Copyright © 2019 by TDA

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or used in

any manner without written permission of the copyright owner except
for the use of brief quotations.

June 2019

Book Design by Filip Felbar

Compiled and Edited by Christopher Wallace

Published by TDA
www.topdigital.agency
Foreword

Let me begin with a heartfelt thank you to thank anybody and everybody who is reading
this eBook, and all of those who created the articles that were chosen through curation.
Additionally, I have to thank everybody who helped out in the creation of this eBook, and
the subsequent eBooks that are already in production. A huge thank you goes out to
our designer at TDA, Filip Felbar, without whom this eBook would not become real, and
to Diana Cokaric whose love of marketing set the benchmark for quality in this eBook.

We at TDA decided that one of the best ways we can showcase some of the best agencies
on our platform is by showcasing their work. This came from the belief that the quality
of content from a digital agency is a good assessment of their work ethic and the quality
of their work, overall.

We hope that you’ll enjoy this eBook, and all subsequent eBooks, because both the
topics and the content within are deeply interesting to us, and we believe that they’ll be
just as interesting to you. Enjoy!

Christopher Wallace, Editor-in-Chief

Table of Contents

The Ultimate Guide to Understanding Blockchain Technology 5

Blockchain in Supply Chain | How One Chain Helps the Other 10

Blockchain Technology in Healthcare 15

How Does Blockchain Technology Change 19

the Security Landscape in the Finance Sector?

What Is Solidity? What Are Its Use Cases? 23

The Future of the Blockchain Technology 26

About the Authors 30

Index 32
TECHNOLOGY VOL. 1: Page 5
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The Ultimate Guide to Understanding
Blockchain Technology

All you need to know — the ultimate guide to understanding what blockchain
technology is, for beginners. How does blockchain technology work?

We all have already witnessed how Cloud, IoT, Virtual Reality and Mobility services
have been a major contributor in this technology-led revolution in recent years. And
now, Blockchain is also quickly getting the desired stronghold in the technology space.
Blockchain Technology has already tasted mammoth success across the financial
industry, but what sets it at a higher place than other technology stacks is because of
its application in various other industries ranging from Education to Automobile and
anything that vast.

For a majority of people, the terms Bitcoin, Cryptocurrency and Blockchain often become
hard to understand and becomes more difficult to find a relation between both of them.
The core idea of Bitcoin was created by Satoshi Nakamoto, and was the first of its
kind of cryptocurrency. Aiming to bypass the government controls and make financial
transactions simple. Blockchain was the technology which was built to support Bitcoin.
Mr. Satoshi had felt the need for a secure and efficient system for recording financial
transactions, and Blockchain answered it amazingly well. However, it took everyone a lot
of time to understand that Blockchain has the capability of being used for businesses as
well apart from using it as an underlying technology for Bitcoin.

The Blockchain network helps to track and trade any asset that has virtual value. It is
commonly referred to as a shared, distributed ledger that helps to record transactions
and helps in tracking tangible assets such as house, cars and intangible assets such as
patents for example.

Tracing the Roots of Blockchain – Shortcomings of the

Current System
The way we transact has evolved over a period of time, right from the barter system
to cash. No matter the mode of transactions, there used to be many problems in the
existing system such as security of data and payment transactions, the existence of
middlemen for payment exchanges, the associated time of settlement for a transaction,
high entry fees, and limited access to banks in rural areas. In order to overcome the
current shortcomings, there was a non-deniable need for a payment network which is
faster, reliable and secure. There was a need for having a transaction system in place
which eliminates the requirements of intermediaries and at the same time makes the
entire process decentralized.

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 5 Characteristics Making Blockchain a Promising
Technology
RIGID
Data Security issues are extremely well addressed with Blockchain. With rigidness as a
core characteristic of the blockchain, it becomes next to impossible for anyone to make
a change or even alter the data once it is stored inside of a Blockchain. If the data needs
to be altered due to error. a new transaction needs to be recorded or if it has changed
it would require permission.

HASH FUNCTION
A hash is a one-way function that has multiple usages in decentralized systems and
Blockchain. A hash function works by taking a specific input and runs by putting over an
algorithm on it to produce a fixed length of unique digital output named as the hash,
hash codes, hash values or digests. The output length is fixed and comparatively smaller
than the input. Every time input is being changed, the associated hash changes make
the data unique. The mathematical calculations behind the hash function ensures that
there is no way to alter or change the original digital content. This makes sure that the
transactions remain secure.

DIGITAL IDENTITY
While existing transaction systems had witnessed identity thefts because of the
frauds and perils, Blockchain’s decentralization comes with unique Digital ID for every
transaction, which ensures that customers have more control over their confidential
information and they can prevent sharing it further.

