Chemical Bonding

A Force that acts b/w two or atoms to hold them

more
together
characteristics of Ionic
as a stable molecule is known as chemical Bond .
compounds
a) Hard crystalline solid
Reason -

a) To attain stability b) To Follow octet Rule .

stability ✗ 1
b) High MP/ BP
solvent 114201
Energy
4 Highly soluble in
polar .

Ionic Bond :
/ Electro Valent Bond 1 covalent Bond :

Bond formed
by mutual of electrons between
Electrostatic attraction b/w cation and anion .
shaving
atoms
Metal + Non -

metal combining .

Cation + Anion H •→
H :O : = :O :

Electro valency Bond

pair pair of election
participating in Bonding
:
-

cation anion in Ionic Bond

Charge on or .
Lone
pair
-

pair of election not

participating in Bonding .

NaCl Electro
valency of Na =
-11
Coval
ency
:

Electro of Ct
valency =
-1
No of Bonds formed atom in covalent Bond
.

by an a .

Favourable conditions for ionic

Bonding :

Coval Coval
-41 5
' =3
ency ency
=

a ,
Low ionisation
a) energy of metal .

- F' "
a- F-
µ µ
b) High election
gain enthalpy .

H
Cl
c)
High Lattice 1 Force of attraction )
energy co ordinate
-

Bond :

lattice
energy
:

of covalent Bond in which Both the electrons

special type
Amount of released when mole of crystal lattice
energy one
are
given by one atom and accepted By another .

is formed
H H
.

H+
- -

energy depends :→ H
Lattice on
-

H -

N : + →
H -

H
'
H
"
f
1
Size of atoms ordinate Bond
a) Charge LE ✗
Charge b) LE ✗ co
-
-

size
variable Coval
ency
:
Born -

Haber
cycle :

Of Bonds of elections
Deals with the
energy changes involved in Formation No . =
No .

unpaired .

of one mole of ionic crystal .

Only valence electron participate in

Bonding .

'

Na Clz AH Formation
NaCl
e.
g. 502 5 =
[ Ne ] 3s
3ps 3d2
f-
+
is ) ,

^
Tt t t t t 1st excited
AH sub
1-2 HBDE

electron state
Ning , ciig , LE
4
unpaired =
4 Bond .

Drawbacks of octet rule

IEI Hi
Aeg electron deficient molecules (
a) Hypo valent )
Niicg , ciig ,
e.
g. 131=3 and Beck

AH formation AH sub -1 IE , +

1-2 AHBDE
+
Aeg H, + LE b) Expansion of octet 1
Hyper valent )
=

PC Is and 503
e.
g.
Why to
study Boon -

Haber ?
Odd election NO 2
Because cannot determine value of LE
c) species e.
g.
experimentally
.

we
 Bond Parameters
Overlapping :
-

a) Bond order 11301 a) +ve

overlapping
Number of Bonds between two
combining atoms .
Same
sign lobes overlap .

H -
H B. 0=1 Bond is Formed .

03 B- 0=1.5
C -
C B. 0=1
Colts B. 0=1.5
} Due to
b) -

overlapping
ve
c=C B. 0=2 Resonance
opposite sign lobes overlap .

C. = C B- 0=3
No Bond Formation .

b) Bond
length 11311 c) Zero
overlapping
Px PY

8 8
.

z-axis
Distance b/w nucleus of two atoms effective
overlapping zero .

No Bond Formation Px +
Py
Bond 1 BE )
.

c) energy
More close is the
overlapping orbital to nucleus
-

to dissociate Bond
Energy required any
.
.

extent of
more
overlapping and stronger is bond .

1 IS IS > 25-25 > 35-35

BL ✗ Size of atoms ✗
-

No .
of Bonds
Move the directional nature of
overlapping orbitals
-

B. L -

H F -
< H -

CI < H -

Br < H I -

move is the extent of

overlapping .

B. L -

C C -
> c=c > CEC
25-25 < 25
2p <
2p 2p
- -

1. 54 Ñ 1.34 Ñ 1.2 Ñ
Axial
overlapping or End to End
Overlapping :

Overlapping along inter nuclear axis

gizefatom
NO Of Bonds
-

B. E ✗ ✗
.

Bond is Formed
Sigma
-

orbital always undergo axial

B. E H F > H CI > H Br > H I S
overlapping
-
-
-
- - - -
.

B. E -

C C < C=c<c=c Parallel

overlapping side By side
-

or 00

Lateral
B. E C C > N N > O_O > F- F
overlapping or
sideways overlapping
-
- -

B. E- CI -
CI > Bo Bo - > F F -
> I I -

above and below inter

Overlapping nuclear axis
- -

B. E -

S s -
> O -

O -

TI -
Bond is Formed .

