safety rule in Nairobi Kenya construction sites is as a result of
low level of supervision and examination at work settings environment. Political influence and
corruption are part of the major challenges confronting the implementation of any laws in
Nigerian, while most laws appear to fulfill all righteousness Onyeozili (2005).

In the same vein, the opinion of Kheni, Dainty, and Gibb (2007) and Muhammad et al., (2015)
revealed that legislation on safety practices are endorsed by parliament including International
Labour Organization (ILO) however the implementation of the law is the responsibility of the
government bodies. The researcher added that, construction sector of developing countries
performed poorly regarding safety practices as a result of weak enforcement mechanism.

60
Fowode (2016) suggested that, Lagos State Government should make effort towards having a
standing list of certified HSE professional to manage the accreditation process in order to
prequalify contractor on health and safety compliance and their level of competence over the
years of building construction practices. He further stressed that, it became imperative to
initially consult the building regulators at the planning stage of a building project since every
project is first constructed on the drawing board and safety must start from the planning stage,
so as to integrate foreseeable methods to be adopted for the building production process.
Compliance with health and safety regulations remains one of the integral parameter to which
successful projects delivery can be obtained, but despite the numerous benefits attached to the
compliance with health and safety regulation, it become worrisome why it is difficult for the
constructions companies to comply with health and safety regulations.

2.19 Lagos State Building Control Agency (LASBCA)

Lagos State Building Control Agency (LASBCA) came to existence during the tenure of His
Excellency, Gov. Babatunde Raji Fashola (SAN) under the wing of Lagos State Urban and
Regional Planning and Development Law of 2010 and the Nigerian National Building Codes.
However, the Agency became operational officially on 12 th of August, 2012. The agency was
established to ensure building construction and renovation is in conformity with the minimum
standards by maintaining compliance with safety and health practices, accessibility and
habitable of both the existing and new buildings for populace. The Agency scope of operation is
to works in harmony with all parties to building contract in meeting specified quality design
standard and ensure all building works are satisfactorily executed. LASBCA also work with
other government agencies such as Lagos State Emergency Management Authority (LASEMA).

2.19.1 The Major Objective of the Agency Includes

i) To make sure compliance with health and safety practices on site all the times.
ii) To make sure building production stage are executed in conformity with specification
and minimum provision of the Building Codes.
iii) To make sure that adequate means are put in place for supervision in eliminating
anticipated inherent risk.
iv) To make sure there is flow of information between staff of the Agency and the Public.

61
 v) Promptly acknowledgement the receipt of all correspondence within ten working days
and where the issue cannot be resolved within the time frame, provide an interim response
and provide a date for a comprehensive response.
vi) To promote awareness among the Public on technical issues involving construction,
developments and building control services.
vii) To ensure that all Commercial and Public buildings comply with fire safety codes, and
carry out annual Portable Appliance Testing (PAT) electrical testing, gas safety (for
dwelling using gas) and electrical safety.
viii) To ensure compliance of the ‘Lagosians’ with National Building Codes, 2010 Law and
building regulations.

2.19.2 Professionals involved in the Monitoring and Control of Construction

Projects in Lagos State

Building construction is a process that involved systematic engagement of professionals for the
effective management of human and materials resources. Over the years, it has long being
emphasized and appreciated that building production process requires trained and tested skilled
participant to deliver required quality product promptly. In other to adhere with the provisions
of the Agency, the professionals’ required in the monitoring process include:

i. The Architect

Architects are engaged in monitoring process periodically for inspections to ensure that
architectural designs and specifications are totally conformed to the standards architectural
designs codes.

ii. Engineering Consultants

The production stage will involves the engagement of engineers (geotechnical, structural,
electrical and mechanical) frequently for the inspections to ensure compliance with the
engineering drawings, schedules and specification. A Structural Engineer ensured monitoring
and testing of the materials to determine strength and characterization of the materials are in line
with what being specified. Consequently, the mechanical and electrical engineers monitor types

62
and process of installing mechanical and electrical appliances in order to ensure that it complies
with their designs and specifications.

iii. The Builder

Builder remained the Production Manager of the whole building process. Since builder was
trained to takes the responsibility of physical construction of the project. He ensure that all set
of paper instructions are converted into a physical structure in conformity with the design
standard. A builder must be a generalist in order to relate well with all the construction
professionals and their corresponding documents so as to facilitate properly monitoring and
evaluation process. Ability to demonstrate different monitoring techniques to achieve the
objectives.

iv. The Quantity Surveyor

A Quantity Surveyor is concerned with the quantities and cost associated in a construction
project. As a cost expert, the Quantity Surveyor monitors the cost of every aspects of a
construction project. He does this so that the total cost of production does not exceed the
estimated cost and also plan.

2.20 Submission between Construction (Design and Management) Regulation

(CDM), Nigerian National Building Code and Lagos State Building Control Agency
(LASBCA)

Table 2.2: Submission of building codes and regulation agency in the study area
Code Summary of the provision of the codes

Nigerian National Building Code

The code served as means of enhancing the construction project, by

disengagement of quacks and the use of ‘non-tested’ materials in the
execution of building production process.

The objectives of the code is to provides solution to current

challenges confronting the Nigerian building industry, this include:
Inadequate town planning in Nigerian cities, occurrence of building

63
 collapse and accident related issues, dearth of construction
standards for regulating building designs and production, and the
poor maintenance culture in the industry.

Only registered builder’ was recongnised as worthy person to

manage construction activities, including training of artisans,
craftsmen and possibly manage safety implementation.

Construction (Design and Management) Regulation (CDM)

This regulations emphasized on project planning and management

of construction activities and their legal implementations as related
to all aspect of building production process from the inception to
handover.

The code further outlined responsibility of all the stakeholders in

project execution, despite the fact that each of the stakeholders has
their different role, management of safety are inter-related to all the
professional on site include the clients as against the provision of
National building code

The code stated the needs for cooperation among the client,
designers, CDM coordinator and principal coordinator in
management of construction health and safety, and ensure hazard
are identified and eliminated without causing damage.

Lagos State Building Control Agency (LASBCA)

(LASBCA) in a government agency established to facilitate and

ensure building construction and renovation is in conformity with
the minimum standards by maintaining compliance with safety and
health practices, accessibility and habitable of both the existing and
new buildings for populace.

The operation of (LASEMA) is to ensure construction operation are

carried out in uniformity with adopted code, apart from working
towards attaining quality standard, safety of workers must be put in
place.

64
 The agency construction firms working in the state obtained
necessary permission and adequate inspection were carried out
before, during and after execution of public project.

The Agency have all the professionals in their monitoring team to

carried out their operations in harmony in meeting specified quality
design standard and ensure all building works are satisfactorily
executed in a safe manners.

LASBCA also work with other government agencies such as Lagos

State Emergency Management Authority (LASEMA).

Source: Author review, 2017

2.21 Available insurance cover for the management of construction project

There are various insurance policy available for the execution of building project in the
Nigerian construction industry, such as Builder’s liability insurance, Occupiers Liability under
the Insurance Act 2003, Employers Liability, (Group Life) under the Pension Reform Act 2004;
Construction All Risks insurance, Healthcare Professional Indemnity under the National health
Insurance (NHIS) Act 1999. However, emphasis will be laid on Builder’s liability insurance and
Construction all risks insurance to properly situate their necessity for successful project
delivery.
Builder’s liability insurance policy was established under the Insurance Act 2003, demanding
client and contractors of buildings project under construction that have more than two floors to
obtain insurance cover that will provide succor in case of death, damage to the property under
construction and injury to workers (skilled and unskilled labours) who are vulnerable to
accident on sites, without neglected passerby and adjoining client around the site provided
there is a case of building collapse and other associated risks (Nwoji, 2016).

Construction all risks insurance policy provide against all risks of loss/damage by fire, theft, or
any other unforeseen losses as expressed under the policy. The policy require details
information about the inventory of items material resources available be insured and their
corresponding values as written in receipt or invoice from the supplier. This insurance policy is
imperative to successful project delivery because contractors are safeguard against all
possibility of financial loses that may come up as a result of unforeseen damage to the building

65
production stage. The policy covers certain compensation to the following: i) ‘Employees’
personal effects, if required’. ii) ‘Damage to plant and equipment of the contractor on site’. iii)
‘Material Damage to the insured properties’. iv) ‘Damage to the existing properties of the
principal’. v) ‘Insured’s liability to third parties (death, .injury to person body and loss or
damage to properties) due to the execution construction on site (Babington-Ashaye, 2016)

2.22 Improvement strategy on safety practices in construction industry

The issue of safety on construction project should be a concern to every construction

participant, especially client and their representative need to avert the risk associated with their
project right from the planning stage by adopting sustainable strategies that will eliminate
possibility of accident. However any improvement strategy proposed must be capable of offering
practical solutions in the developing countries.

Bust, Finneran, Hartley and Gibb (2014) stated that professionals’ interests must be enhanced
towards safety practices and usage of awareness measures, must be put in place and
demonstrated by the operatives as one of the real needs to upgrade construction project safety.
McDonald (2003) added that safety manager must be employed on all construction site to ensure
both behaviour and operatives’ practices conform to safety requirements thereby, positively
influenced by his/her role. Hence, safety manager should be empowered to play their roles in
ensuring safety management system.

Mitropoulos, Cupido, and Namboodiri (2009) expressed why conventional use of the exterior
way to deal with safety good for making safety practices, it overlooks how the inside attributes
of the individual and the associations impact the work practices and influence the likelihood of
errors and injuries. Firstly, it doesn't represent the individual elements that all in all characterize
a specialist's expectation for security, Then again, the approach does not represent the social
components that shape the workplace.

Dedobbeleer and German (1987) assessed the connections between site operatives safety
performance file and attitudinal variables identified with safety. The study concluded that
inclining component alone clarified the vast majority of the variety in safety performance.
Majority of workers under the age group of 26 years had generally low sense, moderately little
information about safety and a troublesome state of mind towards safety performance. The
66
researcher considered three elements; strengthening variables, empowering elements, and
inclining elements. Strengthening components measure the demeanors of different towards
security; empowering variables measure the accessibility of safety elements (e.g. safety wears) at
the work put; inclining variables measure the information and states of mind towards security of
the individual specialist. Some different components like statistic were likewise utilized for
connection.