PEER-TO-PEER TECHNOLOGY
Blockchain is considered to be one of the pioneers in providing peer to peer technologies.
In a P2P network, interconnected peers or nodes are capable of sharing resources
with one another without using a separate server or centralized admin system. If we
take an example of real-world scenarios, there shouldn’t be a middleman who takes
the cut. Companies like Airbnb, Zipcar, Uber, and many others have already been
able to leverage the sharing economy effectively. However, there still exists a need to
manage the platform and at the same time ensure governance. The Distributed Ledger
Technology backed up by digital identities and digital currencies eliminate the need for
a central authority.

DISTRIBUTED LEDGER

A Blockchain can be seen as a Distributed Ledger which is open to everyone out

there. The unique characteristic of a distributed ledger is its ability to make the data
invulnerable to cybercrime or hacking. I try to understand the entire concept in simpler
terms, Distributed Ledgers are somewhat like accounting ledgers, the fact that makes
it different from an accounting ledger is that the function of a middleman can be easily
eliminated. Any distributed ledger is linked to a network of computers and an essential
data is stored in the distributed ledger, where a copy of the data is sent to everyone in the
network and in case someone wishes to tamper the data/details, he/she will be required
to change the data on every computer of that network. This makes it unshakeable.

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 Introducing the Business Benefits of Blockchain
In the current era of online commerce and mobile banking, trust & security becomes the
most important part of the entire ecosystem. Blockchain solves a number of business
problems for companies looking for Digital Transformation and trust top it all. We have
outlined some of the other benefits of Blockchain as well:

QUICK PROCESSING
Blockchain is known for its quick processing and speed, as the time taken to perform a
transaction is extremely minimal. A major reason for such quick processing is that the
information once stored in Blockchain can be leveraged at multiple instances without
the requirements of re-capturing it. Let’s take the example of KYC documents. The need
for processing KYC documents across multiple departments requires constant changes.
However, with Blockchain the KYC process is not a complex task. KYC details of an
individual are captured only once and it is then further published and distributed across
the other nodes.

COST REDUCTION
As per the reports recently shared by Accenture, it is stated that the Blockchain
Technology holds the capacity to reduce the infrastructure costs for eight of the world’s
10 largest investment banks by an average of 30%, which is calculated will be equal to
a whopping number of $8 Billion to $12 Billion in annual cost savings for those banks.

DATA INTEGRITY
Merkel tree is fascinating and complete proof of data integrity in the blockchain. Suppose
there are four transactions taking place across four different nodes in a blockchain
network. Initially, from the data blocks, the transactions are accompanied by a single
hash value for each transaction. Further, these values are combined in pairs to build
hash values (00 and 01) and distinctly 10 and 11. Also, the same hash values are again
subjected to the hashing algorithm, and the root node of the Merkle Tree or the top
hash value is created. It is a single unique code which ensures complete data integrity
and also document all the changes which may occur different levels of notes in the
blockchain hierarchy.

HIGH SECURITY
If we look at it carefully, blockchain is nothing but a highly secure and convincing
network architecture for storing critical information. This is backed by in-depth use
of cryptography, and all the transactional operations are every time accompanied by
encrypted keys to verify transactions at all ends. In blockchains, all the transactions
are well accompanied by encrypted verification ending through different algorithms
in different parts of the blockchain network. Simpler words, if a hacker has malicious
intentions to temper the records of transaction in a blockchain network, he cannot just
do it by compromising one of the hash codes or unique IDs but he has to change the
recorded information at all ends and nodes from where this transaction started and at all
points where it was verified. High security is the beauty of distributed ledger technology.

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 FOOLPROOF TRANSPARENCY
The blockchain is an open source technology giving rise to the technology network
where all the notes have equal rights on information. It can be accessed in case of public
or permission blockchains. Blockchains are networks which are not owned by any single
stakeholder, or neither does a particular node govern them. Blockchain network consists
of records of transactions which are generally referred to as blocks. These blocks are
secured with encrypted hash values, and any entity which wishes to access the blocks
is supposed to have a private key. A key which lets them obtain the critical information
and the same is updated in real time.
Conclusion

The blockchain is a technology with great potential, and it is extensively looking to

streamline intra-company networks for numerous business organizations. According
to the mature minds of the industry, Blockchain is here to stay, and it is one of the
essential components of Digital Transformation. It helps fair forward towards maturity
in the tremendous digital age. It is just a matter of time as the world nurtures a greater
understanding of blockchains and then the core business benefits of blockchains are
expected to captivate the industry like wildfire.

Conclusion
The blockchain is a technology with great potential, and it is extensively looking to
streamline intra-company networks for numerous business organizations. According
to the mature minds of the industry, Blockchain is here to stay, and it is one of the
essential components of Digital Transformation. It helps fair forward towards maturity
in the tremendous digital age. It is just a matter of time as the world nurtures a greater
understanding of blockchains and then the core business benefits of blockchains are
expected to captivate the industry like wildfire.

ABOUT THE AGENCY

Endowed with 6+ years of positive change and driven by inspired teamwork,

Chapter247 is now a full-scale integrated information technology and software
services development company present in central India.

