ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﺑﺮﺍﺕ
ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ ،ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩﻳﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ
ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺳﻮﻡ:
ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝ
3.1ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺪﻭﻟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝ
ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝ )ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﻨﺮﻱ( ﻭ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻝ
ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻴﻨﮓ ﮔﻮﻳﻴﻢ.
ﺩﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻝ ﻣﺨﺎﺑﺮﺍﺗﻲ:
ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻝ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ
ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻬﺎﻱ kﺗﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ.
𝑚𝑠 ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ. ﻫﺮ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ 𝑘𝑡 , 1 ≤ 𝑚 ≤ 2
ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﺩﺍﺭ:
K ﺑﻴﺖ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﻭ (L-1)kﺗﺎ ﺑﻴﺖ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ Mﺗﺎ ﭘﻴﺎﻡ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ.
ﻫﺮ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺕ 𝑠𝑇 ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺷﻮﺩ).ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻴﻨﮓ(.
1
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 ∶ 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 ∶ = 𝑠𝑅
𝑠𝑇
2 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
3.1ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺪﻭﻟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝ
ﻫﺮ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ kﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ.
𝑇𝑏 :bit interval: interval in which 1 bit information.:
𝑠𝑇 𝑇
= = 𝑏𝑇
𝑀 𝑘 log 2
Bit Rate:
𝑀 𝑅 = 𝑘𝑅𝑠 = 𝑅𝑠 log 2
ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ 𝑡 𝑚𝑠:
𝑀
𝑚𝜀 𝑚𝑝 � = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝜀
𝑚=1
𝑝𝑚 : probability of the mth signal
ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ:
𝑀
1
= 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝜀 𝑚𝜀 �
𝑀
𝑚=1
3 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
3.1ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺪﻭﻟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝ
ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ 1ﺑﻴﺖ:
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝜀 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝜀
= 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑏𝜀 =
𝑘 log 2 M
ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ:
𝜀 𝜀
= = 𝑏𝜀
𝑘 log 2 M
ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ:
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝜀
= 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑃 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝜀𝑅 =
𝑏𝑇
4 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
: ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ3.2
Pulse amplitude Modulation (PAM)
Phase Modulation
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Multi dimensional signaling
5 ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ- ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ
ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ):(PAM
𝑠𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 𝑝 𝑡 , 𝑀 ≤ 𝑚 ≤ 1,
: 𝑝(𝑡)ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ T
: {𝐴𝑚 , 1 ≤ 𝑚 ≤ 𝑀}ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ Mﺗﺎ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ.
ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً𝐴𝑚 = 2𝑚 − 1 − 𝑀, 𝑚 = 1,2, … , 𝑀 :
ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ 𝑡 𝑚𝑠 :
∞
𝑝𝜀 𝑚𝜀𝑚 = � 𝐴2𝑚 𝑝2 𝑡 𝑑𝑑 = 𝐴2
∞−
6 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ):(PAM
ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ:
ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺑﻴﺖ:
7 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ PAMﻣﺪﻭﻟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﻳﺮ:
ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ،PAMﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ carrier-modulatedﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.
ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺼﻮﺭﺕ:
،𝐴𝑚 𝑔(𝑡)ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﮔﺬﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ
𝐴𝑚 ﻭ ) g(tﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.
] 𝑡𝑐𝑓𝜋𝑠𝑚 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑅[𝑠𝑚𝑚 𝑡 𝑒 𝑗2
)𝑡 𝑐𝑓𝜋= 𝑅𝑅 𝐴𝑚 𝑔 𝑡 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 𝑔 𝑡 cos(2
ﻟﺬﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ:
)𝑡 𝑐𝑓𝜋𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑔 𝑡 𝑐𝑐𝑐(2
8 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ PAMﻣﺪﻭﻟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﻳﺮ:
ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ:
𝑚𝐴2
= 𝑚𝜀 𝑔𝜀
2
ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ:
𝑔𝜀 𝑀2 − 1
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝜀 =
6
ﻭ
𝑔𝜀 𝑀2 − 1
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝜀 =
𝑀 6 log 2
9 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ PAMﻣﺪﻭﻟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﻳﺮ:
ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ PAMﻳﻚ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.
ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ :PAM
ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ PAMﺑﺎﻧﺪﭘﺎﻳﻪ:
𝑡 𝑝
= 𝑡 𝜙
𝑝𝜀
ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ PAMﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ:
2
= 𝑡 𝜙 )𝑡 𝑐𝑓𝜋𝑔 𝑡 cos(2
𝑔𝜀
10 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﺑﺎﺯﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ :PAM
ﺑﺎﺯﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ :PAM
ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ:
)𝑡(𝜙 𝑝𝜀 𝑚𝐴 = 𝑡 𝑚𝑠
ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ:
𝑔𝜀
𝑚𝐴 = 𝑡 𝑚𝑠 )𝑡(𝜙
2
ﺑﺎﺯﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ :PAM
ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ:
)𝒔𝑚 = 𝐴𝑚 𝜀𝑝 , 𝐴𝑚 = ±1, ±3, … , ±(𝑀 − 1
ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ:
𝑔𝜀
𝑚𝐴 = 𝑚 𝒔 ), 𝐴𝑚 = ±1, ±3, … , ±(𝑀 − 1
2
ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ PAMﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ASK ،ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩAmplitude Shift keying:
11 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ Mﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ:
12 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﻨﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺪ ﮔﺮﻱ:
.
13 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﻨﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺪ ﮔﺮﻱ:
ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﻨﺮﻱ 01001ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺪ ﮔﺮﻱ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ:
0 1 0 0 1 ﻛﺪﺑﺎﻳﻨﺮﻱ:
0 0⊕1 =1 1⊕0 =1 0⊕0 =0 0⊕1 =1
0 1 1 0 1 ﻛﺪﮔﺮﻱ:
14 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺮ ﺯﻭﺝ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ:
= 𝑚𝑚𝑑 𝑛𝑠 𝑠𝑚 − 2
𝑝𝜀 𝑛𝐴 = 𝐴𝑚 −
𝑔𝜀
𝑛𝐴 = 𝐴𝑚 −
2
ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭ:
𝐴𝑚 − 𝐴𝑛 = 2
= 𝑝𝜀 𝑑𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 2 𝑔𝜀2
𝑀 12 log 2
= 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑑 2
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝜀
𝑀 −1
15 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ :PAM
ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ PAMﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ:
ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ PAMﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ:
16 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻓﺎﺯPhase Modulation :
M ﺗﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ:
𝑗2𝜋 𝑚−1
𝑡 𝑔 𝑅𝑅 = 𝑡 𝑚𝑠 𝑀 𝑒 𝑀 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡 , 𝑚 = 1,2, . . . ,
𝜋2
= 𝑔 𝑡 𝑐𝑐𝑐 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + )(𝑚 − 1
𝑀
𝜋2
𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡 𝑔 = 𝑡 𝑐𝑓𝜋(𝑚 − 1) 𝑐𝑐𝑐2
𝑀
𝜋2
𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡 𝑔 − 𝑡 𝑐𝑓𝜋𝑚 − 1 𝑠𝑠𝑠2
𝑀
g(t): signal shape
𝜋2
= 𝑚𝜃 𝑚−1
𝑀
17 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺩﺭ :PM
1
𝑔𝜀 = 𝑚𝜀 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝜀
2
𝑔𝜀
= 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝜀
𝑀 2 log 2
18 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﺩﻭ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ 𝑡 𝑐𝑓𝜋 𝑔 𝑡 𝑐𝑐𝑐2ﻭ 𝑡 𝑐𝑓𝜋 𝑔 𝑡 𝑠𝑠𝑠2ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ:
2
= 𝑡 𝜙1 𝑡 𝑐𝑓𝜋𝑔 𝑡 𝑐𝑐𝑐2
𝑔𝜀
2
𝜙2 𝑡 = − 𝑡 𝑐𝑓𝜋𝑔 𝑡 𝑠𝑠𝑠2
𝑔𝜀
ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ 2ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻓﻀﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ:
𝑔𝜀 𝜋2
𝑚𝑠 = 𝑡 𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡 𝑚 − 1 𝜙1
2 𝑀
𝑔𝜀 𝜋2
+ 𝑠𝑠𝑠 )𝑡( 𝑚 − 1 𝜙2
2 𝑀
19 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ:
𝑔𝜀 𝜋2 𝑔𝜀 𝜋2
= 𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑚−1 , 𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑚−1
2 𝑀 2 𝑀