Agwu and Olele (2014) worked on fatalities in the Nigerian construction industry. The study
believed that, inclusion of positive safety culture by investing in machines and technology
(socio-technical investments) in the Nigerian construction industry would resort in better safety
performance of employees (reduced rate of unsafe acts) and the company (reduced rate of
fatalities). This was conducted for a year, with the respondents randomly selected from twelve
construction industry, two each across the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria. There is significant
different between poor safety culture and increased rate of fatalities in the Nigerian construction
industry. Agwu and Olele (2014) recommended regular staff training could improve hazard
identification skills, engage managers and workers in addressing safety related issues, regular
site safety, safety committees and eliminate potential workplace hazards and making hazard
identification/reporting everyone’s duties.

2.23 Overview of Lagos State

Lagos State is an African megacity that is located in Southwestern Nigeria on the West Coast of
Africa, within latitudes 6°23′N and 6°41′N and longitudes 2°42′E and 3°42′E. The State is
flanged from the north and east by Ogun State, in the west by the Republic of Benin and the
south by the Atlantic Ocean/Gulf of Guinea. Lagos was establish as a state on 27 th of May, 1967
as a result of State Creation and Transitional Provisions Decree No. 14 of 1967 that restructured
then Nigeria’s Federation into 12 states. Lagos therefore, have been known to be the Nigeria's
‘premier city’ since the year 1861. Lagos is best known for her pivotal role as a distribution
center for the whole West African coast as judged by geography. Lagos served as Federal
capital until the relocation of the Federal capital to the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja on
December 12th, 1991.

67
‘Lagos has a total of 1380.7 square miles (3577 square kilometers), of which 303.8 square miles
(787 square kilometers) is made up of lagoons and creeks’. However, the geometric increase in
the estimated population of Lagos state since the first census in the year 1871 from over 28,000
people to 6,000,000 (1990 census) suggest Lagos city to be one of the most migrant’s city. The
city of Lagos is deemed to grow up to 24.5 million population mark and become one of the top
ten most populous cities in the world come year 2015 according to (UN study 1999 and Iwugo,
D’Arcy and Andoh, 2003). Population densities is also high as 20,000 per square mile in some
places. Over two-thirds or 70 percent of the city's population are Yorùbá-speaking, with the
remainder divided between non-Yorùbá speaking Nigerians, Africans, and non-African
residents ([Link]).

Construction activity makes some parts of Lagos city seem poorly planned physically. The City
comprises of both the modern and the traditional, with skyscrapers and glass houses sitting
alongside old residential buildings. ‘Lagos remain Nigeria’s economic, commercial and
industrial centre housing more than 2,000 manufacturing industries and more than 200 financial
institutions (Banks, Insurance companies etc) without neglecting the Nigeria Stock Exchange. It
also houses the nation’s monetary authority, the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and the
Security and Exchange Commission. Adelekan, (2009) opined that the Lagos is the economic
and financial capital of Nigeria. The State alone control 60% of the Federation’s total industrial
investments and foreign trade while also attracting 65% of Nigeria’s commercial activities. It
also accounts for more than 40% of all labour emoluments paid in the country. Indeed, the
headquarters of multinational conglomerates like UAC, Unilever, John Holts, BEWAC/VYB,
Leventis, Churchgate, Chevron, Shell, Mobil and the nation’s giant public enterprises are all
located within the State (Lagos state government)

68
 Map of Lagos state showing some notable places
Source: [Link] Retrieved September 2nd 2016.

2.23 Chapter summary

In summary, health and safety is an on-going debate because of the direct impact it has on
construction project. Several articles reviewed under this section provide needed insight to
properly situate the current knowledge on the study of health and safety practices. It is believed
that related articles reviewed under this chapter has given the study direction towards the
research questions and problems. Several factors discussed, showed current practices of health
and safety in the Nigerian construction industry and the relevant code that could be adopted.
Effort of the various researchers reviewed also contributed greatly on the causes of construction
related accidents and strategies to curb high rate of fatal injuries and ill-health at work settings.

2.24 Summary of some empirical studies

Table 2.3: Literature overview matrix some selected empirical literature on subject matter, to
give clearer direction from existing studies.
S/n Article Study Objectives Methods Critique of findings /
Citations Area identified gaps

69
1 Awwad, Lebane The study provided an Direct interviews were Safety practices lacks
et al., se insightful observation conducted with the different necessary implementation due
(2016). on factors affecting construction participant to absence of monitoring,
development of safety including contractors, failure of safety awareness
practices in the consultants, clients, insurance and inadequate support from
Lebanese construction companies and governmental safety managers.
industry. authorities with the aid of But the study did not assess
questionnaire. the role of safety managers in
ensuring proper monitoring
system, this problem is
peculiar to Nigeria
construction industry.

2 Kolawole Nigeria Evaluated if Study population was It was observed that site
(2014) implementation of randomly selected among workers embraced training as
safety practices reduced building construction firms this enhance their
accident on sites or and structured questionnaires performance and reduces
motivate workers for were administered to collect accidents on site. However,
better safety the necessary data analysed. government did not have well
performance. defined safety act for
construction activities
3 Boustras, Cyprus The study looked at the Purposive sampling was used Study findings suggested
et al., determinants factors of to obtained data via structured training, risk assessment, and
(2015). safety performance at questionnaire while pilot safety policy formulation but
the work in small scale study was conducted before contradicted previous study as
firms, which are also the administering of the adoption of quality
peculiar to developing questionnaire. management system could not
country. be said to have significance
collaboration with safety
outcome in the final model.
4 Dodo Nigeria Worked on the limit of A purposive sampling The study scope did not
(2014) implementation of technique through structured establish whether there was an
health and safety questionnaire was adopted to insurance cover for the
provisions in the collect data. construction workers (skilled

70
 Nigerian construction and unskilled labours) who
industry. are vulnerable to accident on
construction site.
5 Umeokaf Nigeria Reviewed activities of Adopted desk review of The study did not establish
or et al., Nigeria’s Construction related literature on the the cost implication of
(2014) industry compliance to subject of health and safety managing compliance to
occupational health and and unearthed reasons safety practices on sites, nor
safety regulations. responsible for disregarding stated the financial
safety practices on Nigerian implication on contract sum.
construction sites.
6 Idoro Nigeria The study evaluates Questionnaire survey was It was discovered that an
(2011) level construction adopted and analysed by increase in mechanisation
mechanization and its percentages, means, t-tests would also increase the rate of
relationship to the and Spearman’s correlation accidents and injury
Occupational Health tests. occurrences. Because failure
and Safety (OHS) to effectively managed
performance mechanization can worsen the
OHS performance in the
developing countries.
7 Olutuase, Nigeria Studied safety The findings of the study The study found out existence
(2014) management in the articulates the existence of of safety regulations in the
context of Nigerian safety regulations in the management of construction
industry with an management of construction project. Generally there have
intention to compare project. been limited study carried out
level of compliance on effects’ of safety wears on
with the international workers operation and
standards. productivity.
8 Agwu, Nigeria Conducted a study on The study adopted stratified Study outcome suggested the
(2012) total safety random sampling technique to need to maintained good
management (TSM) an survey six selected most attitudinal behavior and
approach for improving famous construction through structural modifications in
organisational questionnaires. construction safety
performance in selected management.
construction firms in
Nigeria.

71
9 Babu, Nigeria Aimed at investigating The study soughed the The outcome revealed
(2015) safety performance on opinion of construction inadequate support from the
the construction sites participant using structured government, insurance
questionnaire to appraise the companies, ministry of labour,
safety performance on their and construction participants.
construction sites. But performance can only be
assessed as a comparative
study.
10 Okoye, Anamb Studied construction Mean Score ranking and Study outcome showed low
Ezeokonk ra workers’ health and Pearson’s Product-moment level of safety awareness and
wo, & State, safety knowledge and Correlation Coefficient (r) compliance among the sites
Ezeokoli Nigeria compliance on site. were used to analyze data operatives, thus resorted in
(2016) randomly sampled from the low project performance.
fifteen (15) selected Knowledge alone cannot
construction sites. achieve optimum project
performance. It require safety
culture which encompass
other factors such as:
management commitment,
workers involvement and
strict enforcement of safety
regulation should be adopted.
11 Akinwale Nigeria Studied implications of Cross-sectional research was The study affirmed that
& occupational health and design and risk society and managers and employees are
Olusanya, safety intelligence in sense-making theories’. The the major target of
(2016) Nigeria study conducted 15 in-depth occupational health hazards,
interviews ranges from the such as loss of man-hours,
managers and senior site productivity, and job security.
managers. The data were A gap was identified
subjected to content analysis regarding the impact of safety
and ethnographic technique. wears on workers output
12 Famakin Nigeria The study argued that, Survey research design was It advocated for inclusion of
and construction industry adopted and wad analyzed health and safety policies and
Fawehin lacks health and safety and ranked using mean items other control programmes
mi, regulations and from the design stage, up

72
 (2012) challenges such as low scores, Mann-Whitney U Test through the completion stage
quality, time overrun, because of its influence on
cost overrun, and project delivery.
absenteeism of workers
due to injuries.
13 Thomas Indian An Indian case study The study method includes: Five factor considered
and interview with construction peculiar to the study includes:
Sudhaku practitioners to identify timely availability of
mar factors influencing labour materials at the worksite,
(2014) productivity, followed by delayed material delivery by
design of questionnaire into the supplier, strikes called by
three sections, preliminary political parties or hardtails,
pilot-tested on a small sample frequent revisions of
was conducted and final drawings/design, resulting in
analyses by multiplication of additional work/rework and
the importance and frequency timely availability of
indices which in turn yielded drawings at the worksite.
a severity index (SI).
14 Olanrewa Nigeria Conducted a study on The study analysed divers However, scope of many
ju, impact of national mean by which national study did not establish
Sharafade building code on health building code can provide feedback on impact of health
en, and safety of worker in succor for builders to practice and safety plan from builder’s
Akinpelu construction industry. and monitor the challenges document on those firms that
(2014) associated with the health and adopted the provision of the
safety policies on construction code.
projects.
15 Muhamm Nigeria Assessed cost The study recommended that
ad et al, implication of health in a place where provision are
(2015) and safety on made for health and safety
construction projects policies, a supervisor should
be appointed to ensure
compliance, while Several
measures and punishments
should be meted out to
contractors who violate safety

73
 policy.
16 Ismail, Nigeria Evaluated “factors The study used structured The study found work place
Doostdar influencing the questionnaire designed for settings and the use of safety
& Harun implementation of a construction staffers and as wears, reduce of manual
(2011) safety management well interviewed skilled work, and appropriate use of
system for construction labourers. equipment and tools. But
sites scope of this work did not
cover the effects of safety
wears on workers
productivity.