What makes Chapter247 unique is their pool of diverse professionals, industry experts
and a real understanding of what works best in order to bring success for our clients.
They believe in innovation, which helps their clients unleash new potential across
their organization. They focus on structuring your business operations with Enterprise
Mobility, IT Strategy & Consulting, Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence
and Cloud Computing. The team at Chapter247 helps enterprises respond to this
competitive world and scale according to transformation objectives - from operations
to technologies to people.

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Blockchain in Supply Chain
- How One Chain Helps the Other

Supply chain management can be a logistical nightmare.

The Numerous Kinks in Supply Chains

What humbly started in the early 1900s as a way to better utilize warehouse space has
grown into a complex, $10tn industry that isn’t expected to slow down anytime soon.
A single supply chain now may span across numerous countries, moving millions of
dollars worth of product, all with different companies taking ownership at each step of
the way. And for that reason, supply chains are near-perfect candidates for blockchain
disruption.

Because supply chains have grown to the massive sizes they are today, they have no
shortage of problems. Let’s take a look at some of the biggest ones they face today and
how blockchain can alleviate some of the pain.

INFORMATION INCONSISTENCIES
Data inconsistency in a supply chain can occur for many reasons. The most common
one being the differences in record keeping systems among associated companies.

Take a simple milk supply chain, for example, that includes a farmer, transportation
companies, and retail stores.

At the start of the chain, the farmer collects the milk and writes down his production
information on a piece of paper. Then, he manually enters it into a spreadsheet. From
there, he passes the milk along with the spreadsheet to the transporter.

However, the transporter uses a third-party app to track milk inventory. Some systems
will automatically transfer the data from the spreadsheet, but often it requires more
manual work. And manual work means that there’s room for error.

At delivery, the transporter passes along the milk information to the retail worker. But
once again, the store has its own system, an in-house built program. Due to the different
systems, there’s a high possibility for human error each time the data changes hands.

The Blockchain is an Immutable Source of Supply Chain Truth

Integrating blockchain into a supply chain gives you a single source of truth. Instead
of trying to compare information from different systems, you only need to refer to the
blockchain ledger. This congruity reduces the risk for error, human or otherwise, when
referencing data points.

Some blockchain projects like VeChain and Waltonchain are even placing physical ID
devices on products to improve accountability. At each step of the process, employees
scan an RFID tag, for instance, that uniquely identifies the product, further reducing the
amount of manual data entry.

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 Blockchain IDs are also helpful for quality assurance. If someone attempted to switch
products, a quick scan would determine the authenticity. This solution is especially
beneficial for the luxury items sector – an industry that’s ripe with fraud.

Who’s at Fault?
Products may change hands dozens of times in a supply chain. If a product is lost,
damaged, or delayed during this time, it’s an intensive task to find the culprit and can
lead to a game of pointing fingers.

There are a few reasons why this is the case. The complexity of the system, errors in
record keeping (accidental or not), and confidential data all cause difficulty in figuring
out where the fault lies.

BLOCKCHAIN SOLVES SUPPLY CHAIN DISPUTES

The number one thing that blockchain technology brings to supply chains is transparency.
All stakeholders know the status of products and can easily see where an error may
have occurred.

Additionally, members can set-up smart contracts such that simple disputes, such as
delivery delays, are resolved and paid for automatically. The amount of time saved in
dispute resolutions alone lead to significant reductions in cost.

DELAYED ISSUE TRACKING

As a supply chain participant, you want to continuously improve your process and
quickly resolve any issues that pop-up. Unfortunately, the isolation of different parts
of a supply chain can make this problematic. Let’s go back to our milk example.

You’re the retail owner. One day, you find that 20% of your milk spoiled almost instantly.
After pulling it from the shelves, you begin tracking the milk’s source. Well, that’s tough.

You received five shipments from three distributors this week who sourced their milk
from twenty different farms. Even if you figure out which farm the milk came from, the
farmer may not be at fault. The error could have occurred during transportation.

Honing in on Supply Chain Issues with Blockchain

At a basic level, you can use blockchain technology to track where a product is at in its
supply chain lifecycle. You simply scan an RFID chip or QR code at each step and the
product status appends itself to the blockchain. All members of the supply chain have
access to the data and can know with certainty where the delays occur.

Knowing the location isn’t enough to track most quality issues, though. Further tying the
blockchain with IoT devices is where quality assurance really gets interesting.
Again, we return to our milk issue – this time with blockchain and IoT. All the milk you
receive has a QR code that you can scan to see it’s lifecycle, all the way back to the farm
from where it came. On top of that, each delivery truck contains temperature sensors
that notify the blockchain if the temperature ever rises high enough to spoil the milk.

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 Benefits of using blockchain in supply chains. Source: IBM

When you receive your shipment, you scan in the milk. Right away, you see that milk
from truck #3 will spoil soon because the truck’s temperature went above the threshold.
No need to waste time and resources identifying the problem – a scan is all it takes.

Drawn-Out Payments
Current payment cycles for logistics companies take anywhere from 60 to 90 days. Like
most issues with payments, the drawn-out length is due to unnecessary paperwork and
reliance on middlemen to facilitate the transactions. These inefficiencies often cause
significant cash flow issues that can ruin companies.

Shipping companies also run the risk of payments being delayed or never even arriving.
To hedge this risk, many of them will increase their rates which negatively affects the
entire chain.

SMART CONTRACTS AUTOMATE PAYMENTS

Supply chain smart contracts can be as simple as paying a vendor at the moment a
product is received. Already, this is an improvement on the 60 to 90 day process times
mentioned earlier.

Smart contracts bring much more value, though. They can set terms for each relationship
in the supply chain and execute those terms without having to pull in an intermediary.
An order arrived damaged? Send a refund. The product left the supplier late? Return $X
for each minute over the scheduled time. Smart contracts are able to handle much of
the complex payments logic that intermediaries currently control.

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 What’s Next for Blockchain Supply Chains?
Integrating blockchain technology into supply chains is just the beginning. Yes, it creates
greater efficiency and eliminates the need for trust. But when combined with machine
learning and AI, there’s potential for much more.

Using distributed computing power, we can now solve logistics problems that were
previously unsolvable. It’s also not infeasible to believe that we’ll have supply chains that
eventually run without human intervention. We could see automated warehouses
using IoT devices to communicate with self-driving vehicles, all following smart contracts
on the blockchain.

These pieces already exist independently, so it’s just a matter of time before they join
together. When it comes to blockchain supply chains, the future may be closer than it
seems.

ABOUT THE AGENCY

CoinCentral’s vision is to become the most trusted publication in crypto. They don’t
care about being the biggest or most popular—our dedication is to delivering valuable
insights that provide long-term benefits to our readers.

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Blockchain Technology in Healthcare

This article gives you a profound understanding of the use of Blockchain

technology in healthcare.

Over the course of recent years, Blockchain technology has taken a variety of the globe’s
industries by storm, at the same time building up a lot of hype, for healthcare included.

Blockchain technology works as a decentralized system that stores transactional records

in interconnected blocks. This is where miners and cryptography come into play.

Blockchain technology in healthcare can positively affect the whole industry in different
ways. Here we will look at the uses of the tech and how it intertwines with healthcare.

Blockchain Technology in Healthcare: What Is It?

Many of the current issues experienced by the healthcare industry can be absolved
with the help of Blockchain technology. They are related to medical data (security,
interoperability, accessibility), medical research, clinical trials, medical supply chain, and
drug integrity. Such issues can cause problems even in the top healthcare companies.

Blockchain can change healthcare because of its ability to provide unprecedented data
efficiency. Besides, it provides data access flexibility, interconnection, transparency,
and security. Blockchain technology and healthcare go together well. Let’s see how the
healthcare industry can improve with the help of Blockchain technology solutions.

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 Problem of Medical Records in the Healthcare Sector

Major Healthcare Problem Today

Nowadays the majority of health care institutions use outdated and inconvenient
methods for dealing with medical data. They are various e-health records, prescription
drug data, insurance information, patient medical data. Such data handling influences
patient treatment and the speed of it. The whole situation is getting worse because
most medical facilities in the health care sector have their own methods for storing and
accessing medical data.

Problems in getting proper patient data can sometimes even mean the difference
between life and death. Nowadays, no universal method for storing data exists and
there are no appropriate standards set in place. Thus, Blockchain and healthcare can
come together to improve healthcare applications.

Blockchain Opportunities for Health Data

Blockchain technology can help establish Blockchain medical records. This carves away
unnecessary administrative costs and also allows for proper health data utilization.
Additionally, the use of the tech can reduce the need to turn to various intermediaries
to oversee the exchange of vital health data.

By using Blockchain technology in healthcare, treatment providers would always have

a complete picture of any given patient’s medical record. It’s important to remember
and understand that in a Blockchain and healthcare ecosystem, all past health data is
immutable, and all changes to this data are visible.

Appropriate medical data management is one of the key advantages of Blockchain and
healthcare. Many issues affecting the healthcare industry, such as interoperability, data
completion, fraud, and even data loss during a disaster, can be eliminated.

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 It is indeed worth noting that Blockchain technology can do wonders in terms of disaster
recovery. Since health data wouldn’t be stored in a single location, there wouldn’t be
a main failure point. If any given medical facility collapses due to an earthquake, fire,
flood, asteroid strike, or any other natural disaster – health data would be safe.

The ability to ensure that health data is correct is critical for the provision of appropriate
medical services. Access to proper medical data ensures that health care providers are
able to provide proper diagnostics. This is further strengthened by the fact that, once
any data hits a Blockchain, any alterations to it become nearly impossible. It is worth
noting that medical data can be stored in a Blockchain from various sources like patient
documentation, wearables, handheld devices, labs, EMR’s, and so forth. Blockchain for
healthcare can aid in cutting the costs of medical companies.