First Bond Formed is

d) Bond
angle 1 Hybridisation ) always o
-
.

Angle b/w two adjacent Bonds .

Difference between
Sigma and pi Bond :

valence 11113T )
Bond
theory Sigma Bond Pi Bond

covalent Bond
stronger the it Formed
by axial
overlapping it Formed
by parallel overlapping
t
2) stronger Because extent of 2) Weaker because extent of
'

More is B. E
y
, overlapping is move .

overlapping is less .

3) Allowed
Less is B. L
overlapping 3) Allowed overlapping p d
S S S
p p p
- - - -

, .
,

and p p -

.
and d- d.

Free rotation not

41 Free Rotation possible .
41
possible
Bond
angle
-

Example Hyb Geometry shape structure

Angle b/w two Bonds 2+2-0+01 Linear Linear

Beck
:-(
.
sN= Cl -
Be -

Order of repulsion LP LP LP BP BP BP 0=180

.

- -
> -
> -

=2
sp
-

Factors Bond
affecting angle BP __2LP=0
-

a) Lone pair F
-0+01
Bond
131=3
514--12-13+3 Trigonal Trigonal
angle ✗ 1 B F

No Of lone
planar planar F
pair
'
0=120
'

=3
sp
. -

B. 10=3 tP=0
b) Electronegativity of the central atom .

Bond
angle ✗ EN of central atom .

502
514=12-16+0-0
-101
Trigonal V-shape s

c) Size of side atom Bent 0

planar 00 o
=
3
sp2
-

side atom 0<120

'

Bond
angle ✗ size of .

B. p=zLp= ,

Hybridisation :

Tetrahedral Tetrahedral
H
cha SN
1214+4-0+01
-

orbitals
Overlapping of Hybrid .

H
,

H
=
4- sp3 µ

Hybrid orbitals are identical sin size shape and

energy 1310=4 tP=O
'

, .
0=10928

of orbitals half filled

All types i. e.
empty ,
-

00
fully filled
orbital take
µµ ,
sN=tg( 5+3-0+01 Tetrahedral
pyramidal ii
part in
hybridisation .

' H H
orbitals Orient themselves in
=
4- sp
Hybrid
H
such that
space
1310=3 tip 0<109.28
'
=L

repulsion b/w them is minimum .

Order of
repulsion LP LP > LP BP > BP BP -

H2O sN=
-1210+2-0-101 Tetrahedral V-shape or 0
- - -

H H
Angular or

How to calculate Hybridisation "

sp
= -

Bent 0<109028 '

B. P=2 Lip -_
2

Stevie number )
12-111
=
-1M -

C -1A "
15+5-0+01
pas
sN=Lz Trigonal Trigonal a

P a
Bipyramidat Bipyoamidal
sp 'd
a
11=1110 of valence in central atom =5 -

e-
CI
B. 10=5 LP=O
M= No .
of Monovalent atoms IH.F.CI 130,1 ) ,

-0+01 F
Cationic
51=4
5111=12-16+4 Trigonal see-saw
c=
charge Bipyramidal
F
s
=5
sp'd f
Anionic
charge
-

A __
.

F
B. P=5 L .P=1

5N =
No of BP -1 NO Of LP
F
. -

af,
sN=÷ (7+3-0+0) Trigonal T
shape
-

Vote -

TT Bond
plays no role in
hybridisation =5 -

sp3d
Bipyramid al
:O
-

a
,
-

1
No Ofs Bond
. =
No Of -

suiiounding atom .

B. p= } L .p=2 F

How to find central atom F

Xefz 181-2-0+01
5111=21 Trigonal Lineal
xe
1
:O
a) Least EN atom .

Bipyramid at I
=
5-
sp3d F
be central atom
b)
Hydrogen can never .