17 Okoye, Nigeria Survey research design, Exploratory study on the cost The findings showed the
Okolie & randomly selected of health and safety impact of safety performance
Aderibigb sample among performance of building of contractors on successful
e, (2014) stakeholders in the contractors in south- east projects delivery.
study area and the data Nigeria
obtained were
statistically analysed
using Chi Square
statistics to test the
correlation.
18 Dingsdag, Nigeria The research adopted Perception study on workers The study established four
Biggs & structured questionnaire feelings, skills, behaviors and most influential factors for
Sheahan. via e-mail and self- knowledge of construction safety practices as worker
(2007) addressed pre-paid participants that contribute to opinion on safety culture
envelopes to obtained “safety culture promotion via training and
needed data. education, a strong knowledge
of rules and regulations, good
communication and
interpersonal skills, behaviour
and actions that enforce and
monitor safety.
19 Hinze & Nigeria The study aimed was to Survey was conducted on The outcome of research
Gambates identified factors that three different specialty showed that safety
e. (2003) impact the safety contractor populations performance of specialty
commitment of through structured contractor were often affected

74
 specialty contractors questionnaire by e-mail by numerous factors that
reduces worker productivity.
However, staff motivation
were not seen as better means
of safety performance.
20 Cheng, Studied impact of Descriptive study using But the study did not link
Ryan, & safety and health survey design to gathered data safety practices and workers
Kelly practices on needed for the study. output to test the impact.
(2011) construction output General assessment was used
through three safety to collect the data instead
management practices observation and comparative
categories: information, study by using time to set
process and target for each operations of
committees. the workers to know the
impact of safety wears either
positive or negative.
21 Muiruri Nairobi Study investigates Descriptive study using Major findings were
and Kenya health and safety survey design to gathered data inadequate enforcement
Mulinge measures used on needed for the study. mechanism, inadequate
(2014) construction site, support on safety management
enforcement on construction project,
mechanisms and absent of motivation facilities,
examined difficulties absent of committees on
experienced in the safety, unawareness of safety
management of health matters among workers.
and safety on project
sites.
22 Umoh & Conducted a study on Descriptive study using The study uncovered that
Torbira safety practices and the survey design to gathered data there is certain and critical
(2013) productivity of needed for the study. connection between the
employees in availability of safety wears
manufacturing firms the workers productivity. The
study stressed that enhancing
safety strategies for
operatives’ has incredibly

75
 affected and still impacts
productivity.
23 Alinaitwe Uganda Studied factors Thirty six factors that have Improper supervision and
, affecting productivity link to time, cost and quality inadequate skills among
Mwakali, of building craftsmen were ranked via descriptive workers were the most
& statistic. significant factors affecting
Hansson workers productivity. But the
(2007) study did not establish
whether workers compliance
with safety practices affected
their operations.
24 Supata, Study factors affecting Exploratory study was Out of the eight categories,
Kabin, workers productivity. conducted to factors affecting motivation is the most
and Nath productivity in eight significant of all on workers
(2014) categories. The factors were in enhancing productivity.
rank using RII
25 Rao et al. Conducted study on Exploratory study was The factors that were
(2015) Labour productivity. conducted to identify sixty significant to workers
one (61) factors. Data were productivity include: political
analysed by ranking and influence, economic
Reliability analysis test. slowdown government
regulations, accidents during
construction, health and safety
factors and poor co-ordination
between different
departments.
26 Osonwa, Calaba, study of utilization of Survey research and data were Safety wears are not
Eko & Nigeria personal protective analysed by ranking. necessary, not adequate, and
Ozah equipment (PPEs) inconvenience were some of
2015 among wood factory the reasons responsible for not
workers in using safety wears among the
workers. But the study was
therefore limited to wood
factory workers.

76
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODS

3.1 Introduction

This section justified the procedures the study adopted to achieve research aim and the
formulated objectives. The literature review findings informed survey components of this
research work and this includes a review of journals, articles, textbooks, and other published
and unpublished materials which were considered relevant to the stated aim of this research
work. The procedure for data collection and analysis were explained. The study is descriptive in
nature and designed to obtain information from operatives concerning safety practices and the
effects of safety wears on their operation in building production process. It also described the
research configuration, contemplate populace, the sample frame, sample size and its qualities,
the inspecting strategies received, sources and instruments of data accumulation, data analysis
and presentation.

3.2 Research Design

Research design is a template for testing an outcome of a study in order to exercise control over
factors that may stand against the validity of the findings Burns and Grove, (2003). This
research engaged desk review of related literature covering a period of 16 years (2000-2016).
The study adopted survey research design, with the help of structured questionnaire to the
Professionals, Contractors and Artisans (both skilled and unskilled) that operate in Lagos State,

77
Nigeria. By adopting survey research author believed that it is proper as accumulation of
information will not be more than one case and at a particular point in time to gather a
group of quantitative or quantifiable information regarding at least two or more variables
(Bryman, 2012). This research critically assessed and analyzed health and safety practices in
relation to effects of safety wears on workers operation in execution of construction projects.
The research methods was designed into three phases, the preliminary phase, established
background information on the subject of health and safety through literature search and
reviews. The next phase focuses on direct observation and interview, based on the established
background and literature review. The third phase developed some of the key issues captured in
the previous phases into Likert scale questionnaire.

3.3 Study Population

The need to select the representative sample from the population size that will be dealt with in
this research study cannot be over emphasized. The population for this study covers medium
scale construction companies that operate in Lagos State. The choice of Lagos State was based
on its fast growing in development and increase in the demands for housing unit both for
residential and industrial purposes. Lagos Islands being a coastal zone has enjoyed
tremendous increase in modern construction activities and development such as: Eko Atlantic
city, Lekki free trade zone, Dangote petroleum refinery, Lekki deep sea port and Lagos Island
international airport (Ogunde, et al., 2017). However, the choice and distribution of the
questionnaire were limited by space of time require to complete the study.

Furthermore, Lagos State fairly represent an open market of construction companies for all and
sundry. Thus, most of the Nigerian locally owned construction contractors that register with the
Federal Registration Board of Nigeria shown that over 80% have their addresses in Lagos,
Abuja and Port Harcourt as adopted by Fagbenle, Aderemi, and David (2004) and Olaleye
(2008).

It can be stressed further that a standard construction site will have a Site Manager, Supervisors
to manage activities of workers on their various sites (CDM, 2007:2015)

3.4 Sample Frame

78
In order to generate statistics data and generalize study findings to a larger population sampling
strategies are usually employed. Osuala (2005) defines sampling frame as the list of members of
the population under investigation from which sample size are obtained. The sample frame refer
to the number of individual that made up the study population that can be sampled by the
researcher. The sample frame for this study therefore, comprises of professionals, contractors
and artisans (both skilled and unskilled) randomly selected from the study area.

3.5 Sampling Techniques

Sampling is the statistical procedure for choosing a subset (sample) from population of interest
for purposes of observations statistical inferences about that population. This study adopted
both probability and non-probability sampling techniques (Mbeche, 2004).

Since the research is purposive in nature, it required data from the on-going construction sites
and not the number of Construction Company in the study area, snowball sampling techniques
was used to locate medium scale construction sites that engaged in construction project at some
selected location in Lagos State before choosing the targeted respondents. However, in bid to
reduce the degree of bias of the respondents’ opinion to ensure adequate coverage of targeted
population and to gain clarity of data, questionnaire were personally administered to the
respondents while he ensured that all artisans and labourers involved were capable enough to
answers the questions.

Snowballing sampling is a form of non-probability sampling in which the researcher begins by

identifying an individual perceived to be an appropriate respondent.
Faugier and Sargeant (1997) defined snowball as sampling technique capable of providing
efficient and economical ways of finding cases that otherwise are difficult or impossible to
locate and contact. This opinion is married with (Alexander, Kurlander and Wynia 2005) as
snowball sample techniques are used in survey where participants are recruited through other
potential participants, by asking physicians in retainer medical practices to name other
physicians in similar type practices that might be contacted to participate in the survey.

3.6 Sample Size

79
Sample size is difficult in determining, due to the ability of the researcher to study the whole
population. However, the sample size are considered based on geographical location of
construction activities in the study area thus: Lagos Mainland, Lagos Island and Sand pits such
as Victoria Island, Lekki and Ajar; and Lagos suburb which covers Badagry and Ikorodu.
Though there is no readily available data to show the number of construction sites in Lagos and
their geographical distribution but Lagos mainland and Barrier Islands (Victoria Island, Lekki
and Ajar) house the larger percentage of construction activities in Lagos state. Sample size for
the study was determined through (Sediary, 1994) as adopted by (Fagbenle et al., 2007),

n = n’/ (1+ (n’/N))

Where, n= sample size n’= s/v,
N = total estimated population,
v = standard error of the sampling population.
Total error= 0.1 at a confidence level of 95%
s = (p) X (1- p) = (0.5) X (0.5) = 0.25.

Therefore, the construction sites were selected via snowballing sampling as thus:

Table 3.1: Selected study population by geographical location

Geographical Distribution of respondents Administered

Projects
Location Questionnaire
Lagos Mainland 6 24
Lagos Island (Victoria Island, Lekki and Ajar) 21 84
Lagos Suburb (Badagry, Ikorodu) 5 20
Total 32 128
Source: Researcher data collection 2017

Therefore, based on the above formula thirty two (32) construction project sites were selected
from the sample frame and four (4) i.e. two professional, one skilled and one unskilled
respondents were randomly sampled from each of the project sites these equals to 128 copies of
structured questionnaire administered.

3.7 Data Collection Instruments

80
According to (Ojo, 2003) research instruments are tools used to collect data for propose study in
order to test hypothesis and proffer answers to research questions. Oral interview and
questionnaire were used as research instrument for this study because it assures opinion of the
targeted respondent. Questionnaires were administered to professionals, contractors and artisans
(both skilled and unskilled).

3.7.1 Pilot Studies

Research questionnaire was subjects to pilot test for sanctity and validity of data. This provide
the authors with necessary improvement on the questions raised before administering the main
survey. The stage one involved two senior researchers, one project manager and one safety
manager were engaged to vet the questionnaire with relevant contributions and suggestions. On
the second stage, a professor and safety managers of which they did not involve in the final
survey. All the necessary corrections and suggestions were included in the questionnaire
administered.