20 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ:
2
𝜋2
= 𝑚𝑚𝑑 𝑛𝑠 𝑠𝑚 − = 𝑔𝜀 𝑐𝑐𝑐 1 − )𝑛 (𝑚 −
𝑀
𝜋2 𝜋
= 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑑 𝑔𝜀 𝑐𝑐𝑐 1 − = 𝑔𝜀2 sin2
𝑀 𝑀
ﺑﺮﺍﻱ Mﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺰﺭگ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
21 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ Mﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ:
22 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ :QAM
ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ ،PAMﺩﻭ ﺳﻤﺒﻞ kﺑﻴﺘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ
ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ 𝑡 𝑐𝑓𝜋 𝑐𝑐𝑐2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡, 𝑠𝑠𝑠2ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ:
𝑡𝑐𝑓𝜋𝑠𝑚 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑅 𝐴𝑚𝑚 + 𝑗𝐴𝑚𝑚 𝑔 𝑡 𝑒 𝑗2
𝑡 𝑐𝑓𝜋= 𝐴𝑚𝑚 𝑔 𝑡 𝑐𝑐𝑐2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − 𝐴𝑚𝑚 𝑔 𝑡 𝑠𝑠𝑠2
ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ:
𝑚𝜃 𝑠𝑚 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑅 𝑟𝑚 𝑒 𝑗𝜃𝑚 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡 = 𝑟𝑚 𝑐𝑐𝑐 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 +
ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ:
= 𝑚𝑟 𝑚𝑚𝐴2𝑚𝑚 + 𝐴2
𝑚𝑚𝐴
= 𝑚𝜃 tan−1
𝑚𝑚𝐴
23 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ :QAM
:PAM-PSK ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ QAMﺭﺍ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺍﺯ:
𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑀1
𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑀2 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑝ℎ
ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﻞ ﺳﻤﺒﻠﻬﺎ:
𝑀 = 𝑀1 𝑀2
)𝑡( 𝜙1ﻭ )𝑡( 𝜙2ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ PSKﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ:
𝑔𝜀 𝑔𝜀
𝑚𝑚𝐴 = 𝑡 𝑚𝑠 𝑚𝑚𝐴 𝜙 𝑡 + )𝑡( 𝜙
2 1 2 2
𝑔𝜀 𝑔𝜀
𝑚𝑚𝐴 = 𝑠𝑚 = 𝑠𝑚1 , 𝑠𝑚2 𝑚𝑚𝐴 ,
2 2
ﻭ
2
𝜀𝑔 2
= 𝑚𝑠 = 𝑚𝜀 𝑚𝑚𝐴𝑚𝑚 + 𝐴2
2
24 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
:PAM-PSK
25 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ :QAM
2
𝑔𝜀 2
2
= 𝑚𝑚𝑑 𝑛𝑠 𝑠𝑚 − = 𝑛𝑛𝐴 𝐴𝑚𝑚 − 𝑛𝑛𝐴 + 𝐴𝑚𝑚 −
2
26 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ }{(2m-1-M), m=1,…, M
ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ:
27 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ:
= 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑑 𝑔𝜀2
ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ:
𝑀 𝑀
𝑔𝜀 1
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝜀 = 𝑛� � 𝐴2𝑚 + 𝐴2
𝑀2
𝑚=1 𝑛=1
𝜀𝑔 2𝑀 𝑀 − 1 𝑀−1
= × = 𝑔𝜀
𝑀2 3 3
𝑀−1
= 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝜀 𝜀
𝑔 𝑀 3 log 2
𝑀 6 log 2
= 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑑 𝜀
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑀 − 1
28 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
29 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ:
30 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻴﻨﮓ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﻌﺪﻱMultidimensional Signaling :
ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺗﺮ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺗﻮﺃﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ
ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ.
ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ Nﺑﻌﺪﻱ:
𝑁𝑁 = 𝑇1
ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ ،Tﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ PAMﺑﺎﻳﻨﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ.
ﺍﮔﺮ Nﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﺯﻭﺝ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻫﺮ ﺍﺳﻼﺕ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ،Tﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ Nﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ
ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ.