Another great area in the health care sector where Blockchain and healthcare can see
use is drug traceability – not only prescription traceability but counterfeit drugs as
well. All data entered into a Blockchain is immutable and time stamped. This reduces
the possibility for counterfeit drugs to hit the black market, in addition to prescription
mishandling.

Here you can get more details on the uses of Blockchain technology and how it benefits
in healthcare.

ABOUT THE AGENCY

MLSDev follows lean principles and agile methodologies to create successful products
that meet market demands and bring profit to its owners.

The company process covers all stages of app development: business analysis, mobile
and web UX/UI design, MVP development, quality assurance, ongoing development,
support, and maintenance. MLSDev also provides additional services, such as proof
of concept/technical research, load testing, IoT hardware prototyping and software
development, Blockchain development.

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TECHNOLOGY VOL. 1: Page 19
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How Does Blockchain Technology Change the
Security Landscape in the Finance Sector?

Blockchain is rapidly becoming a reality, and the finance sector is soon going
to experience a total paradigm shift in response. It is up to the individual
banks, and the industry as a whole to either embrace the shift or become
obsolete.

With the emergence of the blockchain, the finance sector is presently witnessing a
massive transformation. The financial service sector and blockchain share a complex
relationship, where, on one side of the coin, blockchain offers several opportunities to
evolve how people exchange currency. While on the other side, blockchain is seen as a
threat to the current established models of banking. Blockchain is a distributed digital
ledger recording transactions which are tamper-proof. Several conventional banking
processes thus could be modernized.

Image depicting the steps in how blockchain works. Source.

It is hard to ignore the benefits that the blockchain provides over the entire spectrum
of financial services today. Whether it is settlements or payments, these benefits include
security, cost-effectiveness, decentralization, and immutability.

The NASDAQ Chief, Bob Greifeld predicted how the global economy would be disrupted
when he said: “Blockchain technology continues to redefine not only how the exchange
sector operates, but the global financial economy as a whole.” Financial giants like
MasterCard, Standard Chartered, Visa are all reportedly keen on blockchain and its
impact in catapulting them to the next level of growth.

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 FinTech space, in general, is gung-ho about the blockchain technology’s future. FinTech
has already marked its presence by contributing in crucial areas like payment gateways,
online forex trading and also bitcoin transactions. Their next vision being the financial
services.

Mainstream banks all over the world have been waging battle at various fronts, largely
due to diminishing returns and profitability. With blockchain, banks are all set to lock
horns with FinTech players, highly agile and capable, in order to gain the upper hand
and offset their shortcomings.

FinTech players are posing a threat to the bank in areas such as Peer-to-peer lending,
AI-assisted services, crowdfunding and they are far better positioned, mostly because
of their high agility and customer-centric processes, to mount a serious challenge to
present day banks who are marred by operational issues and are finding it very hard to
keep up with cost pressure.

PROBLEMS IN THE CURRENT FINANCE SECTOR

- Firstly, because it is way too old and is an assemblage of paper-based processes
along with industrial technologies wrapped up digitally.
- Because it is centralized, it is vulnerable to system failures, cyber threats and
resistant to change.
- The current financial system is restrictive. It denies access to basic financial tools
to millions of people out there in the world.
- High transactional fees

Is it all about trust?

The primary issue with the digital economy is trust. Frequent data breaches and cyber
intrusions impact trust. The businesses that depend largely on centralized data pools
are vulnerable to disruption providing further impetus to the adoption of Blockchain.

SO, HOW DOES BLOCKCHAIN SOLVE THESE PROBLEMS?

FRAUD REDUCTION
According to well-known statistics, nearly 40% of different financial third parties, like
stock exchanges, money transfer services, other payment networks, undergo economic
crimes.

Blockchain follows a decentralized approach whereas most of the banks and other
financial organizations are based on a centralized database. The centralized database
makes the finance sector vulnerable to cyber threats.

KYC (KNOW YOUR CUSTOMER)

According to a well-known survey, financial companies spend anywhere between $65-
$400 million per annum to keep up with KYC. KYC helps various businesses to identify
and verify their clients. Blockchain would enable independent verification of individual
from one enterprise to be accessed by other enterprises.

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 Payments
Payment processes can be highly transformed with blockchain deployment. It would
open gates for secured and low-cost payment processes between various enterprises
or between any individuals. Currently, there are several intermediaries in our payment
processes which will be eliminated by blockchain. The IT infrastructure that is used
to process digital transactions also benefits enormously with the employment of the
blockchain.

Capgemini, which is a consultancy estimated that the customers could save almost up
to some $15 billion in insurance and banking fees per year using the blockchain based
solutions. Santander, which is a European bank quoted that Blockchain Technology can
save banks up to $20 billion per year.

Trading Platforms
It would really be exciting to consider the transformation that would take place in the
trading platforms with blockchain deployment. NASDAQ is already exploring blockchain
to further enhance its efficiency.

Smart Contracts
Since we can store any kind of digital data including computer codes on a blockchain, it
enables smart contracts.

Is this the end of the conventional banking as we know it? This would depend on the
how finance reacts to the emergence of the blockchain. Blockchain technology is not an
existential threat for those who make sense of the new technology model.

The seemingly invincible force of blockchain is poised to change this industry. The
crucial factor that would determine if the finance sector will swim or sink is how well
do they respond to the digital disruption taking place. The finance sector will emerge
as a winner only if they transform, build a vision and align with this vision to disrupt,
keeping themselves customer-centric. Personally, we would want this innovative FinTech
technology to transform the conventional banking into a prosperity platform for one
and for all.

Accelerate innovation, reimagine and transform your business with our blockchain
solutions.

ABOUT THE AGENCY

Cygnet is an innovative mobile app development company which harnesses the power
of mobile app development across platforms by creating compelling digital experience
while ensuring they are business relevant and profitable. Our global delivery model
offers a great deal of flexibility, scalability & security to businesses ensuring quicker
product launch and cost optimization.

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TECHNOLOGY VOL. 1: Page 23
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What Is Solidity? What Are Its Use Cases?

Solidity is a high-level and contract-oriented language used for writing smart

contracts. It is used for designing and implementing smart contracts.

Solidity is a high-level and contract-oriented language used for writing smart contracts.
Developed by the core contributors of the Ethereum Blockchain Platform, it is used for
designing and implementing smart contracts within the Ethereum Virtual Machine and
other blockchain development platforms.

Using Solidity, developers can write applications that require self-enforcing business
logic added in smart contracts. Since solidity is designed around the JavaScript syntax, it
is easier for web developers to understand and implement it.

In contrast to other Ethereum Virtual Machine-based languages, Solidity

includes the following functionalities:

- Supports multiple inheritances with C3 linearization.

- Support of state objects or variables, data types, and many more programming
functions.
- Complex member variables for contracts containing structs and arbitrarily
hierarchical mappings.
- Application Binary Interface facilitates several type-safe functions within a single
contract.

Many blockchain platforms including Ethereum, Tendermint, Ethereum Classic,

Counterparty, and ErisDB support Solidity.

Solidity Development supports the following data types:

- Integers: Solidity can support both unsigned and signed integer domains. For
example, keywords like “uint256” can be used for allocating sizes of 256 bits and it
also supports runtime exceptions.
- Booleans: The datatype boolean returns the value “0” as false and “1” as true,
depending on the accuracy of a condition. The output is usually generated as a
boolean value when the logical operators are used.
- Modifiers: Modifiers are used to identify the consistency of the conditions before
the smart contract’s code is executed.
- String Literals: String literals can be either represented with double or single
quotes.

Besides that, Solidity offers enums, operators, arrays and hash values to form a data
structure termed as “mappings,” used for returning values linked with storage locations.
As its syntax is same as that of any generic programming language, it can support both
single and multi-dimensional arrays.

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 Tools that can be used by Solidity Developers for building Solidity based smart
contracts:

- Solgraph: It is used for generating a DOT graph which visualizes function control flow
of the Solidity contract and states security vulnerabilities.
- Solidity REPL: Solidity REPL is used for writing command line codes on Solidity Console.
- EVM Lab: It is a rich tool package that comes with an ability to interact with Ethereum
Virtual Machine (EVM). It includes Etherchain API, trace-viewer and a VM.
- Evmdis: Evmdis stands for EVM Disassembler that can perform static analysis on the
bytecode to offer a higher level of abstraction as compared to raw EVM operations.

Use Cases of Solidity Development

VOTING
Currently, voting deals with numerous issues including manipulation of data, fake
voters, alteration in voting machines and booth capturing. Solidity smart contacts can
be created and deployed to make the voting process transparent and streamlined.

BLIND AUCTIONS
In an open auction, individuals can view each other’s bid which leads to disputes and
frauds. Using Solidity Smart Contracts, the blind auction can be designed where users
cannot see what someone bid until it ends.

CROWDFUNDING
Crowdfunding done via smart contracts can solve issues like the commission of a third
party and management of data. Solidity smart contracts for crowdfunding do not require
centralized systems to build trust, thereby reducing additional costs.

Whether you are looking out to deploy Solidity smart contracts or build a blockchain
app using Solidity language, ensure to hire the team of experienced Solidity Developers
who understand the concepts of solidity and have worked on the blockchain technology

ABOUT THE AGENCY

LeewayHertz provides end-to-end solutions to build enterprise-grade

blockchain applications. Experienced in developing multiple blockchain
applications for Global Supply Chain, Identity Solution on blockchain and utility
bill generation using blockchain.