3.7.2 Questionnaire Design

Questionnaire is a research instrument used to assess data beyond the physical phenomenon of
the researchers (Leedy, 1997). The study obtained quantitative data via the administration of
structured questionnaire, in order to sample the opinion of respondents. Researcher firstly brief
the intending respondent about the objectives of the study and also stressed the need to provide
adequate and unbiased responses. All question were closed from a set of fixed appropriate
options where respondents were to choose from. The first part of the questionnaire were
designed to capture the demography statistic information such as higher academic qualification
attained, category of operation, age of respondent and industry experience of the respondents’.

Follow by the first objective of the study that assessed respondents’ level of agreement on
current state of safety practices on building construction projects site in Lagos State using some
selected safety performance criteria on a Likert scale 1 – 5 ( 1. not practiced, 2= less practiced, 3=
sometime practiced, 4= moderately practiced, 5=often practiced).

81
Second objectives identified factors preventing site operatives from using safety wears on
construction sites on a Likert scale 1 – 5 ( 1= not affected, 2= less affected, 3= sometime affected, 4=
moderately affected, 5=Mostly affected)

Third objectives rank workers responses on variables that best describe effects’ of wearing
safety wears on workers operation in the study area. These was measured by using a five-point
Likert scale 1=very insignificant, 2= of less significant, 3= slightly significant, 4= moderately
significant, 5=very significant.

Forth objectives ranked respondents’ perception on the importance of integrating Builder’s

document and others safety control systems for project management. These was measured by
using a five-point Likert scale 1=very insignificant, 2= of less significant, 3= slightly
significant, 4= moderately significant, 5=very significant.

In the quest to examine safety improvement measures and control systems available for safety
practices and compliance on construction sites. Objectives five ranked respondents opinion
using the following scale 1= totally disagreed, 2= disagreed, 3= slightly agreed, 4= moderately
agreed, 5= highly agreed.

3.8 Methods of Data Analysis

According to Ofo (1999) where the questionnaire survey method is used, the entire analysis
procedure usually involves calculation and interpreting descriptive analysis. For the purpose of
this research, the data obtained were presented and analyzed by statistical package for social
sciences (SPSS v21) and Microsoft Excel, 2016 using descriptive and inferential analytical tools
such as, frequency percentage distributed table, mean, Relative Important Index.

3.8.1 Demographic Information

In this study, the demographic information provides general information on participants involved in
the survey. Descriptive statistics were utilized to summarize participants’ information. The
demographic information does not focus on specific questions but provides general information
about employees. Such information includes: education background, respondents years of
experience etc.

82
3.8.2 Frequency Distribution Tables

It is usually arranged in rows and columns each displaying specific information. This was used
in the study to display both collected data and analyzed information. In other words, frequency
distribution tables will be employee in generating the distribution characteristics of the variables
and data analyzed. The descriptive statistics like mean and standard deviation were use in
addition to frequency and percentage distribution.

3.8.3 Relative Important Index

Under relative Important Index measure, variables are to be rated against a scale to assist in
assessing the significance of each factor. The scale was then transformed into an index
otherwise known as Relative Important Index (RII) for each factor to determine the ranks of the
different factors. The analysis for this study employed Relative Important Index or RII formula
which is evaluated as:

RII = 1n1+2n2+3n3+4n4+5n5 = ( ∑5i=1 Wi × Fxi ) (1)

5(n1+n2+n3+n4+n5)

Where, n1- n5 represent lower integer to highest integer

RII = ( ∑5i=1 Wi × Fxi ) x100 (2)
N

Where, w= the weight age of the respondents i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Fxi= the frequency of every respondent

Fx1= lower integer up to Fx5= highest integer

N = total number of respondents

Formula (1) and (2) are derived from (Tawil et al,. 2011). According to past studies the mean
and standard deviations are not suitable statistics for testing overall ranking of a phenomenon
(Doloi, 2008). Relative Importance Index RII gave a constant descriptive meaning to the
critical factor based on the (Doloi and Young, 2009). According to (Mbamali, 2012) RII values
are interpreted as follows: RII˂0.60: Connotes item has low rating. 0.60≤ RII ≤ 0.8: Connotes
item has high rating. RII ≥ 0.80: Connotes item has very high rating.

83
3.8.4 Independent-Samples T-Test

An independent-samples t-test is adopted in order to compare the mean score, on some

continuous variable, between two different groups of respondents. The result of the test would
tell if there is a statistically significant difference in the mean scores between the groups ( Cohen,
1988; Pallant 2013).

The column marked Sig. (2-tailed), under the section labelled t-test for Equality of Means. Two
values are given, one for equal variance, the other for unequal variance. The help in decision
making for the test result,
There exist significant difference if the mean scores on the dependent variable for each of the
two groups in the Sig. (2-tailed) column is equal or less than .05 (e.g. .03, .01, .001). Otherwise,
there is no significant difference between the two groups if the value is above .05 (e.g. .06, .10)
(Cohen, 1988; Pallant 2013)..

Eta squared formula was used to determine effect size of independent sample t-test
Eta squared = t2
t2 + (N1 + N2 – 2)

The result is interpreted as follow: .01=small effect, .06=moderate effect, .14=large effect
(Cohen, 1988; Pallant 2013)

3.8.5 MANN-WHITNEY U TEST

The Mann-Whitney U Test was used to test for differences between two independent groups on
continuous measure. The test of non-parametric is an alternative to t-test for independent
samples. The Mann-Whitney U Test compared medians score as against means scores of the two
groups in the T-test (Pallant, 2013). It transferred the scores on the continuous variable to ranks
across the two groups. It then measures if the ranking of the two groups have significantly
difference. However, the outcome of Mann-Whitney U Test also checked the effectiveness of
each statistically significant difference variable using (Pallant 2013) and Cohen (1988)
criteria .1=small effect, .3=medium effect, .5=large effect. However, the test have been adopted
by past researcher, take for example Adewuyi and Otali (2013), Famakin and Fawehinmi (2012)

84
3.9 Chapter Summary

This chapter used survey research design, the study population, sample frame and how sample
size was determined were also stated. It also states that snowball and random sampling
technique was used in the curse of the research, and the data collection instrument used was
questionnaire. This chapter also explained the method of data analysis adopted.

3.9.1 Summary of Data analysis and Presentation

Objectives Variables Measure Measureme Analytical
requirement ment of nt scale tool
variable
Section A
Background information Name of institution, Descript Nominal Frequency
category of ive scale and
respondents, level, statistic percentage
sex, discipline,
number of years
Objective 1
Examined current state of safety 18 variables were Likert Ordinal SPSS
practices on building construction listed scale of scale (Mean
projects. 5-l score and
ranking)
Objective 2
Factors affecting site operatives 13 variables were Likert Ordinal SPSS ( RII
from using safety wears on listed scale of scale and
construction sites. 5-l ranking))
Objective 3
Effects of wearing personal 13 variables were Likert Ordinal SPSS
protective equipment/safety wears listed scale of scale (Mean
on the productivity of workers on 5-l score and
site in the study area. ranking)
Objective 4

85
 The importance of integrating 10variables were Likert Ordinal SPSS
Builder’s document and others listed scale of scale (Mean
safety controlling safety in project 5-l score and
management ranking)
Objectives 5
Safety improvement measures and 18 variables were Likert Ordinal Mann-
control systems available for compared scale of scale Whitney U
safety practices and compliance on between the two 5-l Test
construction sites category of
respondents
Test of Hypothesis
There is no significant difference 13 variables were Likert Ordinal Independen
listed scale of scale t sample T-
between professional and site
5-l test
workers perceptions on factors
preventing effective use of safety
wears on construction sites.

Table 3.2: Summary of Data analysis and Presentation

Source: Researcher’s Field survey (2017)

CHAPTER FOUR

ANALYSES, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter was centered on data analyses, presentation and discussion of results obtained from
the field survey as detailed in chapter three. The analyses and argument are in line with the stated
aim and objectives in an attempt to answers the research questions raised in chapter one.
Secondly, the section provided statistically test on whether to accept or reject the proposed
hypotheses and relationship among the listed variables for the study.

4.2 Objectives of the Study

Following the research objectives proposed in the first chapter, this section therefore determine
whether the aim of the study have been achieved, and also discussed and compared contribution
of findings to existing knowledge.

86
1. To examine the current state of safety practices on selected building construction sites;
2. To identify factors preventing site operatives from using safety wears on construction sites;
3. To determine the effects of safety wears on workers operation on construction sites;
4. To investigate respondents perception on the importance of integrating Builder’s document
and others safety control systems on construction projects; and
5. To examine safety improvement measures and control systems available for safety practices
and compliance on construction sites

4.3 Data Presentation

4.3.1 Geographical locations and response rate of the respondents
Table 4.1 Geographical locations and response rate of the respondents
Location Administered Returned
Projects Percentage
Questionnaire Questionnaire
Lagos Mainland 6 24 19 17.00
Lagos Island (Victoria Island, Lekki and Ajar) 21 52 77 68.00
Lagos Suburb (Badagry, Ikorodu) 5 20 17 15.00
Total 32 128 113 100.00
Classification of Respondents
Frequency Percentage

Professional 50 44.00

Site Operatives 63 56.00

Total 113 100.0
Source: Researcher survey 2017

87
From one hundred and twenty eight (128) copies of structured questionnaire administered to the
respondents for this research work i.e. sixty four (64) copies of structured questionnaire were
distributed to the professional (site manager or supervisor) and sixty four (64) copies to site
operatives (skilled and unskilled labourers) that operate in Lagos State, Nigeria. One hundred
and thirteen (113) copies of questionnaire distributed were returned and analyzed justifying
eighty eight percent (88%) response rate. The data were further separated into the category of
professional and site operatives, this represent 40(44%) and 63(56%) respectively.