31 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻴﻨﮓ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ:
ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ
𝑚𝑠 𝑡 , 𝑠𝑛 (𝑡) = 0, 𝑀 ≤ 𝑛 𝑚 ≠ 𝑛 𝑎𝑎𝑎 1 ≤ 𝑚,
ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻴﻮﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ ،ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻓﻀﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ:
𝑀=𝑁
ﻭ
𝑡 𝑗𝑠
= 𝑡 𝑗𝜙 , 𝑁≤𝑗≤1
𝜀
ﻟﺬﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ:
)𝑠1 = ( 𝜀, 0,0, … , 0
)𝑠2 = (0, 𝜀, 0, … , 0
⋮=⋮
)𝜀 𝑠𝑀 = (0,0, … ,
32 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ:
𝜀𝑑𝑚𝑚 = 2
ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ:
𝜀𝑑𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 2
𝜀
= 𝑏𝜀
𝑀 log 2
𝑏𝜀 𝑀 𝑑𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 2 log 2
33 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
):Frequency Shift Keying (FSK
ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻴﻨﮓ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ،ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ.
𝑠𝑚 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑅 𝑠𝑚𝑚 𝑡 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 , 𝑀≤𝑚≤1
𝜀2
= )𝑓𝑓∆𝜋𝜋cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 2
𝑇
𝑓𝑓∆𝜋𝜋2𝜀 𝑗2
= 𝑡 𝑚𝑚𝑠 𝑒 , 𝑀≤𝑚≤1
𝑇
34 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ،ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ:
𝑇
𝑅𝑅 � 𝑠𝑚𝑚 𝑡 𝑠𝑛𝑛 𝑡 𝑑𝑑 = 0, 𝑛≠𝑚
0
ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ
𝑓𝑓∆)𝑛2𝜀 𝑇 𝑗2𝜋(𝑚−
𝑒 � = )𝑡( 𝑛𝑛𝑠 𝑠𝑚𝑚 𝑡 , 𝑑𝑑
𝑇 0
𝑓∆)𝑛2𝜀sin(𝜋𝜋 𝑚 − 𝑛 ∆𝑓) 𝑗𝑗𝑗(𝑚−
= 𝑒
𝑓∆)𝑛 𝜋𝜋(𝑚 −
35 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
𝑓∆ 𝑛 2𝜀 sin 𝜋𝜋 𝑚 −
𝑚𝑚𝑠 𝑅𝑅 = )𝑡( 𝑛𝑛𝑠 𝑡 , )𝑓cos(𝜋𝜋 𝑚 − 𝑛 Δ
𝑓∆ 𝑛 𝜋𝑇 𝑚 −
𝑓∆ 𝑛 2𝜀 sin 2𝜋𝜋 𝑚 −
=
𝑓∆ 𝑛 2𝜋𝑇 𝑚 −
𝑓∆ 𝑛 = 2𝜀 si𝑛𝑛 2𝑇 𝑚 −
ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺳﻴﻨﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ
ﻋﺪﺩ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻭ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ Δ𝑓 = 𝑘/2𝑇. ،k
ﻟﺬﺍ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ:
1
= 𝑓Δ
𝑇2
36 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻫﺎﺩﺍﻣﺎﺭﺩ :Hadamard
ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻫﺎﺩﺍﻣﺎﺭﺩ ،ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﻬﺎﻱ
ﻫﺎﺩﺍﻣﺎﺭﺩ 𝑛𝑯ﻭ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ:
]𝑯0 = [1
𝑛𝑯 𝑛𝑯
= 𝑯𝑛+1
𝑛𝑯𝑯𝑛 −
ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ:
1 1
= 𝐻1
1 −1
1 1 1 1
1 −1 1 −1
= 𝐻2
1 1 −1 −1
1 −1 −1 1
37 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
𝜀 = 𝑠1 𝜀 𝜀 𝜀
𝜀 𝑠2 = 𝜀 − 𝜀 𝜀 −
𝜀 = 𝑠3 𝜀 𝜀 − 𝜀 −
𝜀 𝑠4 = 𝜀 − 𝜀 − 𝜀
38 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ :Biorthogonal
𝑀
ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺑﻘﻲﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺑﺎ Mﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ،ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ
2
ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﺭﺍ ﻗﺮﻳﻨﻪ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ.
ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺮ ﺯﻭﺝ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ 𝜌 = 0 :ﻭ ﻳﺎ .𝜌 = −1
ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ 𝑑 = 2 𝜀 :ﻭ ﻳﺎ 𝜀.𝑑 = 2
39 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ :Simplex
ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ Mﺗﺎ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ𝑠𝑚 (𝑡) :
ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ:
𝑀
1
𝑚𝑠 � = ̅𝑠
𝑀
𝑚=1
′
𝑚𝑠 ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻦ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ ،ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ
ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ )̅𝑠( ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﻳﻢ:
′
𝑚𝑠 ̅𝑠 = 𝑠𝑚 −
ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺑﺎ:
′ 2
𝑚𝑠 = 𝑠𝑚 − 𝑠̅ 2
2 1 1
𝜀− 𝜀+ 𝜀 =𝜀 1−
𝑀 𝑀 𝑀
ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻫﺮ ﺯﻭﺝ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ:
′
𝑚𝑠 . 𝑠𝑛′ 1
𝑅𝑅 𝜌𝑚𝑚 = ′ = −
𝑠𝑚 𝑠𝑛′ 𝑀−1
40 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻓﻀﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ.𝑁 = 𝑀 − 1 :
41 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻳﻨﺮﻱ:
ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺎ Mﺳﻤﺒﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻳﻨﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ:
𝑐𝑚 = 𝑐𝑚1 𝑐𝑚2 … 𝑐𝑚𝑚 , 𝑀≤𝑚≤1
ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ𝑐𝑚𝑚 ،ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ mﻭ ،jﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ 0ﻭ ﻳﺎ 1ﺍﺳﺖ.
ﻫﺮ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﻛﺪ ،ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﻚ PSKﺑﺎﻳﻨﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩﻙ
𝑐𝜀2
⇒ 𝑐𝑚𝑚 = 1 𝑐𝑐𝑐2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡, 𝑐𝑇 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 0
𝑐𝑇
𝑐𝜀2
𝑚𝑚𝑐 =0⇒− 𝑐𝑐𝑐2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡, 𝑐𝑇 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 0
𝑐𝑇
𝜀 𝑇
= 𝑐𝜀 = 𝑐𝑇 ﻭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ،
𝑁 𝑁
42 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻳﻨﺮﻱ:
ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩ:
𝑠𝑚 = 𝑠𝑚1 𝑠𝑚2 … 𝑠𝑚𝑚 , 𝑀≤𝑚≤1
ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ:
𝜀
𝑠𝑚𝑚 = ±
𝑁
ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ:
𝑁−2
=𝜌
𝑁
ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎ:
𝜀4
= 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑑 = 𝜌 2𝜀 1 −
𝑁
43 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺩﻫﻲ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﺩﺍﺭ:
ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﻒ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ،ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﺤﻮ ،ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ
ﺩﻫﻲ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ:
ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﮔﺬﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﻒ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ
ﻧﻤﻮﺩ:
𝑙𝐼 𝑚𝑙 = 𝑓𝑚 𝑆𝑙−1 ,
𝑙𝐼 𝑆𝑙 = 𝑓𝑠 𝑆𝑙−1 ,
𝑙𝐼 :ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ
𝑙𝑚 :ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻟﻲ )𝑡( 𝑚𝑚𝑠
44 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
–A 0 A 1
BPSK BPAM
1
𝑏𝑘 = 𝑎𝑘 ⊕ 𝑏𝑘−1
45 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
46 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
):Continuous-Phase Frequency Shift Keying (CPFSK
ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺳﻴﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻗﻴﺪ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ﻓﺎﺯ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ،ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﺩﺍﺭ
ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.
ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ FSKﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ﻓﺎﺯ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﻪ Mﺗﺎ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺯ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ.
ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ،ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ side lobeﻫﺎﻱ
ﺑﺰﺭگ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ.
ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺳﻴﻮﻧﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ،ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺷﻮﺩ ،ﺁﻧﺮﺍ
CPFSKﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﻢ.