LeewayHertz has experience working with distributed ledger technology

including Hyperledger, Ethereum, R3Corda, and Hashgraph. The team also
includes Hedera Hashgraph ambassadors. LeewayHertz has deployed Smart
Contracts using Solidity, node.js and Go on both public and private blockchain.

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TECHNOLOGY VOL. 1: Page 26
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The Future of the Blockchain Technology

In this article you will find out detailed information about the use of blockchain
and the future direction that blockchain is treading toward.

It may seem that the fundamentals of Blockchain technology are not as complicated as
you expect them to be. There remains a bit of confusion about what exactly Blockchain
technology is, where it’s used, who’s using it, and the way it’s developing.

What is Blockchain?

Distributed Ledger Technology

A Blockchain is a decentralized and secure database built over a secure network used
to store data and relay information. Blockchains record and relay information and
transactional data in blocks. Parties involved in these transactions can remain anonymous
while enjoying security, transactional transparency, speed, and cost efficiency.

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 How Does Blockchain Work?

Work of Blockchain Technology

Data in a Blockchain gets recorded in a linear matter, with each new block within a
Blockchain containing data from all previous blocks. Imagine a block to be sort of like
a sheet of paper, filled from top to bottom and front to back, with a date and time, but
with a long code written across the sheet.

The data within these blocks is encrypted through the use of complex cryptographic
principles and security algorithms.

Сryptocurrency Transactions

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 Before being added to a Blockchain, transactions must first pass validation. This
validation is performed by miners. For their efforts, miners enjoy monetary reward in
the form of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin.

The data contained and relayed within a Blockchain architecture cannot be controlled
by a single entity. Transactions and information stored within are immutable and
transparent. Once a transaction is added, it can’t be changed, taken down, or hidden.
With regard to transparency, anyone can see what was sent and when. One can assume
that there are two individuals behind a Blockchain transaction, but not exactly who and
why.

What Does Blockchain Solve?

Blockchain technology tackles issues related primarily to the following:

- Intermediaries
- Transparency
- Decentralization
- Trust
- Data security
- Accuracy
- Transactional freedom

Data and transactions entered into a Blockchain are immutable and unchangeable,
which means that it is both accurate and secure. Once a transaction is sent, it can no
longer be rescinded, and thus, there can be no smoke and mirrors when it comes to
payments. As opposed to the real world, wherein parties may not trust one another, in
a Blockchain architecture, the issue of trust is eliminated. Due to the decentralized and
tamper-proof technological environment, transactors can place their full trust in the
incorruptible and failure-proof Blockchain.

The use of Blockchain technology could end the need to rely on intermediaries as payment
providers – think banks and various other financial institutions. Instead, anyone with an
internet connection can create a cryptocurrency wallet, carry out borderless transactions,
and handle their funds without intermediary oversight. The future of Blockchain goes a
long way toward cutting transaction costs and increasing transactional speeds.

You can find out more information about the future of blockchain here.

ABOUT THE AGENCY

MLSDev follows lean principles and agile methodologies to create successful products
that meet market demands and bring profit to its owners.

The company process covers all stages of app development: business analysis, mobile
and web UX/UI design, MVP development, quality assurance, ongoing development,
support, and maintenance. MLSDev also provides additional services, such as proof
of concept/technical research, load testing, IoT hardware prototyping and software
development, Blockchain development.

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About the Authors

Diana Cokarić, Christopher Wallace,

Marketing and PR Assistant Editor-in-Chief
at TDA at TDA

Diana Cokarić is the Marketing and PR Assistant at Christopher Wallace was named the Editor-In-Chief
TDA. Previously she was the Social Media Manager at of TDA in June 2018, just a few months after he
ForgeBIT, one of the leading digital agencies specialized started as a content editor. Under Wallace’s
in digital marketing and WordPress development leadership, the content volume on TDA increased by
in Croatia, where she planned and executed digital 600 percent. He oversaw the complete platform
marketing campaigns, management of brands’ transfer to the new medium, the launch of the
online communities, and content production as well redesigned TDA marketplace, and the introduction
as optimization. At TDA, Cokaric is in charge of TDA’s of TDA’s yearly awards. Prior to TDA, Wallace was
online communities on Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, the Editor of the Online Multidisciplinary Journal,
and Instagram, while she takes care of public relations RIThink, a leading journal among universities in
as well. She planned and launched TDA’s crowdfunding Croatia.
campaign in March 2019 which raised more than
€400,000 for the company. Wallace is a born and raised San Franciscan. He
graduated from Rochester Institute of Technology
Cokaric was born and raised in Split. She got her with a bachelor’s degree in International Business and
master’s degree in Marketing in Tourism from The now lives in Zagreb, Croatia. His big dream is to one
Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management in day start a record company and publishing house. In
Opatija. Now she lives in Zagreb, Croatia. She is a the meantime, he enjoys compiling eBooks, editing,
marketing enthusiast and a huge animal lover. She is writing surreal fiction and playing video games. You
an optimist, and in her free time, she loves to travel, can reach out to him at christopher@topdigital.
hike, rollerskate, and box. She is the first person to ask agency.
about food suggestions. You can reach out to her at
[email protected].