4.3.2 Demography information of the respondents

Background information of respondents

Table 4.2: Background information of respondents

Professional Site operatives

Freq
Demographic Information Pert. Demographic Information Freq. Pert.
.
Academic qualification Academic Qualification
HND 16 32.0 SSCE 21 33.0
Pgd/BSc/[Link] 15 30.0 National vocational training 30 48.0
MSc/MBA/MPM 19 38.0 Advance craft certificate 12 19.0
Category of operation Category of operation
Site manager 41 82.0 Skilled Labour 32 51.0
Safety manager 7 14.0 Unskilled Labour 15 24.0
Project manager 2 4.0 Sub-Contractors 10 16.0
Age of respondent Foreman 6 9.0
15-20 1 2.0 Age of respondent
21-30 18 36.0 15-20 11 8.0

88
 31-40 16 32.0 21-30 25 35.0
41-50 13 26.0 31-40 29 45.0
51-60 2 4.0 41-50 1 2.0
Industry years of experience Industry years of experience
1-5 15 30.0 1-5 23 36.0
6-10 10 20.0 6-10 15 24.0
11-15 8 16.0 11-15 23 37.0
16-20 14 28.0 16-20 1 2.0
20 years above 3 6.0 20 years above 1 2.0
Number of men working in a gang Number of men working in a gang
1-4 16 32.0 1-4 20 32.0
5-8 19 38.0 5-8 27 43.0
9-12 5 10.0 9-12 11 15.0
13-16 and above 10 20.0 13-16 5 8.0
Source: Researcher’s Field survey (2017) Professional (N= 50) Site operatives (N=63)

Table 4.2 showed that 16(32%) of the professional respondents had HND certificate, 15(30%)
with [Link]./[Link]. certificate while respondents with [Link]. scored the highest 19(38%)
compared to 21(33%) of the site operatives had SSCE, 30(48%) possess National Vocational
training certificate and 12(19%) advance craft certificate respectively. This justified that larger
percentage of the respondents were highly qualified and knowledgeable enough to answer the
questions. On the category of their operations, 41(82%) of the professional respondents were site
managers only 7(14%) were safety managers while 32(51%) of the site operatives respondents
were skilled labourers, followed by 15(24%) unskilled labourers, 10(16%) sub-contractors and
6(9%) that are foreman.

Furthermore, percentage distribution of the respondents based on their age bracket showed that
(68%) of the professional respondent age range between 21-40 years as against (26%) whose age
range are above 41 years. It was a different case as (81%) of the site operatives respondents were
within the age range of 21-40 years. It can be established that the respondents for this study have
good knowledge of building construction because (44%) of the professional respondents have
more than ten years of working experience compared to (20%) that have more than six years of
working experience. Meanwhile, (39%) of the site operatives have more than ten years of
working experience compared to (36%) that have less than 6 years of experience. Lastly, table
4.2 also explored number of men working in a gang from the study area. Sixty eight percent
(68%) of the professional and site operatives respectively have more than 5 men in their gang.

89
4.4 Objective one examined current state of safety practices on building construction
projects.
Table 4.3: Current state of safety practices on building construction projects.
Safety practice parameter Site operative Scores Professional Scores Overall Scores
Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank
Provision of temporary fence at the
boundary of the site 3.94 1st 4.26 1st 4.07 1st
Provision of accidents prevention
procedure and safety 3.92 3rd 4.12 2nd 3.96 2nd
consciousness on site
Development and frequently
review of safety policy for building 3.94 1st 3.68 7th 3.90 3rd
production projects.
Daily safety briefing 3.92 3rd 3.72 5th 3.74 4th
First aid box and welfare facilities
are always made available on site. 3.19 15th 3.78 4th 3.73 5th
Engaging safety committee in
investigating and auditing cause of 3.52 8th 3.60 10th 3.59 6th
accidents
Examination of scaffold,
equipment and tools before the 3.57 6th 3.66 8th 3.58 7th
start of work Safety manager.
The use of personal protective
3.13 17th 3.60 10th 3.51 8th
equipment/ safety wears
Training of the new staff on their
related jobs and the use of tools 3.57 5th 3.56 15th 3.50 9th
and equipment
Testing the competence of the
skilled labour and their
3.32 13th 3.75 5th 3.47 10th
adaptability to working
environment
Engaging employees planning
issues relating to health and safety 3.33 12th 3.60 10th 3.44 11th
organisation
Setting safety guidelines into the
3.40 10th 4.10 3rd 3.44 11th
body of conditions of contract.
Engaging resident safety manager
3.14 16th 3.58 13th 3.41 13th
on construction sites.
Availability of the internal and
external health and safety 3.40 10th 3.58 13th 3.40 14th
department
Proper arrangement of waste on
3.21 14th 3.66 8th 3.34 15th
site.
Use of safety net where the height
3.56 7th 3.08 18th 3.32 16th
of building exceeded two storeys
Construction and contractors all
risk insurance for the project, staff 2.94 18th 3.48 16th 3.25 17th
and site operatives
Obtaining of health and safety
3.48 9th 3.24 17th 3.21 18th
clearance/ certificate.
Source: Researcher’s Field survey (2017)

90
The first objective of the study assessed respondents’ level of agreement on current state of
safety practices on building construction projects site in Lagos State using some selected safety
performance criteria on a Likert scale 1 – 5 ( 1. not practiced, 2= less practiced, 3= sometime
practiced, 4= moderately practiced, 5=often practiced).

Table 4.3 ranked and compared the mean scores of the professional respondents and site
operatives’ perception on how safety is currently practiced on their site with the overall mean
score ranking. Five most frequently embraced among the parameters listed on project sites
according to overall mean were: provision of temporary fence at the boundary of the site
(1st,4.07), provision of accidents prevention strategy and safety consciousness on site (2nd, 3.96),
development and frequent review of safety policy for building projects (3rd, 3.90), daily safety
briefing (4th, 3.74), and provision of first aid box and welfare facilities (5th, 3.73).

However, there was no agreement in the response rate among the group of the respondents on the
current state of safety practices on building construction projects. Take for example First aid box
and welfare facilities are always made available on site was ranked (15th, 3.78) by the workers
and (4th, 3.74) by the professional respondents. That showed the level of disagreement in their
responses.

Secondly, the use of personal protective equipment/ safety wears was perceived as irrelevant to
the site operatives as it was ranked (17th, 3.60) compared to that of professionals respondent
(10th,3.59). Engaging resident safety manager on construction sites was ranked (13 th, 3.41), this
also conformed to the outcome of low percentage of professional respondents who are safety
managers as shown in table 4.2. Furthermore, the result of professional respondents’ revealed
that setting safety guidelines into the body of conditions of contract are often practiced as it was
ranked (3rd, 4.10), compared with site operatives responses that was ranked (10 th, 3.10).
Meanwhile, others factors tested are equally important as their mean scores above (3) points out
of (5) points in the Likert scale.

4.5 Objective two examined factors affecting site operatives from using safety wears on
construction sites.

Table 4.4: Factors preventing site operatives from using safety wears on construction sites

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 Variables Site operative Scores Professional Scores Overall Score

RII Rank RII Rank RII Rank

Adaptability of workers to safety
practices as it was against the 0.780 3rd 0.784 7th 0.776 1st
traditional practices.
Unethical practices of worker due
to human attitudinal peculiarities 0.790 1st 0.764 10th 0.766 2nd
and traditional practices.
Insufficient instructions about the
working condition and 0.762 4th 0.800 4th 0.764 3rd
environment.
Inadequate engagement of safety
managers and ineffective 0.720 7th 0.868 1st 0.762 4th
supervision on site.
Unsafe practices of worker due to
0.762 4th 0.786 9th 0.756 5th
religious assertions.
Workers inadequate or lack of
understanding about the workplace 0.714 8th 0.804 2nd 0.742 6th
safety rules
Lack of proper knowledge on
hazards management. 0.692 10th 0.804 2nd 0.734 7th
Lack of proper training on the use
of safety wears provided for use at 0.784 2nd 0.712 11th 0.732 8th
work.
Safety wears is not comfortable to
0.696 9th 0.792 5th 0.730 9th
work with.
Operatives engagement in
improper conduct that could 0.688 11th 0.784 7th 0.716 10th
influence others workers.
Ineffective communication
between safety personnel and 0.750 6th 0.684 12th 0.714 11th
workers
Lack of training on key issues
pertaining health and safety 0.666 12th 0.788 6th 0.706 12th
consciousness
Willingness of the workers to meet
0.650 13th 0.624 13th 0.622 13th
their daily output.
Source: Researcher’s Field survey (2017)

Second objectives identified factors preventing site operatives from using safety wears on
construction sites on a Likert scale 1 – 5 to test respondents opinion on the listed variables ( 1=
not affected, 2= less affected, 3= sometime affected, 4= moderately affected, 5=Mostly affected).

Table 4.4 presents Relative Important Index rakings of the responses on the factor that prevent
site operatives from using safety wears on construction sites. Five top ranked from the overall
(RII) among the factors were: adaptability of workers to safety practices as it was against the
traditional practices of workers (RII=0.776), closely followed by unethical practices of worker

92
due to human attitudinal peculiarities and traditional practices (RII=0.766) insufficient
instructions about the working condition (RII=0.764), inadequate and ineffective supervision by
safety personnel on site (RII=0.762), unsafe practices of worker due to religious assertions
(RII=0.756).

In contradictions, adaptability of workers to safety practices as it was against the traditional

practices of workers was ranked 3 rd (RII=0.780) by site operatives to showed their reason for
not using safety wears as against the thought of professional ranking 7 th, (RII=0.784). Secondly,
workers’ believed that their unethical practices of due to human attitudinal peculiarities and
traditional practices 1st, (RII=0.780) as against the professionals 10 th, (RII=0.766) was the
reason.

All of these factors are within the control of the Safety or Site Manager and if averted they will
go a long way to address the issues of safety practices. Furthermore, safety wears is not
comfortable to work with was ranked 9th (RII 0.696) and 5th, (RII=0.792) by the workers and
professionals respectively. However, judging by the ranking of Relative Important Index score
of the professional respondents from table 3 ineffective supervision by safety personnel on site
(RII 0.868) and lack of proper knowledge on hazards management (RII 0.804), lack of proper
training on the use of personal protective equipment (RII 0.804) were ranked first and second as
factors that prevent effective use of safety wears. This means more importance must be attached
to supervision and control of workers on the use of safety wears, while workers must have
adequate knowledge on associated risks to their tasks.

It is also important to stressed the fact that site operatives lacked proper training on the effective use
of safety wears on sites as this was ranked 2 nd, (RII 0.784), while ineffective communication
between safety personnel and workers was ranked (6th) (RII 0.750). This simply implies that for
Construction Company to avert this current challenges, good safety policies, workable hazard
management and construction programme must be properly communicated to the operatives that
will use them. Consequently, willingness of the workers to meet their daily output was ranked 13 th,
(RII 0.622), this meant the factor slightly affected operatives from using safety wears.

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4.6 Objective three identified respondents’ level of agreement on the effects of using
safety wears on workers operations.

Table 4.5: Effects of using safety wears on workers operations

Variables Site operative Scores Professional Scores Overall Scores

Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank
Safety wears will improve safety 4.1 1st 4.54 1st 4.20 1st
among workers
Safety wears will reduce accident 4.08 2nd 4.5 2nd 4.14 2nd
impact on operatives'
Enhances safety participation of site 3.92 3rd 4.1 3rd 3.89 3rd
operatives
Workers compliance can be better if 3.81 5th 4.04 4th 3.87 4th
trained on the use of safety wears.

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 Safety wears are adequate enough to 3.75 6th 3.7 6th 3.71 5th
provide necessary safety at work
Workers tend to get more premiums if 3.87 4th 3.56 8th 3.64 6th
there is absent of injury by wearing
safety wears.
It attracts extra cost of training safety 3.62 7th 3.64 7th 3.58 7th
officer.
Workers output cannot be affected or 3.43 10th 3.84 5th 3.53 8th
declined through the use of safety
wears
Reduce workers level of work output 3.52 8th 3.28 10th 3.51 9th
and productivity
It attracted benefits that outweigh its 3.27 11th 3.54 9th 3.28 10th
costs of managing safety.
Shortage of workers' wages at the end 2.9 13th 3.06 12th 3.08 11th
of daily work as a result of wearing
safety wears
The use of safety wears is good but 3.24 12th 3.14 11th 3.06 12th
impractical for construction workers
Use of safety wears will require more 3.46 9th 2.7 13th 3.02 13th
working time from operatives
Source: Researcher’s Field survey (2017)

Third objectives ranked workers responses on variables that best describe effects’ of wearing
safety wears on workers operations in the study area. This was measured by using five-point
Likert scale 1=very Insignificant, 2= of less Significant, 3= slightly Significant, 4= moderately
significant, 5=very significant.

The result from Table 4.5 showed that there was general agreement between the overall means
score and the two categories of respondents mean scores ranking on effect of using safety wears
on workers operations. Firstly ranked was safety wears will improved safety among workers
with overall mean score of 1 st, (4.20). Followed by it reduced accidents impact on operatives
with overall mean score of 2nd, (4.14). It enhances safety participation of site operatives was
ranked 3rd, (3.89), workers compliance will be better when trained on the use of safety wears

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was raked 4th, (3.87). Safety wears were adequate enough to provide necessary safety at work
was ranked 5th, (3.71).

Critical observations on the Table 4.5 also revealed that workers output cannot be affected or
declined as a result of using of safety wears, this was ranked 8 th, (3.53). However, the use of
safety wears attracted extra cost of training safety managers was ranked 7 th, (3.58), while
reduction of workers level of work output was ranked 9 th, (3.51) as effects’ of using safety
wears on workers operations.

Safety managers must look into the best strategy to implement effective use of safety wears on site.
As part of effect of safety wears on workers operations, amazingly shortage of workers' wages at
the end of daily work as a result of wearing safety wears would not increase workers output, as this
was ranked 11th, (3.08). Factor with the least raking among the variables was the use of safety wears
would require more working time from operatives 12th, (3.02). The use of safety wear is good but
impractical for site operatives in the study area scored overall mean of 13 th, (3.06). However,
caution must be taken on this as the overall mean score of all the variables above 3 points out of (5)
point of the Likert scale used which connote all the factors are slightly significant.

4.7 Objective four examined respondent perception on the importance of integrating

Builder’s document and others safety control systems in project management.

Table 4.6: Importance of integrating Builder’s document and others safety control systems

Variables Site operative Scores Professional Scores Overall Mean

Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank
Provide helpful information to
3.9 4th 4.62 1st 4.19 1st
all construction participants
Gives understanding about the
3.97 2nd 4.62 1st 4.17 2nd
importance of safety practices
Ensure continuous improvement 3.86 6th 4.24 6th 4.02 3rd

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 of safety performance
It takes into consideration health
and safety matters right from the 3.89 5th 4.32 4th 4.00 4th
design phase.
Effective coordination of
construction activities in a safe 4.00 1st 4.10 9th 3.97 5th
manners
Facilitate action plan to manage
3.76 7th 4.28 5th 3.94 6th
construction safety
Provides information about all
the construction stakeholder 3.94 3rd 4.14 8th 3.90 7th
duties in managing safety
Establishes need for safety
training and orientation for site 3.51 10th 4.40 3rd 3.83 8th
operatives
Inbuilt safety guidelines into the
conditions of contract for the 3.62 8th 4.06 10th 3.77 9th
project.
Unifies the practices of safety
irrespective of location, size and 3.56 9th 4.22 7th 3.74 10th
volume of project handling
Source: Researcher’s Field survey (2017)

Table 4.6 addressed forth objectives concerning respondents’ perception on the importance of
integrating Builder’s document and others safety control system on project management. These was
measured by using a five-point Likert scale 1= very insignificant, 2= of less significant, 3= slightly
significant, 4= significant, 5=very significant.

The result of survey from Table 4.6 showed that four variables had overall mean score that is above
(4.00) on the level of significance of integrating Builder’s document and others safety control
system in project management and they were ranked accordingly. Firstly it provided helpful
information to all construction participants (4.19), secondly it gave understanding about the
importance of safety practices (4.17), thirdly it ensured continuous improvement of safety

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performance (4.02) and fourthly it takes into consideration health and safety matters right from the
design phase (4.00).

However, professional respondent perceived that integrating Builder’s document and others safety
regulations in controlling safety on project sites will provide helpful information to all construction
participants and gives understanding about the importance of safety practices as it was ranked first
with mean score of (4.64). Contrary to this, it can be said that tradesmen had little knowledge about
the safety code of practice because effective coordination of construction activities in a safe
manners was ranked first, while the least ranked was its established the need for safety training and
orientation for site operatives with the means score (3.51).

4.8 Mann-Whitney U Test on safety improvement measures and control systems

available for safety practices and compliance on construction sites.

Table 4.7: Mann-Whitney U Test on safety improvement measures and control systems.

Mann- Site Decisio

Professiona
Whitney Z Sig. l Median
Operativ R
U e Median n
Routine check on plant and 1,417.5 0.1
-1.029 0.303 5 5 SE
equipment. 0 0
Use of safety audio, video and 1,058.5 0.3
-3.234 0.001 4 5 ME
visual displaying gadgets on site. 0 0

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 Daily check of scaffold and ladder 1,173.5 0.2
-2.474 0.013 4 4 SE
etc. 0 3
Daily consciousness of safety 1,384.0 0.1
-1.217 0.224 4 4 SE
practice on site 0 0
Daily health and safety briefing 1,547.0 0.0
-0.170 0.865 4 4 VSE
0 0
Workers obtaining safety clearance 1,372.0 0.1
-1.223 0.221 3 3 SE
before start of work 0 0
Deduct wages of workers who 1,371.0 0.1
-1.223 0.222 4 4 SE
failed to use PPE 0 0
Inclusion of safety matters from the 1,138.0 0.3
-2.695 0.007 4 4 ME
planning phase 0 0
Improved site layout planning 1,376.5 0.1
-1.224 0.221 4 4 SE
0 0
Assigning safety responsibility to 1,344.5 0.1
-1.417 0.157 4 4 SE
all levels 0 0
Setting safety guidelines into 1,243.0 0.2
-2.046 0.041 5 4 SE
conditions of contract. 0 0
Institute safety awards to motivation 1,526.0 0.3
-0.301 0.763 4 4 ME
workers. 0 0
Reward workers that exhibit 1,254.0 0.2
-1.942 0.052 4 3 SE
excellent safety performances 0 0
Allocate budget for safety 1,385.0 0.1
-1.157 0.247 4 4 SE
management 0 0
Conduct in-house safety training 1,215.0 0.2
-2.017 0.044 4 4 SE
0 0
Provision of safety booklet in 1,091.5 0.3
-2.292 0.004 3 4 ME
various languages 0 0
Distribute pocket size copy of 1,400.0 0.1
-1.074 0.283 4 3 SE
safety ethics to workers 0 0
Proper waste management on site 1,141.5 0.2
-2.632 0.008 4 4 SE
0 0
Source: Researcher’s Field survey (2017)
Cohen (1988); Pallant (2013) criteria.1=small effect, .3=medium effect, .5=large effect.

From Table 4.7, Mann-Whitney U Test result showed that there exist statistically difference on
safety improvement measures and control systems available for safety practices and compliance
on construction sites. Out of eighteen (18) listed variable, there was no significant difference on
routine check on plant and equipment between site manager (Md = 5, n =50) and site operatives
(Md =5, n = 63), U = 10416, z = –1.03 p = .30, r = .10 and this would general small effect. There

99
was a significant difference on the use of audio, video and visual displaying gadgets between site
manager (Md = 4, n50 =) and site operatives (Md =5, n = 63), U = 1058, z = –3.23,p = .30, r
= .03, and this could generate medium effect, no significant difference on daily check of scaffold
and ladder etc. between site manager (Md = 4, n =50) and site operatives (Md =, n = 63), U =
1173, z = –2.47 p = .01, r = .23., and this would general small effect. There was a significant
difference on inclusion of safety matters from the planning phase site manager (Md = 4, n =50)
and site operatives (Md =, n = 63), U = 1138, z = –2.70 p = .01, r = .30, and it would generate
medium effect, institute safety awards to motivation workers site manager (Md = 4, n =50) and
site operatives (Md =, n = 63), U = 1526, z = –0.30 p = .30, r = .30, medium effect, there was a
significant difference on provision of safety booklet in various languages site manager (Md = 3,
n =50) and site operatives (Md =4, n = 63), U = 1092, z = –2.29 p = .00, r = .30, this will
generate medium effect.

4.9 Test of Hypothesis

H0:-There is no significant difference between professional and site workers perceptions on

factors preventing effective use of safety wears on construction sites.
H1:-There is significant difference between professional and site workers perceptions on factors
preventing effective use of safety wears on construction sites.