BP=2LP=3

F
Polar molecule Mnet -1-0 5111=2116+6-0+01
=
Sfo square square F f

Non -

Polat molecule =
µne-1=0 Bipyoamidal Bipyoamidal S
=
,
gpzdz
-

F F
00 octahedral or octahedral
COSOT =/Une-1^1=01 F
B. P= -6 lip =-D
 moment ( µ ) Drawbacks of VBT
Dipole
:
:

I 1
al
According to VBT .
Oxygen molecule was
Diamagnetic
M= d
d 9 ✗
practical it formed to be
But in
paramagnetic
⑦ a so
was
,

9 9

Fractional Bond order was not

Vector quantity :
I + veto -
vet
61
explained .

decided
( less EN to More EN )
c)
stability of molecule was not
by VBT .

Main points of MOT :

H Cl µ -1-0
-

CI CI a) In atoms electrons are

present in atomic orbitals
µ=o
-

b) In molecules electrons present in molecular orbitals

dipole moment
Move the EN more is ,
are .

H F > H a H Bo > H I c) NO of molecular orbitals

.
= Number of atomic orbitals combined
µ = >
- - -
- .

c- Cl > C F > c- By > c- I When two atomic orbitals combine =

2 molecular orbitals
µ
= -

are Formed
cclq < CHC 13 < ctlzclz < ctlzcl
.

µ
=

NH 3 > NF 3
a) Bonding molecular orbital ( BMO )
µ
=

ABMO )
b) Anti
Bonding molecular oobital (
-

MO is under the influence of two than two nuclei

Application of Dipole moment : or more .

Electrons are
according to Afbau 'S Rule Hund 's
Filled .

1) To determine whether a molecule is polar 00 Rule of Max .

multiplicity and pauli 's exclusion principle .

MO are formed
by Linear combination of atomic orbitals
non polar .
.

A and B LCAO
21 TO Find % ionic character in covalent Bond .

YA YB YBMO =
YA -1 YB constructive interference
% ionic character =

Experimental µ ✗ too YABMO =

YA -

YB Destructive interference
Theoretical µ YMO =
YA -1-413

BMO 1 Bonding Molecular orbital 1

Fagan 's Rule :

TO Find covalent character in Ionic Bond .

Formed by constructive interference .

and
Covalent character ✗ Polarisation .
Lower
energy more
stability .

Increases electron
density in region b/w 2 nuclei
Factors
affecting polarisation :
-

↳ not
a) Size -

For Max .
covalent character YBMO =
YA + YB may or
may
have node
4132 -124A YB
'
4213170
.

Cation size should be small =

YA +

Anion size should be

large .

ABMO ( Anti -

Bonding Molecular orbital 1

Lid > NaCl > KCI Rbcl > Cscl Formed destructive interference
by
>
.

b)
charge Higher energy and less stability .

For Max .
covalent character Electron
density decreases b/w 2 nuclei .

cation and anion should be YABMO YA YB

Charge on
=
more
-

NaCl <
Mgclz <
Along <
siclq 42A BMO =
42A -1473 -

24A 413

Formal
c) Electronic
configuration of cation .
charge
cations
having pseudo noble
gas configuration F. c =
Valence e- -

[ Non -

Bonding e- ] -

12-1 Bonding e- 1
has more covalent character .

CH } -

O -
CH} 5=6-[3+2]
CUCI > NaCl
14 =
-11
 of Molecular orbital
Types
:

at GMO -

Formed
by overlapping along internuclear axis .

• IS 6*15 625 6*25 021oz 6*2102

BMO ABMO BMO ABMO BMO ABMO

above and below inter nuclear axis

b) TIMO Overlapping is
-
-

lT*2Py
#
-112Pa IT 2Pac TT2Py
Electronic
configuration of molecules :

No of (
case 1 £14
Tl2Px=T12Py)o2Pz
: .

e-

case 2 :
No of -
e- > 14
o2Pz(TT2Px=T12Py )
Na= No of .

e- in ABMO

Nb= No of .

e- in BMO

B. ING Na )
0=1-2
-

Trick

toe B. 0=2
-

→
B- 0>0 → molecule exists

B. 010 molecule does not exist He B. 0=1.5

-

→ →
.

☐ e- → B. 0=2
of molecule
stability
13 e- →
B. 0=2.5
move the 13^0 move is
stability
=
.

14 e- → B. 0=3
If B. 0 is same ,
then lower hoof e- is ABMO '

☒ e- → B. 0=2.5
Higher is
stability .

16 e- → B. 0=2
B. 0 ✗ B. Ex -1
Me B. 0=1.5
-

→
B. L
18 e- → B. 0=1

Diamagnetic
-

zero
unpaired e-
Exception
-

co -1=13 e-

Paramagnetic
-

Atleast one
unpaired e- .
B. 0=3.5