Filip Felbar is the Designer at TDA. In addition to conceptualizing and designing static
graphics and motion-graphic animations, he oversees a complete design output. Before
joining TDA, he worked as a freelancer through different freelance platforms, such as
99Designs, and for various organizations, such as music festivals, conferences, universities.
Felbar was nominated as a semifinalist for the Adobe Design Achievement Award in 2018​
in the fields of Commercial Graphic Design and Fine Art Photography.
Filip Felbar,
Digital Designer He works out of Aarhus, Denmark but calls Zagreb home, where he graduated from
at TDA Zagreb University of Applied Sciences with a degree in IT Design. When he’s not working,
he enjoys meeting new people and sharing a cup of coffee. You can reach out to him at
[email protected].

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More About TDA

D igital services can be provided from any

location and a company does not need to be
next to a digital agency for them to work together.
site for companies and digital agencies and help
them connect in 3 simple steps:
1. Companies leave project requests on
the site;
For example, an agency in Croatia can build a
2. Agencies see the projects and pitch to
website for a company in San Francisco without the company; and
ever meeting in person. As a result, it should be 3. Companies then decide whether or
possible for a company to choose any agency in not to contact the agencies for further
the world to work for them – all they need to do discussions.
Through this process, TDA makes it possible for
is find the right fit.
any company and any digital agency to meet
no matter where they are in the world without
The problem is that there is no simple, efficient
needing to leave their office.
and unbiased way for companies to find digital
agencies. Search engines are not precise. Listing
TDA solves a number of problems for both
sites are expensive, time-consuming and not
companies and digital agencies. First, companies
transparent for both companies and agencies.
can quickly and easily find out about digital
Consultants are limited to the agencies that they
agencies all over the world. Whether they are
know, charge big commissions and are often
looking for (i) a particular niche service, (ii) a
biased in favour of bigger and more expensive
particular budget, (iii) agencies in foreign markets
agencies. As a result, companies and digital
or (iv) simply the best agency available, TDA helps
agencies that could be a perfect match will simply
them search the planet quickly and cheaply.
never meet. After an extensive internal research,
Second, agencies can quickly and easily generate
the concept of marketplace seemed as the most
business all over the world. They don’t need to
plausible global solution.
spend money on marketing, travel or business
To our knowledge, TDA is the first global
development in foreign markets, they just need
marketplace for companies and digital agencies
to apply to projects they see on the platform.
in the world. We function like an online dating

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Index

List of Links References in Chronological Order:

Wikipedia: Satoshi Nakamoto
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoshi_Nakamoto

Wikipedia: Distributed Ledger

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_ledger

Newsroom | Accenture Newsroom

https://newsroom.accenture.com/index.cfm

TDA: Chapter247 Infotech Agency Profile

https://topdigital.agency/agency/chapter247-infotech/

[INFOGRAPHIC] The Evolution and History of Supply Chain Management

https://cerasis.com/history-of-supply-chain-management/

Logistics industry to be worth $15.5tn by 2023

https://www.cips.org/supply-management/news/2016/november/logistics-industry-
forecast-to-be-worth-155tn-by-2023/

What is VeChain (VET)? | The Ultimate Guide

https://coincentral.com/vechain-thor-beginner-guide/

What Is Waltonchain (WTC)? | A Guide to the IoT and Supply Chain Blockchain
https://coincentral.com/waltonchain-beginner-guide/

IBM Blockchain
https://www.ibm.com/downloads/cas/1VBZEPYL

MOVA’s Lachlan McDonald Wants to Bring Accountability to Supply Chains

https://coincentral.com/movas-lachlan-mcdonald-wants-to-bring-accountability-to-
supply-chains/

With Blockchain, Ownerless Businesses are on the Horizon

https://coincentral.com/blockchain-ownerless-businesses-horizon/

CoinCentral
https://coincentral.com/

Blockchain and Healthcare: Use Cases Today and Opportunities for the Future
https://mlsdev.com/blog/blockchain-and-healthcare-use-cases-today-and-in-the-future

TDA: MLSDev Agency Profile

https://topdigital.agency/agency/mlsdev/

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 What is Blockchain Technology?
https://blockgeeks.com/guides/what-is-blockchain-technology/

TDA: Cygnet Infotech LLC Agency Profile

https://topdigital.agency/agency/cygnet-infotech-llc/

TDA: LeewayHertz Agency Profile

https://topdigital.agency/agency/leewayhertz/

Future of the Blockchain Technology: Use Cases, Risks and Challenges

https://mlsdev.com/blog/the-future-of-the-blockchain-technology-use-cases-
geographical-expansion-potential-risks-and-challenges

TDA: MLSDev Agency Profile

https://topdigital.agency/agency/mlsdev/

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