47 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
:CPFSK
ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ CPFSKﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ PAMﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ:
)𝑛𝑛 𝑑 𝑡 = � 𝐼𝑛 𝑔(𝑡 −
𝑛
ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻴﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ kﻫﺎ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﺑﻠﻮﻛﻬﺎﻱ } 𝑛𝐼{
ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ } 𝑛𝑎{ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ:
)±1, ±3, … , ±(𝑀 − 1
1
ﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﺍﻡ Tﺍﺳﺖ. ﻭ )g(tﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ
𝑇2
48 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
:CPFSK
ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺝ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﮔﺬﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ:
𝑑 𝑡∫ 𝑑𝑓𝜋𝜋2𝜀 𝑗 4 𝜏 𝑑𝑑+𝜙0
= 𝑡 𝑣 𝑒 ∞−
𝑇
𝑑𝑓 :ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻲ
: 𝜙0ﻓﺎﺯ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ
ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻣﺪﻭﻟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ:
𝜀2
= 𝑡 𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜙 𝑡; 𝐼 + 𝜙0
𝑇
ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ:
𝑡 𝑡
𝑑𝑑 )𝑛𝑛 𝜙 𝑡; 𝐼 = 4𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑑 � 𝑑 𝜏 𝑑𝑑 = 4𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑑 � � 𝐼𝑛 𝑔(𝜏 −
∞− ∞− 𝑛
49 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
:CPFSK
ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ 𝑇 𝑛𝑛 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑛 − 1ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:
𝑛−1
𝑛𝐼 𝑛𝑛 𝜙 𝑡; 𝐼 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑑 𝑇 � 𝐼𝑘 + 4𝜋𝑓𝑑 𝑞 𝑡 −
∞𝑘=−
)𝑛𝑛 = 𝜃𝑛 + 2𝜋ℎ𝐼𝑛 𝑞(𝑡 −
𝑇 𝑑𝑓ℎ = 2
𝑛−1
𝑘𝐼 � 𝜃𝑛 = 𝜋ℎ
∞𝑘=−
0 𝑡<0
𝑡
𝑇≤𝑡≤0
𝑇𝑞 𝑡 = 2
1
𝑇>𝑡
2
،hﺍﻧﺪﻳﺲ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ.
50 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
):Continuous-Phase Modulation (CPM
،CPFSK ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺳﻴﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺎﺯ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ.
𝑛
𝜙 𝑡; 𝐼 = 2𝜋 � 𝐼𝑘 ℎ𝑘 𝑞 𝑡 − 𝐾𝐾 , 𝑇 𝑛𝑛 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑛 + 1
∞𝑘=−
ﺗﺎﺑﻊ) ،q(tﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ:
𝑡
𝑑𝑑 𝜏 𝑔 � = 𝑡 𝑞
0
ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ g(t)=0 ،t>Tﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ full-response CPMﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ.
ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ g(t)=0 ،t>Tﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ partial-response CPMﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ.
51 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
52 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ):g(t
53 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
54 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
55 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
):Minimum Shift Keying (MSK
ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺍﺯ CPFSKﻭ CPMﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ:
1
=ℎ
2
ﻭ ) g(tﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ.
56 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ BMSKﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ:
1
𝑓1 = 𝑓𝑐 −
𝑇4
1
𝑓2 = 𝑓𝑐 +
𝑇4
ﻟﺬﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ:
57 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
):Offset QPSK (OQPSK
ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ،ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ
ﺩﻭﺑﻴﺖ ﺩﻭﺑﻴﺖ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ.
ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﺖ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ Iﻭ ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﺖ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ Q
ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻟﺤﻈﺎﺕ ﺯﻭﺝ 𝑏𝑇 ﺭﺥ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ
ﺩﺍﺩ.
58 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
59 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﺩﺭ OQPSK
ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ Iﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ Qﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ 𝑏𝑇 ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ.
60 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ :OQPSK
ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﮔﺬﺭ:
61 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ MSKﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ :OQPSK
62 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ QPSK ،MSKﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ QPSKﺳﻨﺘﻲ:
ﻧﺮﺥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ.
ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ MSKﭘﺮﺵ ﻓﺎﺯ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﭼﻮﻥ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﭘﺮﺵ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺴﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ.
ﺟﻬﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﺎﺯ ±90ﺩﺭ OQPSKﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ Tﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ.
ﺟﻬﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﺎﺯ ±180ﺩﺭ QPSKﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ 2Tﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ.
63 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
3.4ﻃﻴﻒ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺪﻭﻟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝ:
64 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻃﻴﻒ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻣﺪﻭﻟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ:
ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ ﻣﺪﻭﻟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﺬﺭ ) v(tﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﮔﺬﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ
ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺎ:
ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ:
ﻫﺪﻑ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﺪ ﭼﻜﺎﻟﻲ ﻃﻴﻒ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ) v(tﺍﺳﺖ.
65 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻃﻴﻒ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ )𝑡( 𝑙𝑣:
ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻴﻜﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ tﺑﻪ ،t+Tﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﻤﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ،
ﻟﺬﺍ ) v(tﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ k=n-mﺩﺍﺷﺖ:
66 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ:
ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ:
ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ:
67 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ:
ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ :
ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ:
68 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ:
ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ:
ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ:
69 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ:
ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﮔﺴﺴﺘﻪ:
70 ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ -ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ-ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ