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Table 4.8: Independent Samples Test on factors preventing construction workers from using
safety wears on construction sites.
Levene's Test for
Equality of
Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t Df Sig. Mean Std.
(2- Deviation
tailed)
Unethical practices of worker 4.693 0.032 -0.095 111 0.924 3.82 0.873
due to human attitudinal -0.100 106.434 0.920 3.84 1.370
peculiarities and traditional
practices.
Unsafe practices of worker due 2.616 0.109 0.534 111 0.595 3.84 1.235
to religious assertions 0.518 90.379 0.606 3.73 0.954

Willingness of the workers to 0.149 0.701 -0.968 111 0.335 3.56 0.972
meet their daily output. -0.976 108.232 0.331 3.75 1.047

Inadequate engagement of 19.184 0.000 4.668 111 0.000 4.34 0.772

safety managers and 4.918 105.145 0.000* 3.40 1.251
ineffective supervision on
sites.
Insufficient instructions about 4.520 0.036 1.601 111 0.112 4.00 0.926
the working condition and 1.639 110.895 0.104 3.68 1.133
environment.
Safety wears is not 0.208 0.649 -0.045 111 0.965 3.10 1.359
comfortable to work with. -0.044 102.403 0.965 3.11 1.284
Workers inadequate or lack of 18.847 0.000 2.488 111 0.014 4.02 0.869
understanding about the 2.617 105.686 0.010* 3.46 1.389
workplace safety rules.
Carelessness and over- 14.863 0.000 0.387 111 0.700 3.92 0.853
confidence of workers 0.403 109.380 0.688 3.84 1.221
Lack of proper training on the 7.969 0.006 3.256 111 0.002 3.94 0.956
use of safety wears. 3.382 109.768 0.001* 3.21 1.346
Ineffective communication 1.513 0.221 -1.345 111 0.181 3.42 0.906
between health and safety -1.378 110.949 0.171 3.68 1.119
managers and workers.
Adaptability of workers to 1.208 0.274 3.026 111 0.003* 3.96 0.880
safety practices as it was 3.075 110.007 0.003 3.41 1.010
against the traditional practices
Operatives’ engagement in 0.991 0.322 3.424 111 0.001* 3.92 0.966
improper conduct that could 3.415 104.176 0.001 3.30 0.944
endanger their safety.
Lack of proper knowledge on 15.204 0.000 2.569 111 0.012 4.02 1.078
the hazards management. 2.650 110.807 0.009* 3.40 1.420
Source: Researcher’s Field survey (2017) *Significant at 5% level (p≤.05)

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Cohen (1988); Pallant (2013) criteria, .01=small effect, .06=moderate effect, .14=large effect.
From the table above all the variables that have their level of significant below 0.05 prevented
workers majorly from using safety wears more than those that have their significant above 0.05
on construction sites.
An independent samples t-test was conducted to compare the factors preventing the effective use
of safety wears on construction sites scores of professionals and site workers. Out of thirteen
variables tested. There was significant difference on inadequate engagement of safety managers
and ineffective supervision on site scores for professional respondents’ (M = 4.34, SD= 0.772)
and site workers (M = 3.4, SD = 1.25; t (105.15) = 4.92, p = .00 two-tailed). The magnitude of
the differences in the means (mean difference = .94, 95% CI: .56 to 1.32) was large effect (eta
squared = .18). There was also significant difference on workers inadequate or lack of
understanding about the workplace safety rules scores for professional respondent’s (M = 4.02,
SD= 0.87) and site workers (M = 3.46, SD = 1.39; t (105.69) = 2.62, p = .01 two-tailed). The
magnitude of the differences in the means (mean difference = .56, 95% CI: .14 to .98) was
moderate effect (eta squared = .06).
There exist significant difference on lack of proper training on the use of safety wears scores for
the professional respondents’ (M = 3.94, SD= 0.956) and site workers (M = 3.21, SD = 1.35; t
(109.77) = 3.38, p = .001 two-tailed). The magnitude of the differences in the means (mean
difference = .734, 95% CI: .304 to 1.16) was moderate effect (eta squared = .09).

There was significant difference on adaptability of workers to safety practices as it was against
the traditional practices, professional respondents’ recorded (M = 3.96, SD= 0.88) as against site
workers (M = 3.41, SD = 1.01; t (111) = 3.03, p = .003 two-tailed). The magnitude of the
differences in the means (mean difference = .54, 95% CI: .184 to 0.906) was moderate effect
(eta squared = .08).

There was significant difference on operatives engagement in improper conduct that could
influence others workers, professional respondents’ recorded (M = 3.92, SD= 0.966) and site
workers (M = 3.30, SD = .944; t (111) = 3.42, p = .001 two-tailed). The magnitude of the
differences in the means (mean difference = .618, 95% CI: .26 to .98) was large effect (eta
squared = .10).

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There was significant difference on lack of proper knowledge on hazards management,
professional respondents’ recorded (M = 4.02, SD= 1.1.08) and site workers (M = 3.40, SD =
1.08; t (110.81) = 2.65, p = .009 two-tailed). The magnitude of the differences in the means
(mean difference = .6632, 95% CI: .157 to 1.09) was large effect (eta squared = .06).

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Introduction

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This chapter summarised findings of the study with a view to give closing remarks of the
research, recommendations and also identified area for further research.

5.2 Discussion of Findings and Justification of Research Objectives

5.2.1 Objective one examined current state of safety practices on building

construction projects

The result presented on Table 4.3 compared the mean scores of the professional and site
operatives’ perception on how health and safety are currently practiced on construction sites with
the overall mean score ranking. Out of eighteen listed parameters, f ive most frequently embraced
among the site practice parameters listed on project sites were provision of temporary fence at
the boundary of the site and provision, provision of accidents prevention strategy and safety
consciousness on site, development and frequent review of safety policy for building projects,
daily safety briefing, provision of first aid box, safety gadgets site accommodation and welfare
facilities. All of these are within the capacity of the construction company, any attempt to
improve and subscribe to this practices the longer way it will go in solving the challenges
confronted by the industry. This consistence with George, Geoffrey and Matthew (2013) finding
that stressed the need for construction company to provide adequate awareness particularly on
each project, that will covers an outline of the project, a top to bottom survey of the safety are
necessitated and desired, clear arrangements and systems, disciplinary activities, substance
manhandle testing policy and proactive management methods needed for the project.

In contradiction to recommendation of Construction (Design and Management) Regulations

(CDRM, 2005:2015) engaging resident safety manager on construction sites was lowly ranked, it
was not surprising but only justified the outcome of low percentage of respondents who are
safety managers, effort must be focused on engaging safety managers on each construction
projects, because they are trained to implement construction safety and ensure workers
compliance with safety practices on site. This supported Bust, Finneran, Hartley and Gibb (2014)
finding that professionals’ interests must be enhanced towards management of safety and use of
safety education programs must be put in place for projects executions within construction
participants as one of the real needs to upgrade construction project safety, but against the
recommendation of McDonald (2003) that all site should have safety manager, they must
104
demonstrate strong will to ensure both behaviour and compliance of employees with safety
requirements are positively influenced by his/her role.

Furthermore, setting safety guidelines into conditions of contract was found to be averagely
practiced in the construction industry this was contrary to provision of Construction (Design
and Management) Regulations (CDRM, 2005:2015); Famakin and Fawehinmi (2012) and
Umeokafor et al., (2014) recommendation that client should use health and safety records as a
required document for prequalifying contractors. In order to prevent equipment failure from
overuse and overload examination of scaffold, equipment and tools before the start of work by
safety manager was in agreement with (Asfahl, 1999) finding.

5.2.2 Objective two Examined on Factors Preventing site Operatives from using Safety
wears on Construction sites

Result presented in Table 4.4 on the factor affecting site operatives from using safety wears. Five
top ranked using Relative Important Index from thirteen listed factors are: adaptability of workers
to safety practices as it was against the traditional practices and training, unethical practices of
worker due to human attitudinal peculiarities and traditional practices, insufficient instructions
about the working condition, inadequate and ineffective supervision by safety personnel on site,
unsafe practices of worker due to religious assertions. All of these factors are within the control of
the safety or site manager and if averted it will go a long way in addressing the issues of safety
practices.

It is therefore not surprising that workers have problem adapting to safety practices especially the
use of safety wears, firstly it was not part of their training during apprenticeship, and subjecting
them to use this gadgets mighty requires time, training and close monitoring techniques, this was in
agreement with Osonwa Eko and Ozah (2015) finding as training on the use of safety wears would
create awareness on the implications of hazards on workers’ health.

However, there is still a gap on effective supervision by safety personnel on site and knowledge on
hazards management, proper training on the effective use of safety wears by site/safety managers as
they were perceived factors preventing safety practices as suggested. This was contrary to
Abdelhamid and Everett (2000) recommendation as contained that safety department of each

105
contracting company should ensure continuous monitoring of safety wears and to also frame
comprehensive purchase policy.

This call for more importance to be attached to supervision and controlling of workers on the
use of safety wears, while workers must have adequate knowledge on associated risk to their
tasks. This stressed the need to agree with Ismail, Doostdar and Harun (2011) finding that site
managers need to conduct enlightenment programs among their workers to get them familiar
with the necessities safety consciousness on site.

It is also important to stress the fact that site operatives lacked proper training on the effective
use of safety wears on sites as this has resort into ineffective communication between safety
personnel and workers. Olele (2014) recommended that regular workers training on skills would
enable safety managers and workers in identifying hazards and addressing safety related issues.
This simply means, for Construction Company to avert this current challenges, good safety
policies, workable hazard management and construction programme must be properly
communicated to the operatives that will use them. Consequently, willingness of the workers to
meet their daily was disregarded as it was least ranked this mean the factor slightly affected
operatives from using safety wears, as against Aniekwu (2007); Koehn, Kothari and Pan cited in
Awwad, et al., (2016); Guldenmund, Cleal, Mearns (2013) and Umeokafor et al., (2014)
opinion, that unemployment have made workers to disregard compliance with OSH in accepting
risky jobs.

5.2.3 Objective three on Respondents’ level of Agreement on the Effects of using

Safety wears on workers Operations on Construction sites.

Respondent’s level of agreement on the effects of using safety wears on workers operations. There
was agreement between the professional and site operatives’ respondent on the effects of using
safety wears on workers operation on construction sites, this includes: safety wears will improved
safety among workers, this is consistence with the outcome of Shamsuddin et al., (2015) as
established that safety wears played vital rolls in protecting workers on construction sites, thus
necessary tools and safety wears should be made available. It would reduce accidents impact on the
victims, enhances safety participation of site operatives justified Muhammad, Abdulateef and Ladi
(2015) finding as workers compliance with health and safety regulations was observed to have great

106
impact in determining workers quality and productivity on construction projects. Also Dodo (2014)
added that health and safety was an unavoidable part of construction process with the contributions
of different tradesmen and professionals at each production stages.

On second note, workers can perform better if trained on the use of safety wears also top ranked
therefore workers will give their best when trained on the use of safety wears and when adequate
facilities are provided, thereby reducing cost of managing accidents was in support of (Diugwu,
Baba, and Egila 2012) study.

Furthermore, workers output cannot be affected or declined through the use of safety wears was
contrary to Irizarry, Simonsen, and Abraham (2005) finding that contractors always overlooked
workers compliance to the use of safety wears because they perceived that it will increase the time
taken by the workers to complete their daily output, which in turn impedes their productivity.

However, construction will incurred extra cost on training safety officer to update his knowledge of
safety practices otherwise lack of knowledge to use safety wears may reduce workers level of work
output. Umoh and Torbira (2013) contended that accident does not just diminish profitability, it
added directly and indirectly to the cost of production. Meaning, there is a huge connection between
cost of safety implementation and the production output which form a critical connection between
workers compliance to safety control and man hour put in by operatives for effective work output.

There also was uniform agreement on how the two category of the respondents perceived the use of
safety wears as being good but impractical for site operatives on construction sites, though it was
ranked low but it must be given second thought. Safety manager must look into the best strategy to
implement the use of safety wears on sites. This collaborated with Osonwa, Eko and Ozah (2015)
finding as safety wears was considered not necessary, non-adequate, and inconvenience for workers
on site.

5.2.4 Objective four Respondent’s Perception on the Importance of Integrating

Builder’s Document and others Safety Control Systems on Construction Projects.

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It can be said that integrating Builder’s document and others safety control systems on construction
projects would provide helpful information to all construction participants, gives understanding
about the importance of safety practices, ensure continuous improvement of safety performance and
help construction participants to takes into consideration health and safety matters right from the
design phase this was against (Nagarajan, 1976; Ayorinde, 1990; and Phelan, 2014). Ratay (1997)
findings that code and regulations is not stand alone to improve construction safety at reduce cost,
rather poor codes and regulations can only add to project cost without any solution to construction
safety compliance.

However, professional respondent perceived that integrating Builder’s document and others safety
regulations in controlling safety on construction projects would provide helpful information to all
construction participants and gives understanding about the importance of safety practices, this
finding was in agreement with (Bamisile, 2004); Kennedy, 2014; Construction (Design and
Management) Regulations (CDRM, 2005:2015) recommendations that project health and safety
plan is essential for every single construction project starting from the measures that needs to be put
in place from the planning, design, construction, completion and maintenance of the building and
taken into consideration individual stakeholders responsibility. Contrary to this, it can be said that
tradesmen had little knowledge about the safety code of practice because effective coordination of
construction activities in a safe.

5.2.5 Objectives five on Safety Improvement Measures and Control Systems

Available for Safety Practices and Compliance on Construction Sites.

The use of safety audio, video and visual displaying gadgets on site, daily check of scaffold and
ladder etc., inclusion of safety matters from the planning phase, setting safety guidelines into
conditions of contract, reward workers that exhibit excellent safety performances, conduct in-
house safety training, provide safety booklets in various languages and waste management on
site were found to be statistically significant difference and will generate medium effects using
Cohen (1988) and Pallant (2013). criteria .1=small effect, .3=medium effect, .5=large effect.

Bust, Finneran, Hartley and Gibb (2014) stated that professionals’ interests must be enhanced
towards safety practices and usage of awareness procedures that must be provided and executed

108
among the participants, this would serve as one of the real needs to upgrade construction project
safety practices. Charles et al., (2007) noticed few difficulties against the issue of safety
management on site, this could be avoided if due thought and exertion would be put in place
right from the planning stage. Edwin, Shamil and Daniel (1999) finding showed that there was a
strong relationship between safety performance and output bonus paid. Muhammad, Abdulateef
and Ladi (2015) added that, workers compliance with health and safety regulations would have a
great impact in assessing the quality and workers rate of output on construction projects. This
was supported by Dodo (2014) finding as health and safety practices remained an unavoidable
part of construction process with the contributions of different tradesmen and professionals at
each production stages.

Dozzi and AbouRizk (1993) and Funso, Samml and Gerryshom (2016) opined that, workers
motivation, safety practices at work, environmental factors and physical limitation amount to
factors that can increase labour productivity. From this assessment, there was no consensus in the
previous studies on if using safety wears is part of the identified factors that affect workers
productivity on construction project.

Umoh and Torbira (2013) stressed that enhancing strategies for operatives’ has incredibly
affected and impacted productivity, however this is not without some noticeable deficiencies.
Safe at work in this way has throughout the years been viewed as the hob of expanded
operatives’ profitability.
Winder and Makin (2006) and Prasad and Rao (2013) opined that, safety can be achieve through
systematic approach i.e. engineering controls, administrative controls and implementation of
safety wears usage. Farooqui et al., (2007) therefore stated that, unsafe conditions coupled with
the wrong use of safety wears added to increase rate of construction accidents.

5.2.7 Summary of Findings and Contribution to Knowledge

Generally, there have been limited study carried out on effects’ of safety wears on workers
productivity, therefore this study will add to availability of literature materials on health and
safety practices. This will assist the industry in:

The findings of the study are therefore summarized below:

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 i. Alleviating the problem of workers adapting to safety practices especially the use of
safety wears, because it was not part of their training during their apprenticeship.

ii. The study found out that training of construction workers’ have significant impact on the
effective use of safety wears.

iii. As a result, constant training of workers on the use of safety wears would go a long in
improving operatives’ safety practices.

iv. The study established low and inadequate engagement of safety managers on
constructions sites for project execution.

v. Willingness of workers to meet their daily output was disregarded as factor preventing
operatives from using safety wears.

vi. The study also noticed poor channel of communication between site managers and
workers

vii. And finally suggested safety improvement strategy that are significant to safety practices
on construction sites.

5.3 Conclusion

In conclusion, the outcome of the study showed the need for constant re-evaluation of safety
practices of the construction companies in the study area because of its vital contributions to
economy development. It is evident that this study outcomes explored advantage of proactive
approach in managing safety practices by examining effects of using safety wears on workers
operation thereby curtailed possibility of accidents on counteractive action against future
mishaps. Assumption must not be made when recruiting workers especially for companies that
have workable control systems and safety policy. It is of utmost importance to ensure that every
new workers employed on project sites are given necessary awareness talk regarding safety
practices and use of safety wears.

More proactive measure must be put in place right from the planning stage by the clients and
their representative to avert possible risk associated with their project this is a stage where all

110
contract documents such as priced bills of quantities by registered Quantity surveyor, Contract
drawings by Architect, Builders’ document by licensed builder, condition of contract etc. are
prepared. Therefore adopting sustainable strategies that will eliminate possibility of accident and
the builders or contractors stating the degree of confidence at which the work could be executed
will go a long way in addressing the issue of safety practices.

However, based on personal observation on sites, safety implantation and compliance has been so
much neglected and suffered great set-back due to the willingness of the workers to meet their daily
output and the goal of site manager in ensuring workers’ wages justified their output, secondly,
level of hunger also contributed to workers willingly undertaken risky jobs as means of survival or
maximize their wages on construction site

The findings of this study has pointed out the need for the construction industry to review their
safety policies and make systematic approach to accommodates some of the critical points raised
regarding the issue of safety practices challenging Nigerian construction companies. This
depicted that the variables influenced each other greatly and cannot work in isolation. It equally
underscored the importance of their collective interplay in improving safety performance of
construction workers.

Furthermore, high demand for improvement of safety practices and use of prescribed safety wears
on construction site, safety training must be taking serious most especially the site operatives that
are more vulnerable to accidents, this will help them to know the safety demands of each
construction projects. Safety inspections should be conducted on sites and any identified hazards
should be taken care of as soon as detected

Therefore workers must be trained on safety awareness, risk identification, hazard management,
use of safety wear, use of first aid and proper use of varieties of safety equipment, such as fall
arrest systems because no matter how good safety policy of construction companies is without
passing knowledge or safety awareness to the workers the policy may failed and accident will
persist. The study established positive relationship which suggest that training of workers on
safety knowledge and use of safety wears were related.

5.4 Recommendation

111
The following recommendations were made on improvement strategy on safety practices among
the construction workers as a rationales for this study and to serves as additions to existing
knowledge, availability of literature and reference documents on the subject of health and safety
practices in Nigeria and world at large.

i) Clients are advised to use past record on health and safety performance to prequalified
contractors.
ii) Construction managers should engage the use of safety audio, video and visual displaying
gadgets on site to demonstrate safety consciousness among workers. Workers who are
majorly vulnerable to accident on site can be controlled with this approach on sites, this
might include appointing a personnel that will keep reminding workers about their safety.
iii) Construction managers should be embraced strategic approach on site such as: creating safety
awareness, safety briefing, include safety matters right from the planning phase, set safety
guidelines into conditions of contract, reward workers that exhibit excellent safety
performances.
iv) Training and appointment of resident safety personnel/manager that will implement safety
policy and form a monitoring control system that will keep reminding workers that they are
absolutely responsible for their safety on site using public address system throughout the
working hours.
v) Also in-house safety training, provision of safety booklets in various languages and ensure
effective waste management on site can reduced accident to barest minimum on site.
vi) The industry can also form partnership with the government and Professional bodies’
regulatory team for site inspection at a regular interval on construction stage this will
collaborates the effort of contractors’ safety manager to ensure safety practices are compiled
with and documentation of any case of accident, towards building a safe working
environment in enhancing successful project delivery.
vii) Construction manager should adopt require site base training for the operatives especially on
the use of safety wears while safety managers should regularly attends safety training
course.
viii) The study also seek for improvement on the involvement of safety managers’ and suggest
at least one safety managers each on every project site.

112
ix) It is on this note the study call for an improved channels of communication between site
managers and workers, to ensure that the objectives and safety needs for each of the projects
are well communicated to site operatives
x) However, in improving safety practices among the workers, non-financial rewards and award
could be instituted to workers that exhibited excellent safety performance among others.
Lastly, implementation of safety code in execution of building production process should be
improved, considering the manner workers disregard safety practices as pointed out by the
finding of the study.
xi) Finally, Government should intensive their effort towards safety implementation by
partnership with professional bodies in the built environment to organizing special training
on health and safety practice on construction site for the tradesmen, Nigerian Institute of
Building (NIOB) has started already.

5.6 Areas for further research

This same research should be further carried out covering a large scope especially at the various
geopolitical zones of Nigeria. Also, area such as link between safety education and safety
practices, public private partnership (PPP) concept for implementing safety practices on site can
as well be explored. Lastly a comparative study must be carried to assess effects of safety wears
on work output of each of the construction tradesmen.

113
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